AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
HeterochromatinEuchromatinChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneCentromereHistonesGene SilencingSchizosaccharomycesChromatin Assembly and DisassemblyMethylationSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsChromatinDNA, SatelliteDrosophila melanogasterMethyltransferasesHistone-Lysine N-MethyltransferaseChromosomesChromosomal Position EffectsEpigenesis, GeneticTelomereSilent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiaeLysineChromosomes, InsectDrosophila ProteinsCell NucleusSirtuin 2Chromosome BandingAcetylationRNA InterferenceRepressor ProteinsIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceProtein MethyltransferasesY ChromosomeHistone DeacetylasesCentromere Protein BDrosophilaDNA MethylationSex ChromatinTranscription, GeneticNucleosomesMutationChromosome SegregationNuclear ProteinsChromatin ImmunoprecipitationGene Expression Regulation, FungalDNA-Binding ProteinsProtein BindingGenes, InsectRepetitive Sequences, Nucleic AcidSirtuinsMolecular Sequence DataChromosome MappingMitosisProtein Structure, TertiaryArgonaute ProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsDNA Transposable ElementsRetroelementsInterphaseSex ChromosomesX ChromosomeRNA, Small InterferingChromatin Assembly Factor-1Origin Recognition ComplexIkaros Transcription FactorSilencer Elements, TranscriptionalGenes, Mating Type, FungalDNATranscription FactorsMeiosisKaryotypingMetaphaseTelomere-Binding ProteinsChromosomes, FungalInsulator ElementsModels, GeneticFluorescence Recovery After PhotobleachingHistone DemethylasesPolytene ChromosomesHeLa CellsEye ColorGenome, InsectHydroxamic AcidsCell LineDipodomysHistone ChaperonesKaryotypeBisbenzimidazoleLamin Type ARNA-Induced Silencing ComplexSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAmino Acid SequenceBase SequenceDNA (Cytosine-5-)-MethyltransferaseKinetochoresCell NucleolusGene Expression RegulationRNA, UntranslatedSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsNIH 3T3 CellsCrosses, Genetic
ChromatinDevelopmentally regulated genesHistone modificationsGenesTranscriptionProteinsModificationsLipid metabolismEuchromatinPluripotencyHistonesSignaling pathwayElegansMechanismsProteinStructuralRNAsAccessibilityMetabolicCellRoleResponseCellsEssentialHistoneInterchromosomal interactionsChromosomesPhosphorylationEpigeneticGenomeRepressionPathwaysNuclearDistinctSpecificAssemblyDevelopmentHuman
Chromatin9
  • Recently, several chromatin-related proteins have been shown to regulate ESC pluripotency and/or differentiation, yet the role of the major heterochromatin proteins in pluripotency is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chromatin dynamics is essential for maintaining genomic integrity and regulating gene expression. (molcells.org)
  • Chromatin organization is dynamically altered for diverse DNA metabolic transactions such as replication, transcription, and repair. (molcells.org)
  • Chromatin dynamics is regulated by many factors, including histone tail modifiers, remodeling complexes, and histone chaperones ( Peterson and Almouzni, 2013 ). (molcells.org)
  • To ensure successful DNA repair, chromatin serves as a platform and is dynamically changed during the DNA damage response (DDR), as described by the Access-Repair-Restore model. (imb-mainz.de)
  • As a crucial part of chromatin, histones are post-translationally modified via methylation, ubiquitination and acetylation to regulate DDR-related chromatin functions. (imb-mainz.de)
  • Vast complexity of chromatin 3D shapes is another way that DNA is regulated. (jonlieffmd.com)
  • Studies of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) have shown that open and closed chromatin structures are dynamically regulated through multiple mechanisms, including histone modifications, histone variant incorporation, and DNA methylation (reviewed in reference 17 ). (asm.org)
  • Chromatin also regulates Pol I transcription, although its mechanistic details are less understood. (asm.org)
Developmentally regulated genes1
  • Thus, at present, the functional significance of these CGIs for the correct regulation of developmentally regulated genes is poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone modifications1
  • We find that NPCs use TRIM28-mediated histone modifications to dynamically regulate transcription and silencing of ERVs, which is in contrast to other somatic cell types using DNA methylation. (diagenode.com)
Genes6
  • Between exposure and 24 hours after, HDAC5 returns to the cell nucleus to limit the expression of these cocaine-regulated genes by histone deacetylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dozens of genes had multiple DMRs that were often seemingly positioned to regulate specific splice variants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we show that bivalent domains and chromosome architecture for bivalent genes are dynamically regulated during the cell cycle in human pluripotent cells. (researchgate.net)
  • Genome-wide studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , for example, have revealed that promoters of most actively transcribed genes are depleted of nucleosomes and that histone density is inversely proportional to the transcription rate within coding regions, suggesting that nucleosomes are dynamically disassembled and reassembled at each passage of the polymerase ( 16 ). (asm.org)
  • However, it is now recognised that CGIs are also found in about half the promoters of developmentally regulated/tissue-specific genes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mouse α-globin genes, which lack an annotated CGI, exhibit tightly regulated tissue and developmental stage-specific regulation similar to that observed for the human α-globin genes, which contain a CGI and are regulated by PcG [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription1
  • More so, our results show that the epigenetic regulation of TE transcription is dynamically regulated throughout life (Paper II), upon the beginning of neuroinflammation (Paper III), and in a disease-driving polymorphic TE insertion (Paper IV). (lu.se)
Proteins2
  • Now, it is known that many long and short RNAs that don't make proteins are, also, involved in regulating every aspect of gene function. (jonlieffmd.com)
  • It possesses DNA, which directs the formation of proteins and enzymes in the cell, it controls the gene expression and regulates other functions performed by the cell. (topperone.com)
Modifications2
  • Modifications to RNA molecules are much more common and are critical for regulating diverse biological processes. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The mechanism by which protein complexes interact to regulate the deposition of post-translational modifications of histones remains poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipid metabolism2
  • TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium release can also dephosphorylate TFEB and promote its nuclear translocation and regulate lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
Euchromatin1
  • Although it has recently been shown that heterochromatin segregates from euchromatin via the physical process of phase separation 15 , 16 , 17 , it remains unclear how the interspersed pattern that is characteristic of the internal organization of euchromatin is established and maintained. (nature.com)
Pluripotency1
  • Here we identify Heterochromatin Protein 1β (HP1β) as an essential protein for proper differentiation, and, unexpectedly, for the maintenance of pluripotency in ESCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Histones2
Signaling pathway1
  • The combination of growth factors and RTKs can activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and negatively regulate TSC1/2, promoting Rheb to become GTP loaded, which can activate mTORC1. (biomedcentral.com)
Elegans1
  • We previously found that H3K4me2 methyltransferases and demethylases in C. elegans regulate developmental growth and ageing upon UV-induced DNA damage (Figure 1). (imb-mainz.de)
Mechanisms2
  • Therefore, identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes and elucidating the relationship between lysosomes and the development and progression of cancer can provide important information for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction and may yield new therapeutic targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It remains elusive, which alternative mechanisms the cell employs to regulate translation during adverse environmental stress. (prolekarniky.cz)
Protein2
  • Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
Structural1
RNAs1
  • Now, all kinds of small and large RNAs have been identified that silence or trigger sections of DNA and regulate all kinds of aspects of genetic function. (jonlieffmd.com)
Accessibility1
  • This transgenerational lethality is attributed to the persistence of DNA DSBs in the F1 generation, where a highly enriched heterochromatin structure blocks the accessibility of homologous recombination (HR) repair machinery. (imb-mainz.de)
Metabolic1
  • Through this mechanism the eukaryotic cell dynamically represses and reactivates translation at low metabolic costs. (prolekarniky.cz)
Cell4
  • The nuclcleus controls & regulates the activities of cell. (topperone.com)
  • It is often called 'Brain of cell' as it Regulates the cell activities. (topperone.com)
  • but how these cell states are regulated in the context of development is not well understood. (elifesciences.org)
  • dGLYAT was found to regulate Gadd45 -mediated JNK pathway activation and cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
Role1
  • Mammalian HP1 isoforms HP1α, HP1β, and HP1γ play different roles in genome stability, but their precise role in heterochromatin structure is unclear. (cipsm.de)
Response2
  • In one case they studied, chemical tags regulate the stress response to drought by closing the stomata and lengthening the primary root. (evolutionnews.org)
  • Importantly, the somatic epigenome can be dynamically changed in response to various endogenous and exogenous stresses and affects development and ageing, while the germline epigenome remains in a repressive state to ensure a stable genome can be inherited by the consequent generations. (imb-mainz.de)
Cells1
  • During embryogenesis, cells repeatedly divide and dynamically change their positions in three-dimensional (3D) space. (nature.com)
Essential1
  • Social interactions regulate individual access to resources like food and potential mates that are critical for survival and reproduction [ 1 ], and social relationships are essential for well-being in many species, including humans [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone6
  • Between exposure and 24 hours after, HDAC5 returns to the cell nucleus to limit the expression of these cocaine-regulated genes by histone deacetylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our comprehensive analyses have revealed that methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me) is strictly localized across heterochromatin domains, whereas H3K4me is specific to euchromatic regions. (nih.gov)
  • We have described the establishment of heterochromatin domains through nucleation and spreading activities catalyzed by the read/write activity of the histone methyltransferase Clr4/Suv39h, and we uncovered its role as a versatile recruiting platform for orchestrating diverse genome functions. (nih.gov)
  • Excitingly, our current research has revealed that multiple pathways converge to enforce a single key feature crucial for epigenetic inheritance of heterochromatin, namely the critical density of tri-methylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) that is required for self-propagation. (nih.gov)
  • Our work suggests a model in which tethering of heterochromatin domains at the nuclear periphery provides an ideal microenvironment to maintain a high density of H3K9me3, thus facilitating self-templated inheritance of silenced domains through read/write histone methyltransferase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Each TAD may be classified into one of two large groups that correlate well with traditionally defined active euchromatin and inactive heterochromatin, based on histone modifications, gene density, and polymerase occupancy ( 2 , 4 , 5 ). (asm.org)
Interchromosomal interactions2
  • All three immunoglobulin loci also participate in a highly specific, developmentally regulated network of interchromosomal interactions with genes encoding B cell-lineage factors. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, the data add to our understanding of nuclear compartments, showing that disperse interchromosomal interactions may be important for regulating transcription. (asm.org)
Chromosomes3
Phosphorylation2
  • Collectively our data show that the kinetic properties of HMGA1a proteins are governed by the number of functional AT-hooks and are regulated by specific phosphorylation patterns. (biologists.com)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
Epigenetic2
  • Importantly, we have discovered that heterochromatin can be inherited epigenetically in a self-templating manner and described mechanisms that promote epigenetic inheritance. (nih.gov)
  • More so, our results show that the epigenetic regulation of TE transcription is dynamically regulated throughout life (Paper II), upon the beginning of neuroinflammation (Paper III), and in a disease-driving polymorphic TE insertion (Paper IV). (lu.se)
Genome2
  • The structural organization of the genome is regulated at different levels to establish a functional framework that facilitates cellular processes such as gene expression and programmed somatic recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We set out to investigate whether a double-stranded DNA virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), uses mechanisms similar to those of the human genome to regulate transcription. (asm.org)
Repression1
  • The KAP1 corepressor functions to coordinate the assembly of de novo HP1-demarcated microenvironments of heterochromatin required for KRAB zinc finger protein-mediated transcriptional repression. (nih.gov)
Pathways5
  • Over more than two decades, our lab has been delineating highly conserved heterochromatin assembly pathways. (nih.gov)
  • We are investigating how facultative heterochromatin domains can be modulated by signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
  • We are continuing to explore how heterochromatin machinery intersects with signaling pathways to control gene expression programs. (nih.gov)
  • In recent years, emerging evidence has shown that SUMOylation regulates the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system, with its dysregulation causing skeletal diseases, suggesting that SUMOylation pathways may serve as a promising therapeutic target. (mdpi.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which SUMOylation pathways regulate skeletal cells in physiological and disease contexts. (mdpi.com)
Nuclear3
  • We have also uncovered an RNAi-independent mechanism in which a nuclear RNA processing complex (named MTREC) cooperates with RNA polymerase II termination factors to direct the assembly of facultative heterochromatin domains under specific growth conditions. (nih.gov)
  • Recently, we have found that the TOR signaling pathway, a key regulator of cell growth in all eukaryotes, controls gene expression by targeting MTREC nuclear RNA elimination complex that promotes facultative heterochromatin and RNA decay to regulate gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • STEF/TIAM2-mediated Rac1 activity at the nuclear envelope regulates the perinuclear actin cap. (unc.edu)
Distinct1
  • Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
Specific1
  • Site-specific glycosylation regulates the form and function of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton ELIFE. (unc.edu)
Assembly1
  • Two key findings are: (1) the RNA degradation/facultative heterochromatin assembly machinery is a central regulator of TOR-mediated control of cell proliferation and (2) TORC1 dynamically controls RNA elimination machinery to modulate facultative heterochromatin and coordinate developmental gene expression during gametogenesis, an extremely important process that ensures the genomic integrity of future generations and lies at the heart of many heritable human disorders. (nih.gov)
Development2
  • In Arabidopsis , the EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF) and VERNALIZATION (VRN) PRC2 regulate sporophyte development, while the FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS) PRC2 is active in the central cell of the female gametophyte and the descendent endosperm ( Mozgova and Hennig, 2015 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • iv) We are aiming to understand how nutrients that vary with diet can regulate stem cell states and cell fate decisions, particularly those during development, with the ultimate goal to define dietary alterations that enable more accurate models of differentiation in the culture dish or lead to new treatments of pregnancy complications and diseases. (ucla.edu)
Human1
  • This aspect of our work particularly centers on understanding how the X chromosome dosage compensation is regulated by the lncRNA Xist in mouse and human. (ucla.edu)