Drug resistant influenza. Medical search. Frequent questions

Among patients hospitalized with seasonal influenza A or B, pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1), or highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections, observational studies suggest that early treatment reduces disease severity and mortality [ 14-18 ]. (cdc.gov)
Of 440 specimens, 135 were positive for influenza B Yamagata-like virus, 38 were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 25 were A(H3N2). (who.int)
The annually updated, trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Two of the drugs, dextromethorphan and ketotifen, displayed a 50% effective dose between 5 and 50 μM, not only for the classic H1N1 PR8 strain, but also for a pandemic H1N1 and a seasonal H3N2 strain. (frontiersin.org)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
15.6% for the A/H1N1 strain) during the 2005/2006 influenza season. (pharmacytimes.com)
Teas prepared by the infusion method were tested for their anti-influenza activity against clinical influenza A (H1N1) isolates by a 19-h influenza growth inhibition assay with ST6Gal I-expressing MDCK cells (AX4 cells) using fluorogenic quantification and chromogenic visualization. (nairaland.com)
Roche Holding AG confirmed a patient with H1N1 influenza in Denmark. (kaieteurnewsonline.com)
The Tamiflu resistant mutation has occurred in A/H1N1, one of the main circulating strains causing flu this year. (yourlawyer.com)
influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was identified most frequently ( n = 215). (who.int)
There are two common types of influenza viruses that cause human infection - influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A viruses caused several influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and a pandemic caused by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred in 2009. (who.int)
3 Although influenza vaccines that protect against A(H1N1)pdm09 or influenza A(H5N1) are being developed in Viet Nam, they are currently only available through private market purchase. (who.int)
8,9 In Viet Nam, oseltamivir-resistant strains harboring mutations at positions I117V, H275Y and N295S were reported for A(H5N1) in 2005, 6 A(H1N1) in 2007 10 and A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009. (who.int)
Yesterday the New York Times ran an article on the resistance to Tamiflu of current influenza H1N1 strains circulating in the US. (virology.ws)
The Tamiflu-resistant H1N1 strains are sensitive to another drug, Relenza (zanamivir). (virology.ws)

AV5124 is also a potent inhibitor of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating in nature, indicating the potential for seasonal or pandemic influenza treatment, and for pandemic preparedness. (fox40.com)
Respirators are required to reduce the exposure to airborne infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), pandemic influenza and multi-drug resistant diseases because implementation of administrative and engineering controls is not always feasible. (cdc.gov)
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
2003. Are we ready for pandemic influenza? (nationalacademies.org)
Malnutrition makes the South-East Asian population particularly vulnerable to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) alongside emerging infectious diseases from arbovirus infections, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and the continuing concern of a pandemic influenza outbreak. (eurekalert.org)
The CDDEP team is experienced in addressing country-specific and regional issues, as well as global challenges, such as antibiotic resistance and pandemic influenza. (eurekalert.org)
Pandemic influenza tops the UK's National Risk Register due to the social and economic disruption that could result from a particularly virulent strain. (sciencemediacentre.org)
The purpose of this guide is to support countries in their testing and updating of their national pandemic influenza preparedness plans. (who.int)
It is intended to provide guidance on how to select, plan, conduct and evaluate simulation exercises specific to pandemic influenza, and how to set up a process for using the outcomes of these exercises to review and improve pandemic plans. (who.int)

For information on the most recent avian influenza developments specific to the United States, please visit the Current Situation Summary page. (cdc.gov)
visit Reported Human Infections with Avian Influenza A Viruses ). (cdc.gov)
This guidance reflects recently updated novel influenza A case definitions (visit Avian Influenza A Virus Case Definitions ). (cdc.gov)
Neuraminidase inhibitor treatment with oseltamivir, peramivir, or zanamivir has been used for severely ill persons infected with A(H7N9) viruses, but their effectiveness for treatment of severe disease caused by avian influenza A virus infections has not been determined [ 22-26 ]. (cdc.gov)
Most avian influenza A(H7N9), A(H5N1), and A(H5N6) viruses are susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir and zanamivir) and baloxavir, but are often resistant to the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine). (cdc.gov)
Treatment is not currently recommended for uncomplicated illness in outpatients whose exposure criteria consists only of travel to an area (e.g. country, state/province, city, county) with human cases of novel influenza A virus infection associated with severe human disease, or where these viruses are known to be circulating in animals (visit Avian Influenza A Virus Case Definitions ). (cdc.gov)
A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
The main variants named using this convention are:[citation needed] Bird flu Human flu Swine influenza Equine influenza Canine influenza Bat influenza Variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:[citation needed] Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), also called deadly flu or death flu Most known strains are extinct strains. (wikipedia.org)
He was also involved in Cambodia's response to SARS and avian influenza. (cdc.gov)
Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)
This news may deliver certain insights about avian influenza virus. (healthjockey.com)
A study headed by a University of Wisconsin-Madison virologist claims that a new compound could be extremely effectual against the pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, counting a few drug-resistant strains. (healthjockey.com)
Antiviral drugs are claimed to be a vital countermeasure against human influenza viruses, as well as the extremely pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, which seems to cause bird flu. (healthjockey.com)
Avian influenza , commonly known as 'bird flu,' is a disease caused by multiple strains of influenza virus. (feedstuffs.com)
The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause clinical signs such as mild breathing problems, decreased egg production and growth. (feedstuffs.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have severe and often fatal effects on some species of birds such as chickens, Pirbright noted, but some HPAI strains cause mild or no clinical signs of disease in wild birds and domestic waterfowl. (feedstuffs.com)
Avian influenza can be carried vast distances by wild migratory birds and can infect domesticated poultry through direct contact or through contaminated droppings and bodily fluids, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
Because of this, there is a year-round risk of avian influenza, which can increase depending on the disease status in a region and the migration season of wild aquatic birds. (feedstuffs.com)
Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 or H7N9 have infected people, predominantly in Southeast Asia, but in these cases, the virus has been transmitted directly from infected birds to people, with no onward spread. (feedstuffs.com)
There is some evidence that avian influenza can be passed from person to person, and while there are no records of efficient or sustained human transmission, there is a constant risk that one of the new strains may spread easily among people, which could result in a new influenza virus pandemic, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. (who.int)
An out break of avian influenza (bird flu) has been discovered on a Suffolk poultry farm. (sciencemediacentre.org)

Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] "Contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host. (wikipedia.org)
What is influenza, and what is H3N2? (onemedical.com)
There's a brand-new strain of influenza called H3N2, a variant of a common subtype of influenza, and it's different from the viruses that typically cause seasonal flu. (onemedical.com)
For the most part, seasonal influenza and H3N2 influenza do not pose serious health risks to individuals. (onemedical.com)
Both seasonal and H3N2 influenza spread person-to-person. (onemedical.com)
How can I tell whether I have H3N2 or seasonal influenza? (onemedical.com)
This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. (who.int)
Most H3N2 strains are resistant to Rimantadine, which is why it has not been used much in recent years. (virology.ws)
since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)

This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
Rapid evolution of influenza RNA virus has resulted in limitation of vaccine effectiveness, increased emergence of drug-resistant viruses and occurrence of pandemics. (nairaland.com)
Almost all people who receive the influenza vaccine have no problems. (thebermudian.com)
Certain people should talk to their doctor before receiving the influenza vaccine. (thebermudian.com)
Similarly, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine has been shown to reduce antibiotic use, and some vaccines that prevent viruses-such as seasonal flu shots and measles-can help reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics, when people are misdiagnosed as having bacterial infections and treated. (scientificamerican.com)
This is a vaccine that protects against typhoid, which is one of the biggest drivers of drug resistance. (scientificamerican.com)
Pakistan, for example, has been battling with an outbreak of extensively drug-resistant typhoid for the last two years (it resists five of the six recommended antibiotics-which has already been linked to cases among travelers returning to the U.S. The new typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) will help. (scientificamerican.com)
The difference with influenza, of course, is that an excellent vaccine is available, and should be used whenever possible. (virology.ws)
The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)

Antiviral treatment is recommended as soon as possible for outpatients and hospitalized patients who are suspected (cases under investigation), probable, or confirmed cases of human infection with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease. (cdc.gov)
There are no data from randomized clinical trials of antiviral treatment of outpatients or hospitalized patients with novel influenza A virus infection. (cdc.gov)
In otherwise healthy persons with acute, uncomplicated seasonal influenza virus infection, randomized controlled trials have demonstrated decreased time to symptom improvement with antiviral treatment by a neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir, peramivir, or zanamivir) or the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir), when treatment is begun within the first few days of illness [ 1-11 ]. (cdc.gov)
Host factors, either at the initial step of viral infection or at the later step of nuclear trafficking of viral RNP complex, are being actively pursued to generate novel drugs with new modes of action, without resulting in drug resistance. (elsevierpure.com)
The CDC reports a minimum 2 million cases of infection from other antibiotic resistant bacteria each year and 23,000 consequent deaths to say the least. (lifehack.org)
however, M2Is could not be used to treat influenza B infection (IBI) due to the lack of M2 protein on its surface. (pharmacytimes.com)
While working with mice, the experts apparently discovered that a single intranasal dose of CS-8958 given two hours following infection with H5N1 influenza virus supposedly led to elevated survival rate and lower virus levels as compared to a usual five-day course of oseltamivir. (healthjockey.com)
CS-8958 is highly effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with H5N1 influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant mutants. (healthjockey.com)
Influenza (also called the flu) is an upper-respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. (thebermudian.com)
Infections with influenza and other virsus are associated with significantly higher rate of concomitant Aspergillus infections and much higher mortality rates than either infection alone (2). (knowthecause.com)
Influenza infection causes annual epidemics throughout the world. (who.int)
7,11 The limitations of other antiviral drugs, as well as the risk of oseltamivir resistance, have raised concerns about the efficacy of oseltamivir for influenza infection treatment. (who.int)
AIDS is no longer a death sentence because we have a deep arsenal of antiviral drugs that can control the infection. (virology.ws)
In the early 1990s, several reports concerning the transmission of tuber- culosis (TB) infection including its then most dangerous form, multidrug- resistant TB (MdR-TB), from infectious travel ers to other passengers and crew during long flights, caused anxiety among travel ers and serious concern among public health officials and airline companies. (bvsalud.org)
Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant pathogens include antibiotic therapy within the preceding 90 days, a high incidence of antibiotic resistance in the community or facility, chronic hemodialysis, and immunosuppression. (aafp.org)
Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
RÉSUMÉ Pour les agents de santé, il est important d'avoir de bonnes connaissances, attitudes et pratiques concernant l'infection du MERS-CoV, notamment à la Mecque en raison des menaces que représentent cette infection pendant le pèlerinage (Hadj et Omra). (who.int)

This guidance provides recommendations for treatment of novel influenza A virus infections associated with severe human disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)
These recommendations are based on available data on the treatment of infections caused by influenza viruses, including seasonal, pandemic, and novel influenza A viruses, and expert opinion. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, amantadine and rimantadine are not recommended for treatment of novel influenza A virus infections. (cdc.gov)
Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Thousands of other equally dedicated CDC workers continue to protect Americans from other health threats, ranging from influenza to drug-resistant infections and more. (cdc.gov)
The cost of health care for patients with resistant infections is higher than care for patients with non-resistant infections due to longer duration of illness, additional tests and use of more expensive drugs. (paho.org)
Furthermore, drug-resistant infections cause 58,000 deaths in newborns every year, in India alone, and continue to threaten the effectiveness of life-saving antibiotics across the region. (eurekalert.org)
These increases in fungal infections have been due to numerous factor including population growth, climate change, increased used of human/veterinary/agricultural antifungal drugs, and increased numbers of immunocompromised humans such as those with HIV, severe malnutrition, or an immunosuppressive drugs to treat cancer or autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (1). (knowthecause.com)
In the US, about 30% of Candida infections are caused by C. glabrata and many of these infections are resistant to azole and echinocandidin anti-fungal drugs (1). (knowthecause.com)
Vaccination not only prevents the spread of these bugs and prevents resistance from occurring, but it also significantly curtails the use of drugs every year by preventing infections in the first place. (scientificamerican.com)
We analysed specimens from two sources during the period 2009-2012: influenza-positive samples from influenza-like illness patients at sentinel clinics in northern Viet Nam and isolates from patients with confirmed A(H5N1) infections. (who.int)
The neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the primary antiviral agents recommended for the treatment of influenza infections, 4,5 yet antiviral resistance to influenza A viruses is increasingly being reported. (who.int)
Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
Every year, nearly 3 million people in the United States are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and more than 35,000 people die from the infections. (medlineplus.gov)

Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
2000. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)

For example, the H5N1 virus designates an influenza A subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type 1 neuraminidase (N) protein. (wikipedia.org)
CS-8958 was also believed to be effectual against extremely pathogenic and oseltamivir-resistant strains of H5N1 virus. (healthjockey.com)
As an initial step in establishing a surveillance programme for antiviral resistance in northern Viet Nam, genetic analysis was conducted for both clinical specimens and isolates collected through sentinel sites and isolates of influenza A(H5N1). (who.int)
It presents report in the journal of Nature, of the isolation from a Vietnamese girl, of an H5N1 virus that is resistant to the drug oseltamivir, which is an inhibitor of the viral enzyme neuraminidase and is currently used for protection against and treatment of influenza. (bvs.br)

Changes in the virus genetics from mutation or reassortment make it very difficult to anticipate how influenza viruses will spread through a population and whether current vaccines will be suitable for the strains that are circulating, Pirbright announced. (feedstuffs.com)
These do not necessarily have to be detrimental to the host, but in the case of vaccines or drugs that target specified viral proteins, mutations may weaken these interactions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mutations in viruses clearly do matter, as evidenced by the need to prepare new vaccines against [the] influenza virus every year for the effective prevention of seasonal flu and the need to treat HIV-1 simultaneously with several drugs to [prevent the] emergence of resistant virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
But while the challenges of developing new classes of antibiotics and reducing the use and misuse of existing drugs have dominated the headlines, there is a more immediate and complementary solution: vaccines. (scientificamerican.com)

Introduction: The emergence of drug-resistant influenza virus strains highlights the need for new antiviral therapeutics to combat future pandemic outbreaks as well as continuing seasonal cycles of influenza. (elsevierpure.com)
Occasionally, it is transmitted from wild to domestic birds, and this may cause severe disease, outbreaks, or human influenza pandemics. (wikipedia.org)
He also investigated infectious disease outbreaks such as dengue fever and drug-resistant malaria. (cdc.gov)

Bresee also noted that influenza viruses are constantly mutating through a process called antigenic drift, which causes them to change from one season to the next and, sometimes, within a single flu season. (yourlawyer.com)

Although currently available antiviral drugs can reduce the symptoms of influenza and limit virus transmission, the possibility of selecting resistant strains still exists, meaning influenza treatment continues to be a challenge. (pharmacytimes.com)
The symptoms of influenza are usually more severe than the symptoms of a common cold. (onemedical.com)
The Cochrane Collaboration published an evidence review of Tamiflu (the antiviral drug oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir) trials, reporting that Tamiflu shortens symptoms of influenza but other claims made for the drugs were not well supported by evidence from clinical study reports. (sciencemediacentre.org)

Kawaoka and a group of study authors from Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia apparently examined a new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489 and its prodrug CS-8958, which had formerly exhibited powerful activity against seasonal influenza viruses in laboratory animals. (healthjockey.com)
The Academy of Medical Sciences and the Wellcome Trust have published a report into the effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral drugs for the treatment and prevention of influenza. (sciencemediacentre.org)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)

Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Background: The evolution of antiviral drug resistance during influenza pandemics has created widespread concern. (uwaterloo.ca)

To address this unmet medical need, we have made progress in developing novel influenza antivirals by targeting the drug-resistant mutants of M2 and the viral polymerase. (labroots.com)
Structural information on the internal viral polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, and PA) provides a new avenue for influenza drug discovery. (elsevierpure.com)
As resistance against drugs targeting viral proteins emerges rapidly, we assessed the antiviral activity of already approved drugs that target cellular proteins involved in the viral life cycle and were orally bioavailable. (frontiersin.org)
Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) were used as an antiviral agent because neuraminidase can facilitate the release of viral particles by severing the sialic acid groups hemagglutinin-a surface protein influenza uses-is bound to. (pharmacytimes.com)
The most common viral pathogens recovered from hospitalized patients admitted with CAP include human rhinovirus and influenza . (medscape.com)
It is made from an inactivated, killed virus and contains several influenza viral strains. (thebermudian.com)
If a particular genetic alteration changes the target of a drug or antibody that acts against the virus, those viral particles with the mutation will outgrow the ones that do not have it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Neuraminidase activity was measured using a phenotypic method for viral isolates of influenza A and B. Pyrosequencing assays were then applied to detect the common mutations related to reducing susceptibility or resistance of influenza A viruses to oseltamivir - I117V, E119V and H275Y. (who.int)
The drug selects, from the diverse viral population in an individual, those viruses that can multiply in its presence. (virology.ws)
What apparently happened is that the mutation that causes drug-resistance, a change from histidine to tyrosine at position 274 of the viral NA protein, emerged in parts of the world were little Tamiflu is used. (virology.ws)
Influenza virus shares similar features as HIV-1: high replication rates in many hosts, and the generation of large numbers of viral mutants. (virology.ws)
Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)

However, there are three studies where favipiravir-resistant mutants were obtained in vitro. (springer.com)
All three resistant mutants carried mutations in their polymerase gene. (springer.com)
2014. Easily accessible polycyclic amines that inhibit the wild-type and amantadine-resistant mutants of the M2 channel of influenza A virus . (ub.edu)
Usually the drug-resistant mutants are already in the host, and outpace other drug-sensitive viruses. (virology.ws)

The presence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses is therefore a concern. (who.int)

The efficacy of current influenza antiviral drugs is compromised by emerging drug resistance. (labroots.com)

and 3) persons who live with or care for persons at high risk (e.g., health-care workers and household contacts who have frequent contact with persons at high risk and who can transmit influenza to those persons at high risk). (cdc.gov)
An infected person can transmit influenza by coughing or sneezing, sending virus-containing droplets onto nearby people and surfaces. (onemedical.com)

Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
However, it is a last-resort medication to treat the novel or re-emerging influenza viruses that are resistant to certain antivirals, like oseltamivir [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Upcoming strains resistant to present drugs, predominantly oseltamivir (Tamiflu), appear to be a threat and make the progress of alternate antivirals an imperative public health issue. (healthjockey.com)

Areas covered: This review summarizes the mechanisms of current FDA-approved anti-influenza drugs and patterns of resistance to those drugs. (elsevierpure.com)
What about the two other anti-influenza drugs? (virology.ws)

For guidance on investigation of close contacts of case-patients, visit Interim Guidance on Follow-up of Close Contacts of Persons Infected with Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated with Severe Human Disease and the Use of Antiviral Medications for Chemoprophylaxis . (cdc.gov)
Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected from outpatients (with influenza-like illness) and inpatients (with severe acute respiratory illness) and tested for influenza viruses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (who.int)

Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
Learn about vital vaccination recommendations during pregnancy to prevent respiratory diseases like RSV, COVID-19, and influenza. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
In places like Karachi, where antibiotic resistance is increasing by 30 per cent annually and may reach a point where all cases will be resistant to multiple drugs as early as next year, having greater vaccination coverage to prevent the disease will go a long way. (scientificamerican.com)

Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
Testing for influenza isn't always helpful, particularly during an outbreak. (onemedical.com)

It is caused by a group of continuously changing viruses called influenza viruses. (bcm.edu)

In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)

While monitoring influenza virus resistance as it develops, researchers are prioritizing further investigations to decrease the risk of resistant strains. (pharmacytimes.com)

A similar strain of the antibiotic resistant bacteria was found in a pig intestine by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (lifehack.org)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)

FI6 is the only known antibody effective against all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus. (wikipedia.org)
With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
By 2013, approximately 45% of all IAV subtypes were resistant to amantadine. (pharmacytimes.com)
1 National influenza surveillance was initiated in Viet Nam in 2006, and the data collected so far have shown that influenza viruses circulate year-round with similar peaks and subtypes observed across all surveillance regions. (who.int)

All flu viruses also have the potential to undergo a process called reassortment, where two or more strains of influenza infect the same animal, allowing them to swap parts of their genome, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)

Experts have reported the first case of swine flu that is resistant to Tamiflu, the main drug being used to fight the pandemic. (kaieteurnewsonline.com)

The single mutation that creates Tamiflu resistance appears to be spontaneous, and not a reaction to overuse of the drug. (virology.ws)
A Nature Communications paper showed a mutation in newly emerged H7N9 influenza can render it resistant to the only class of drugs active against the virus, without affecting its ability to spread in animals. (sciencemediacentre.org)

Clinical trials and meta-analyses of data from randomized controlled trials have shown that antiviral treatment of outpatients can reduce some complications associated with seasonal influenza [ 6 , 7 , 9 , 12 , 13 ]. (cdc.gov)
2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)
If you are at risk for complications of influenza (see below), or if your symptoms are clearly getting worse, call our office and ask to speak with someone on our medical staff for more advice. (onemedical.com)

In the case of antiviral drugs, one of the most significant questions is the emergence of resistance. (springer.com)
The emergence of oseltamivir resistance of clinical isolates of influenza A virus has been associated with substitution at residue V116, I117, E119, Q136, K150, D151, D199, I223, H275 and N295 in the neuraminidase active site.8 For influenza B there have been two main substitutions: residues R152 and D198. (who.int)
The emergence of MdR-TB and extensively drug-resistant TB (XdR-TB) has raised special concerns in relation to the international spread of par- ticularly dangerous strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . (bvsalud.org)
Antibiotic overuse contributes to the emergence of drug-resistant organisms. (medscape.com)

Data from antiviral treatment studies of patients with seasonal influenza have reported that clinical benefit is greatest when antiviral treatment is administered early, especially within 48 hours of illness onset. (cdc.gov)
Although earlier antiviral treatment results in greater clinical benefit, observational studies support the use of antiviral treatment in hospitalized patients with seasonal influenza even when started after 48 hours of illness, including in critically ill patients [ 14 , 16-21 ]. (cdc.gov)
Among patients with uncomplicated seasonal influenza, one randomized clinical trial in children demonstrated a modest reduction in duration of symptoms and virus shedding in patients initiated 72 hours after illness [ 11 ]. (cdc.gov)
SAN DIEGO , Nov. 20, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Viriom Inc., dedicated to advancing a pipeline of highly effective and broadly affordable treatments targeting infectious and malignant diseases globally, announces the successful completion and positive results of Phase I clinical trial for AV5124, a novel inhibitor of influenza virus replication. (fox40.com)

Dr. Joseph Bresee, chief of the epidemiology and prevention branch in the CDC's influenza division, feels there is no need to embargo Tamiflu, "This certainly bears close watching," he said yesterday. (yourlawyer.com)

There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)

Of greatest concern is that resistant viruses have been detected in specimens from people who where never treated with Tamiflu because drug resistance is usually seen in people who have been exposed to a drug. (yourlawyer.com)
Since last flu season, the CDC enhanced its surveillance in an effort to detect flu viruses resistant to Tamiflu and that increased monitoring has provided the agency with the ability to detect resistant strains quickly, Bresee said. (yourlawyer.com)
Need Legal Help regarding Tamiflu Resistant? (yourlawyer.com)
Questions have been raised for some years about the efficacy and effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs)Tamiflu and Relenza, the principal antiviral drugs used in treating flu, and whether this justifies their being part of the UK government's response to influenza. (sciencemediacentre.org)

If we want to seriously use antiviral to treat influenza (which I don't think is a good idea except in certain cases), we need to have a far deeper arsenal of antiviral drugs. (virology.ws)
Because of the central nervous system side effects of amantadine is less frequently used to treat influenza. (virology.ws)

The two influenza B viruses with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir show that ongoing NAI susceptibility surveillance is essential. (who.int)
The influenza virus is highly active throughout New York State and has grown to high levels in several other states, and-according to surveillance data from the state Health Department-remains high in both Nassau and Suffolk counties. (yourlawyer.com)
Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued. (who.int)
Data from the National Influenza Surveillance System in Viet Nam were also analysed for the period 2009-2012. (who.int)
A weekly surveillance report of seasonal influenza in the US is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FluView . (msdmanuals.com)

Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are important causes of respiratory illness and mortality in nursing home residents. (aafp.org)

ABSTRACT We monitored phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating in Morocco during 2014-2015 to oseltamivir and zanamivir. (who.int)

Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)

Antibiotic therapy for nursing home-acquired pneumonia should target a broad range of organisms, and drug-resistant microbes should be considered when making treatment decisions. (aafp.org)
Treatment of hospitalized patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia requires broad-spectrum antibiotics with coverage of many gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus . (aafp.org)
Empiric coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and double coverage of Pseudomona pneumonia should be prescribed for patients requiring intensive care unit admission. (aafp.org)
7 One study found that recent antibiotic use and the inability to perform activities of daily living were independently associated with antibiotic-resistant nursing home-acquired pneumonia requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission or mechanical ventilation. (aafp.org)
Influenza predisposes patients to a secondary bacterial pneumonia. (aafp.org)

In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
This advance in the development of influenza virus therapy underscores Viriom's dedication to advancing treatments that address the evolving challenges of influenza and other infectious or malignant diseases. (fox40.com)
With a robust network of partners, Viriom is building a global drug development platform targeting infectious and malignant diseases. (fox40.com)
1 Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan. (nih.gov)
Since 2009, Candida auris has emerged as a major infectious species while many strains resistant to some or all of the 3 common classes of antifungal drugs: 1) Amphotercin B, 2) Azoles, 3) Echinocandins (1). (knowthecause.com)

Authors of the latest updated 'Cochrane Review: Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children' came came to the SMC to outline their findings about the effectiveness of Tamilflu and Relenza. (sciencemediacentre.org)

Pirbright Institute research teams studying characteristics of influenza virus that may alter disease outcomes in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)

citation needed] Different influenza viruses encode for different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)

Anatomy3

Organisms22

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes10

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Health Care4

Geographicals3

H1N116

Pandemic influenza9

Avian influenza23

H3N210

Vaccine12

Infection17

Infections14

Epidemics6

H5N14

Vaccines4

Outbreaks3

Noted that influenza viruses are constantly1

Symptoms of influenza3

Neuraminidase inhibitor2

Subtype1

Pandemics2

Viral14

Mutants4

Oseltamivir-resistant1

Current influenza1

Transmit influenza2

Antivirals3

Anti-influenza drugs2

Severe3

Vaccination3

Outbreak2

Called influenza viruses1

Different influenza virus1

Monitoring influenza virus1

Strain2

Subtypes5

Strains of Influenza1

Swine1

Mutation2

Complications3

Emergence4

Clinical4

Prevention1

Types of influenza1

Tamiflu4

Treat influenza2

Surveillance5

Illness2

Zanamivir1

Respiratory pathogens1

Pneumonia5

Infectious5

Effectiveness1

Pirbright Institute1

Hemagglutinin2