• Plk is also needed for successful chromosome separation and exit from mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis 2 , the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, the implication that the active form of Ran is concentrated in the vicinity of chromosomes suggests that these findings may resolve the long-standing question of how chromosomes can influence spindle assembly in the absence of microtubule-nucleating organelles (i.e., as in plant mitosis or mammalian meiosis). (silverchair.com)
  • Acentrosomal asters are small populations of microtubules that are nucleated on or around the condensed chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis. (radikes.com)
  • 2009). Chromator is required for proper microtubule spindle formation and mitosis in Drosophila . (up.pt)
  • It play important role in chromosome movement during mitosis. (microbiologynotes.org)
  • During mitosis, chromosomes are connected to a microtubule-based spindle. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Conversely, we identify a novel role for two microtubule-growth and nucleation agents, Ran and CLASP, in the establishment of the centrosome-independent force during anaphase.Their involvement raises the interesting possibility that microtubule polymerization of midzone microtubules is continuously required to sustain chromosome segregation during mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Using a specialized microscope equipped with a time-lapse camera to image fluorescence-tagged proteins in real-time, an NIH-funded team has captured a critical step in the process of cell division, or mitosis: how filaments called microtubules (red) form new branches (green) and fan out to form mitotic spindles. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, these drugs are known to induce serious side effects due to inhibition of mitosis in other proliferating cells (mainly bone marrow and gut) as well as inhibition of other microtubules-dependent functions, such as neuronal processes [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I was interested in determining if the mitotic kinesins and dynein played a role in nucleation, stabilization and/or organization of the acentrosomal asters. (radikes.com)
  • Dynein is the sole processive minus-end-directed microtubule motor found in animals. (biologists.com)
  • Together with dynactin, dynein regulates centrosomal orientation to establish and maintain cell polarity, controls focal adhesion turnover and anchors microtubules at the leading edge. (biologists.com)
  • Most notably, oMAP4 is required for paraxial microtubule organisation in muscle cells and prevents dynein- and kinesin-driven microtubule-microtubule sliding. (elifesciences.org)
  • We propose a model in which the cooperation of dynein-mediated microtubule transport and oMAP4-mediated zippering of microtubules drives formation of a paraxial microtubule array that provides critical support for the polarisation and elongation of myotubes. (elifesciences.org)
  • I found motors that seemed to affect microtubule nucleation or stabilization, microtubule polymerization, and microtubule organization. (radikes.com)
  • Cdc5 (Plk found in budding yeast) directly phosphorylates the meiotic cohesin and promotes its dissociation from the chromosome arms to allow for recombination but not from the centromeric region in meiosis I. In some yeast cdc5 mutants, bipolar rather than monopolar attachment of the sister kinetochores occurs during meiosis I because a complex of proteins called monopolins fails to localize to the kinetochore. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, Ran and its associated proteins shift their focus from nuclear transport to the regulation of microtubule dynamics. (silverchair.com)
  • Assembly required MAPs (microtubule associated proteins) which stabilize the microtubule. (microbiologynotes.org)
  • Tau family of proteins MAP-2 and MAP-4 having positively charged amino acids which binds to negative charged tubulin surface and stabilize the microtubule. (microbiologynotes.org)
  • A family of microtubule-associated proteins (or 'MAPs' for short) bind to microtubules and assist in organising the filaments, but it is not clear how they work. (elifesciences.org)
  • The experiments also found that oMAP4 can create links between different microtubules and act as a brake to prevent the filaments being moved excessively by motor proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • We classify them as kinetochore (KMTs), spindle (SMTs) or astral microtubules (AMTs) according to their positions, and quantify distinct properties of each class. (nature.com)
  • 2010). CLASP1, astrin and Kif2b form a molecular switch that regulates kinetochore-microtubule dynamics to promote mitotic progression and fidelity . (up.pt)
  • Current models propose that displacement of the spindle poles and/or the activity of kinetochore microtubules generate mechanical forces that segregate sister chromatids. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Our results strongly suggest that an outward forcegenerated by the spindle midzone, independently of centrosomes, is sufficient tosegregate chromosomes in mitotic cells. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Using mutant and RNAi analysis, we show that the microtubule-bundling protein SPD-1/MAP-65 and BMK-1/kinesin-5 act as a brake opposing the force generated by the spindle midzone. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The spindle microtubule (MT) exhibits highly regulated dynamic instability, with frequent polymerization and depolymerization occurring at both the plus and minus ends. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The instability of MT dynamics depends heavily on mitotic kinesins, a class of molecular motors, which use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to translocate along the MT or control MT dynamics by facilitating MT polymerization and depolymerization at both ends. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pivotal structure of the primary cilia is a microtubule that is generated via tubulin polymerization reaction that occurs in the basal body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While our light microscopy and mutant studies show that microtubules are nucleated from the centrosomes, we find only a few KMTs directly connected to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
  • In toto , our results show that the connection between centrosomes and chromosomes is mediated by an anchoring into the entire spindle network and that any direct connections through KMTs are few and likely very transient. (nature.com)
  • If the role of KMTs is to mediate forces between chromosomes and spindle poles, they need to somehow connect to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
  • Budding yeast Cdc5 is required in meiosis I for the removal of cohesins from chromosome arms, for the co-orientation of homologous chromosomes, and for the resolution of crossovers. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we identify a previously uncharacterised isoform of microtubule-associated protein MAP4, oMAP4, as a microtubule organising factor that is crucial for myogenesis. (elifesciences.org)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alpha and beta tubulin are heterodimer and arranged in head to tail manner, which provide polarity to microtubule that means, at positive end beta tubulin is exposed and at negative end alpha subunits is exposed. (microbiologynotes.org)
  • Recent studies using improved Ub detection methods have confirmed that tubulin is ubiquitinated 9-11 , a modification which regulates α/β-tubulin turnover as well as MT dynamics and function. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Recent findings by several groups have shown that the GTP-bound form of Ran is necessary for the nucleation and organization of microtubule structures during M phase. (silverchair.com)
  • The Turing Centre addresses the nature of the information underlying biological processes, and the organisation and dynamics of biological structures. (centuri-livingsystems.org)
  • The role of microtubule pivoting in formation of complex structures such as microtubule bundles and mitotic spindles. (irb.hr)
  • Kinesin-13 , it is microtubule depolymerase, no motor activity, it binds with positive end of tubule and trigger depolymerisation, play important role in metaphase to anaphase transition. (microbiologynotes.org)
  • Depletion of PIP4KIIγ enhanced the spindle pole accumulation of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), a microtubule (MT)-depolymerizing kinesin, and resulted in a less stable spindle pole-associated MT. Depletion of MCAK can ameliorate PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced spindle abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2012). CLASPs prevent irreversible multipolarity by ensuring spindle-pole resistance to traction forces during chromosome alignment . (up.pt)
  • In the lab of Dr. Isabelle Vernos at the Center for Genomic Regulation in Barcelona, Spain I investigated microtubule dynamics during cell division. (radikes.com)
  • Genome regulation encompasses all facets of gene expression, from the biochemical modifications of DNA, to the physical arrangement of chromosomes and the activity of the transcription machinery. (mechanobio.info)
  • Using a microtubule regrowth assay, I observed the nucleation and formation of acentrosomal asters through immunofluorescence and confocal time-lapse imaging. (radikes.com)
  • Cell multi-nucleation was assessed by immunofluorescence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interaction with many PCNA at a DNA adaptor chromosome plays particular formation route( TLS)( Garg and Burgers 2005, Wood et al. (erik-mill.de)
  • Beyond the organelle dynamics, the constant interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) has become an emerging aspect of healthy mitochondria. (hindawi.com)
  • In this real-time video, researchers set off some fluorescent fireworks under their microscope lens while making an important basic discovery about how microtubules, the hollow filaments that act as the supportive skeleton of the cell, dynamically assemble during cell division. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers, led by Sabine Petry, now at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, showed for the first time that not only do new microtubules branch during cell division, but they do so very rapidly, going from a few branches to hundreds in a matter of minutes [1]. (nih.gov)
  • In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In budding yeast, single continuous KMTs span the full pole-to-chromosome distance 6 . (nature.com)
  • This continuous branching is interesting because microtubules were generally thought to grow linearly in animal cells (although branching had been observed a few years earlier in fission yeast and plant cells). (nih.gov)
  • The class II PI3K isoform PI3K-C2β was downregulated in prostate cancer PC3 cells and cervical cancer HeLa cells using selective siRNAs and the effect on cell growth was determined in the absence or presence of the microtubule-stabilizing agent/anti-cancer drug docetaxel. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It will impact both basic research and medicine, since diseases emerge from anomalies in the organisation and dynamics of living systems. (centuri-livingsystems.org)
  • How does mechanics impact cell and tissue organisation and dynamics? (centuri-livingsystems.org)
  • Here, we show the physiological role of Bex1 , a JAG that is encoded on the X chromosome and predominantly expressed in juvenile organs in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When expressed as a fusion protein with eYFP in cultured cells, Sec31B-F associates with the endoplasmic reticulum and with vesicular-tubular clusters, displays restricted intracellular movement characteristic of COPII vesicle dynamics, co-distributes on organelles with Sec13, Sec31A and Sec23 (markers of the COPII coat), and concentrates with ts045-VSV-G-CFP (VSV-G) when examined early in the secretory pathway or after temperature or nocodazole inhibition. (biologists.com)
  • In addition to this cell work I learned how to harvest Xenopus laevis extracts, how to deplete key mitotic regulators from the extract and how to induce the formation of spindles in these extracts, in order to probe how key mitotic factors regulate microtubules dynamics and spindle formation. (radikes.com)
  • used microscopy to observe the formation of the microtubule filaments in living myoblasts. (elifesciences.org)
  • Therefore, the next challenge is to understand how other processes-such as the selective stabilisation of some microtubules and the movement of cell materials along the microtubules-cooperate to control muscle fibre formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The microtubules in cells that make smaller amounts of this protein were more disorganised, and these cells were unable to fuse with each other to form muscle cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • 2007). Asymmetric CLASP-Dependent Nucleation of Noncentrosomal Microtubules at the trans-Golgi Network . (up.pt)
  • Here we combine the first large-scale serial electron tomography of whole mitotic spindles in early C. elegans embryos with live-cell imaging to reconstruct all microtubules in 3D and identify their plus- and minus-ends. (nature.com)