- Late-onset dyskinesia, also known as tardive dyskinesia, occurs after long-term treatment with an antipsychotic drug such as haloperidol (Haldol) or amoxapine (Asendin). (wikipedia.org)
- Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that involves involuntary movements. (medlineplus.gov)
- Tardive means delayed and dyskinesia means abnormal movement. (medlineplus.gov)
- Tardive dyskinesias (TDs) are involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in patients treated with long-term dopaminergic antagonist medications. (medscape.com)
- In addition to the prototypic orofacial dyskinesia, tardive syndromes also include a spectrum of hyperkinesias occurring during or after prolonged treatment with dopamine antagonists. (medscape.com)
- The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the first medication for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD), the agency said in a statement. (medscape.com)
- There has been increasing evidence that deranged superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities might be a risk factor for schizophrenia and/or tardive dyskinesia (TD). (nature.com)
- Several lines of evidence have indicated that free radicals may play a role in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia (TD). (nature.com)
- All had mild orolingual tardive dyskinesia prior to clozapine treatment. (psychiatrist.com)
- Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a condition in which people taking certain mental health medicines experience uncontrollable repetitive movements of their face, limbs, or other parts of the body, such as facial tics like lip-smacking, tongue thrusting, and rapid blinking. (dbsalliance.org)
- The estimates of tardive dyskinesia vary considerably in part related to different patient groups investigated. (dbsalliance.org)
- The primary risk factors for developing tardive dyskinesia relate to chronicity of illness, duration and dose of antipsychotic medication, and treatment with first-generation antipsychotics (older drugs). (dbsalliance.org)
- Taking certain medicines, including antipsychotics, to treat conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder, can cause tardive dyskinesia likely due, in part, to changing dopamine receptor sensitivity. (dbsalliance.org)
- A delay between the time someone starts taking a medication and when tardive dyskinesia develops is common. (dbsalliance.org)
- To detect tardive dyskinesia in people who are taking neuroleptic drugs, and to track the severity of symptoms over time, doctors might also use a tool called the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). (dbsalliance.org)
- Tardive dyskinesia can look or feel different from person to person. (dbsalliance.org)
- Because the movements that occur are not controllable, people who experience tardive dyskinesia may feel embarrassed by them or fear being in public. (dbsalliance.org)
- Many people do not know about tardive dyskinesia, and this can lead to misunderstanding. (dbsalliance.org)
- It's largely unknown why some people who take certain types of medications develop tardive dyskinesia while others don't. (dbsalliance.org)
- However, there are risk factors that increase the chance of developing tardive dyskinesia. (dbsalliance.org)
- Additionally, in 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two medications that may be able to ease or stop symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. (dbsalliance.org)
- Living with tardive dyskinesia and other movement disorders affects a person's quality of life. (dbsalliance.org)
- An update on tardive dyskinesia. (appi.org)
- Intermittent neuroleptic therapy and tardive dyskinesia. (appi.org)
- Overcoming resistance to talking to patients about tardive dyskinesia. (appi.org)
- Legal liability for tardive dyskinesia. (appi.org)
- Training hospital clinicians to diagnose tardive dyskinesia. (appi.org)
- Identifying subtypes of tardive dyskinesia. (appi.org)
- APA statement on tardive dyskinesia. (appi.org)
- Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological movement disorder that can be difficult to identify and diagnose. (psychiatrist.com)
- In this tardive dyskinesia (TD) case report, psychiatrist Craig Chepke, MD introduces his patient, James, a 50-year-old man retired from the Army who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. (psychiatrist.com)
- Through this case journey, Dr. Chepke will reveal an effective diagnostic process and best practices for tardive dyskinesia treatment, including the only two FDA-approved therapies, patient care, and optimal outcomes. (psychiatrist.com)
- He talks through a diagnostic journey, ruling out dystonia, akathisia, and drug-induced Parkinson's to ultimately conclude that the patient's symptoms are most suggestive of tardive dyskinesia (TD). (psychiatrist.com)
- How Can We Screen for and Identify Tardive Dyskinesia? (clinicaloptions.com)
- Listen to 2 thought leaders in the psychiatry field discuss the importance of screening for tardive dyskinesia in patients receiving antipsychotics, including clinical pearls for identification in various clinical settings. (clinicaloptions.com)
- Thank you for taking our medical quiz on Tardive Dyskinesia! (physiciansweekly.com)
- According to an interview with Jonathan Meyer, MD, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at UCSD, risk factors for developing tardive dyskinesia do NOT include which of the following? (physiciansweekly.com)
- In discussing the American Psychiatric Association's new recommendations on the treatment of schizophrenia, released in May 2021, take into account more recent data on antipsychotics, which of the following does Jonathan Meyer, MD, NOT say in regard to screening for tardive dyskinesia in high-risk patients? (physiciansweekly.com)
- d) Tardive dyskinesia assessments can be incorporated into routine protocols that are already in place in many clinical practices, which are used to monitor other antipsychotic-associated adverse events. (physiciansweekly.com)
- Which of the following does Chirag Shah, PharmD, RPh, NOT say in regard to why tardive dyskinesia (TD) is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed? (physiciansweekly.com)
- Tardive dyskinesia (TD) presents as involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in patients treated with long-term dopaminergic antagonist or partial agonist medications. (medscape.com)
- With two medications approved for tardive dyskinesia, how do you choose between them? (thecarlatreport.com)
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., (NYSE and TASE:TEVA) today announced data for deutetrabenazine tablets for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and chorea associated with Huntington disease (HD), and pridopidine for the treatment HD will be presented in 18 poster presentations at the 21st International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders in Vancouver, BC, Canada from June 4-8. (tevapharm.com)
- Teva has an extensive CNS franchise in movement disorders and neurodegenerative conditions, and we are pleased to share these important data in tardive dyskinesia and Huntington disease with worldwide experts in movement disorders. (tevapharm.com)
- Tardive dyskinesia is a condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements that affect various parts of the body, such as the face, tongue, and limbs. (stuff.com)
- The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved deutetrabenazine ( Austedo , Teva) for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in adults. (medscape.com)
- Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a debilitating and often irreversible movement disorder characterized by repetitive and uncontrollable movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities. (medscape.com)
- In reporting results of the studies at the American Psychiatric Association 2017 Annual Meeting in June, Karen E. Anderson, MD, of Georgetown University, Washington, DC, told Medscape Medical News , "In both studies, we saw significant reduction in tardive dyskinesia starting as early as 2 weeks on the AIMS scale. (medscape.com)
- Cite this: FDA OKs Deutetrabenazine (Austedo) for Tardive Dyskinesia - Medscape - Aug 30, 2017. (medscape.com)
- Tardive dyskinesia / Hans Haag, Eckart Rüther, Hanns Hippius. (who.int)
- Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (bvsalud.org)
- Analogue functional analysis of movements associated with tardive dyskinesia. (bvsalud.org)
- The acute movement disorders that occur as manifestations of effects of neuroleptics and other dopamine antagonists include akathisia, acute dystonia, and other hyperkinetic dyskinesias. (medscape.com)
- The most common types of levodopa-induced dyskinesia are chorea and dystonia, which often coexist. (bcmj.org)
- Early morning dystonia is another type of dyskinesia in PD patients. (bcmj.org)
- When given in conjunction with L-DOPA, however, MDMA markedly decreased dyskinesia by reducing chorea and to a lesser extent dystonia and decreased locomotor activity to the level observed in normal animals. (erowid.org)
- Paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED) is a form of paroxysmal dyskinesia (see this term), characterized by painless attacks of dystonia of the extremities triggered by prolonged physical activities. (nih.gov)
- I now have what appears to be exercise-induced dystonia or dyskinesia-sometimes somewhat graceful and sometimes jerkingly, abrupt, and uncontrolled movements in my upper arm. (davisphinneyfoundation.org)
- My Parkinson's, dyskinesia, and dystonia are all part of what makes me "me. (davisphinneyfoundation.org)
- Peak-dose L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia has recently[update] been suggested to be associated with cortical dysregulation of dopamine signaling. (wikipedia.org)
- Withdrawal dyskinesias may also occur as treatment with dopamine antagonists is decreased or withdrawn. (medscape.com)
- MDMA similarly alleviated dyskinesia induced by the selective dopamine D2/3 agonist pramipexole. (erowid.org)
- Adenosine regulates dopamine release so dyskinesias may be related to changes in striatal A2A availability. (bmj.com)
- The team hypothesizes that following the challenge with L-dopa PD patients with dyskinesia will show a sudden increase in the levels of brain dopamine with appearance or worsening of dyskinesias. (michaeljfox.org)
- They also hypothesize that buspirone will then reduce the levels of brain dopamine generated from the serotonergic terminals after l-dopa administration and this will be associated with a reduction in dyskinesia intensity. (michaeljfox.org)
- BACKGROUND: Current models of levodopa (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID) are obtained by treating dopamine-depleted animals with L-dopa. (lu.se)
- L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LID) are debilitating motor symptoms of dopamine-replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) that emerge after years of L-DOPA treatment. (biorxiv.org)
- However, the drug, Levo-Dopamine, causes the appearance of uncontrollable, purposeless and utterly debilitating movements, so called "Levo-DopamineInduced Dyskinesia" (LID), in most patients after several years of treatment. (amsny.org)
- These results indicate that drug-induced dyskinesia in a primate model of Parkinson's disease is not solely induced by D1 receptor activation. (cun.es)
- Rabbit syndrome is another type of chronic dyskinesia, while orofacial dyskinesia may be related to persistent replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1. (wikipedia.org)
- It is characterized by orofacial dyskinesia, hyporeflexia, seizures, aberrant behavior, atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen and acanthocytes in the blood with a normal concentration of lipoproteins. (neurologyindia.com)
- Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is evident in patients with Parkinson's disease who have been on levodopa (L‑DOPA) for prolonged periods of time. (wikipedia.org)
- Dyskinesias are involuntary movements that can be seen in individuals with certain neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease. (centerwatch.com)
- Dyskinesias can be a side effect of medications used to treat Parkinson's disease. (centerwatch.com)
- The central hypothesis underlying this proposal is that drugs targeting CNS nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may be of therapeutic value for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. (michaeljfox.org)
- This research may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to reduce dyskinesias that develop with levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease patients. (michaeljfox.org)
- It will also help determine whether nicotine and/or nicotinic agonists are of benefit in the treatment of dyskinesias that occur with levodopa treatment for Parkinson's disease. (michaeljfox.org)
- Stimulation of D1 striatal receptors has been proposed as the main mechanism mediating levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. (cun.es)
- Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is one of the most difficult problems facing patients with Parkinson's disease. (bcmj.org)
- With more treatment options available for Parkinson's disease, physicians need to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying levodopa-induced dyskinesia. (bcmj.org)
- Objective To investigate adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor availability in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with and without levodopa induced dyskinesias (LID). (bmj.com)
- In this project the team will explore a possible mechanism responsible for a common complication of long-term L-dopa treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD), L-dopa induced-involuntary movements or dyskinesias. (michaeljfox.org)
- The study included 22 patients with protracted and complicated Parkinson's disease and L-dopa-induced dyskinesia. (ki.se)
- If it is approved by the FDA this month, Adamas's ADS-5102 will become the first medicine for treating levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. (evaluate.com)
- Growing preclinical and clinical evidence highlights neurosteroid pathway imbalances in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). (lu.se)
- The idea that nicotinic drugs may be useful for the treatment of dyskinesias is based on our studies, which show that nicotine reduces levodopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements in a non-human primate parkinsonian model and in hemi-parkinsonian rats. (michaeljfox.org)
- Furthermore, many patients with PD develop dyskinesia in one part of the body while another part remains parkinsonian. (bcmj.org)
- Patients will be also assessed clinically to evaluate their parkinsonian symptoms and the presence and severity of dyskinesia. (michaeljfox.org)
- Two other types, primary ciliary dyskinesia and biliary dyskinesia, are caused by specific kinds of ineffective movement of the body, and are not movement disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- The purpose of this overview is to increase the awareness of clinicians regarding primary ciliary dyskinesia and its genetic causes and management. (nih.gov)
- Describe the clinical characteristics of primary ciliary dyskinesia. (nih.gov)
- Review the genetic causes of primary ciliary dyskinesia. (nih.gov)
- Provide an evaluation strategy to identify the genetic cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia in a proband. (nih.gov)
- Inform genetic counseling of family members of an individual with primary ciliary dyskinesia. (nih.gov)
- Review management of primary ciliary dyskinesia. (nih.gov)
- In patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), province and identification of pathogen. (cdc.gov)
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), previously called immotile cilia syndrome (ICS), is a divers group of inherited structural and functional abnormalities affecting the cilia of the respiratory tract mucosa and other organs which results mainly in recurrent respiratory tract infections. (oldenglishsheepdogclubofamerica.org)
- Transmission electron microscopy analysis of sampled ciliated cells and of ciliated cells after ciliogenesis confirmed the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. (oldenglishsheepdogclubofamerica.org)
- Unusual inheritance of primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's syndrome). (bmj.com)
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an inherited genetic condition that causes abnormal cilia and flagella on cells, which prevents the clearance of mucous from the lungs, sinuses, and middle ears. (jewishgenetics.org)
- Infants with primary ciliary dyskinesia experience breathing problems at birth. (jewishgenetics.org)
- DNAI1-related primary ciliary dyskinesia exhibits autosomal recessive inheritance , which means that both parents must be carriers to have a 25% chance to have a child with the condition. (jewishgenetics.org)
- Thomas W. Ferkol, Jr, MD, a pediatric pulmonologist at UNC Health and chief of pulmonology in the UNC Department of Pediatrics, and researchers at Parion Sciences Inc. recently led a phase 2 study of idrevloride in hypertonic saline in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). (medicalxpress.com)
- Their results, which were published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine , demonstrate that idrevloride in hypertonic saline is safe and associated with a significant improvement in lung function over a 28-day period in individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia when compared to hypertonic saline alone. (medicalxpress.com)
- A total of 123 adults and adolescents with primary ciliary dyskinesia aged 12 years or older were randomly assigned to receive idrevloride in hypertonic saline, hypertonic saline alone, idrevloride alone, or placebo. (medicalxpress.com)
- The ENaC inhibitor has been well-tolerated in multiple clinical trials in healthy volunteers and patients with other respiratory diseases who accumulate excessively concentrated mucus in their lungs, including primary ciliary dyskinesia. (medicalxpress.com)
- Felix C Ringshausen et al, Safety and efficacy of the epithelial sodium channel blocker idrevloride in people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (CLEAN-PCD): a multinational, phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2023). (medicalxpress.com)
- Give as you Live Online is the free and easy way to raise money for PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA (PCD) FAMILY SUPPORT GROUP when you shop online with 6,000+ stores. (giveasyoulive.com)
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- Phenotype-genotype associations in primary ciliary dyskinesia: where do we stand? (ers-education.org)
- Is primary ciliary dyskinesia a 'biofilm' disease? (ers-education.org)
- How insignificant are genetic variants of unknown significance in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia? (ers-education.org)
- Can nasal-NO be used to differentiate between primary and secondary ciliary dyskinesia? (ers-education.org)
- Accuracy of diagnostic testing in primary ciliary dyskinesia: are we there yet? (ers-education.org)
- Last September the extended-release formulation of amantadine hit the primary endpoint of its second phase III trial, Ease Lid 3, showing a significant reduction on the unified dyskinesia rating scale versus placebo. (evaluate.com)
- Background Mostly derived from chart reviews, where symptoms are recorded in a nonstandardised manner, clinical data about primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) are inconsistent, which leads to missing and unreliable information. (ersjournals.com)
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, genetic, multi-organ disease characterised by significant genetic and clinical variability [ 1 , 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare inherited condition. (asthmaandlung.org.uk)
- Treatment response to pulmonary exacerbation in primary ciliary dyskinesia. (bvsalud.org)
- Pulmonary exacerbation (Pex) are common in pediatric primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), however changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 s precent predicted (FEV1pp) during Pex are not well described. (bvsalud.org)
- Biliary Dyskinesia: An Underdiagnosed Condition. (sages.org)
- Biliary dyskinesia is a underdiagnosed condition. (sages.org)
- A retrospective evaluation of 33 consecutive patients diagnosed with biliary dyskinesia between Jan 2006 and Jan 2010 was done. (sages.org)
- 33 patients were diagnosed with biliary dyskinesia and all underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (sages.org)
- 26 CT scans, 45 ultrasounds, 12 upper GI endoscopies and 6 cardiac work ups were done before investigation for biliary dyskinesia was initiated. (sages.org)
- Symptoms of cholecystitis without gallstones should lead to suspicion of biliary dyskinesia. (sages.org)
- Post-mortem analyses revealed that pregnenolone significantly prevented the increase of validated striatal markers of dyskinesias, such as phospho-Thr-34 DARPP-32 and phospho-ERK 1/2 , as well as D 1 -D 3 receptor co-immunoprecipitation in a fashion similar to dutasteride. (lu.se)
- When Do Symptoms of Paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia Begin? (nih.gov)
- Few case reports have been devoted to the impact of orolingual dyskinesia or dysphagia as the dominant clinical picture in patients with ChAc. (neurologyindia.com)
- b) Spontaneous dyskinesias are indistinguishable from TD and are found more commonly in older and/or edentulous patients. (physiciansweekly.com)
- Better understanding of the pharmacological actions of dopaminergic drugs in the basal ganglia will lead to better management of patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia. (bcmj.org)
- PD patients often pose challenging problems given the many treatment options available-levodopa-induced dyskinesia can be one of the most troublesome. (bcmj.org)
- Levodopa-induced dyskinesia refers to involuntary adventitious movements that usually occur after prolonged treatment with levodopa in PD patients. (bcmj.org)
- In these patients dyskinesias may appear soon after a single dose of levodopa before any symptomatic effect takes place. (bcmj.org)
- It has been estimated that the annual incidence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia is approximately 10% in treated patients. (bcmj.org)
- However, at least 10% to 20% of patients with levodopa-responsive PD never develop dyskinesia. (bcmj.org)
- Ultimately, patients develop dyskinesia even at the dose at which the patient is in an "off" state. (bcmj.org)
- The team will use a special brain scanner called Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to study groups of patients with and without dyskinesias. (michaeljfox.org)
- It was found that a 5 mg and 7.5 mg dose of eltoprazine both significantly reduced the patients' dyskinesia. (ki.se)
- The treatment seems to be tolerated well by most Parkinson's patients and counteracts L-dopa-induced dyskinesia via a new mechanism of action," says Professor Svenningsson. (ki.se)
- Recently, however, the rights to eltoprazine were acquired by the US biotechnology company Amarantus BioScience Holdings, Inc . The compound is now advancing into a larger scale, longer duration study to evaluate the full treatment effect of eltoprazine in Parkinson's patients with L-dopa-induced dyskinesia. (ki.se)
- This case report warrants more attention to the impact of orolingual dyskinesia on nutritional status in patients with ChAc. (neurologyindia.com)
- During early levodopa treatment, peak dose dyskinesia may be apparent only during the maximum antiparkinsonian effect of levodopa. (bcmj.org)
- Which of the following describes oral-buccal-lingual dyskinesia, according to an interview with Joseph McEvoy, MD, Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, at Duke University School of Medicine? (physiciansweekly.com)
- However, its use is associated with the development of abnormal involuntary movements or dyskinesias that may be as debilitating as the disease itself. (michaeljfox.org)
- The proposed studies represent a new research direction for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias using nicotine or nicotinic receptor agonists. (michaeljfox.org)
- In the long-term management of PD, treatment-associated dyskinesia often becomes sufficiently troublesome as to compromise the effective dosing of antiparkinsonian medication. (nih.gov)
- All animals developed choreic dyskinesia after a mean treatment period of 12.8 days (range, 1-29). (cun.es)
- Serotoninergic receptors appear to play an important modulatory role in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, and this study may provide a framework for the use of serotoninergic agents in the treatment of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. (erowid.org)
- If the study is successful it will encourage the development of new and more selective drugs aimed to damp serotonergic function for the treatment of L-dopa-induced dyskinesias as the current available drugs including buspirone are not well suited to be used on a long term basis as they have sedative effects. (michaeljfox.org)
- A treatment study published in the journal Brain shows that a drug that stimulates certain serotonin receptors in the brain counteracts the dyskinesia causing effects of L-dopa. (ki.se)
- Recently, we reached out to people in our community who have dyskinesia and asked them to share stories, treatment ideas, and words of wisdom for managing it. (davisphinneyfoundation.org)
- Dyskinesia refers to a category of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary muscle movements, including movements similar to tics or chorea and diminished voluntary movements. (wikipedia.org)
- Diphasic dyskinesia - occurs when plasma L-DOPA levels are rising or falling. (wikipedia.org)
- Less common than peak dose dyskinesia is diphasic dyskinesia. (bcmj.org)
- We report on a case of ChAc in a 32-year-old male in whom dramatic weight loss due to orolingual dyskinesia was the major consequence of the disease. (neurologyindia.com)
- Cranial nerves were intact except for orolingual dyskinesia and impairment of deglutition. (neurologyindia.com)
- Most levodopa-induced dyskinesia occurs when antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa are maximal, hence the term peak dose dyskinesia . (bcmj.org)
- [1] The threshold dose of levodopa for dyskinesia decreases with a longer duration of disorder, but not for antiparkinsonian effects. (bcmj.org)
- There are wide individual variations in the nature, severity, and topographical pattern of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. (bcmj.org)
- Once levodopa-induced dyskinesia has developed, its severity increases but the topographical pattern tends to remain constant. (bcmj.org)
- The results will allow for the development of selective nicotinic drugs against levodopa-induced dyskinesias with optimal therapeutic efficacy and a minimum of adverse effects. (michaeljfox.org)
- This report describes 4 subjects who experienced severe dystonias and dyskinesias upon abrupt clozapine withdrawal. (psychiatrist.com)
- Ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was shown to prolong the action of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) while suppressing dyskinesia in a single patient with Parkinson s disease (PD). (erowid.org)