Drug levamisole. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cutaneous vasculopathy associated with levamisole-adulterated (contaminated) cocaine is an emerging syndrome characterised by a retiform purpura around the ears, the presence of anti- neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody ( ANCA ), and leukopenia [3,4]. (dermnetnz.org)
Cutaneous vasculopathy and neutropenia associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine. (medscape.com)

Also known as levamisole hydrochloride, levamisole is an antihelminthic drug or immunomodulatory agent, previously used to treat parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections before being approved by the FDA as a supplemental treatment for colon cancer. (clearbrookinc.com)
Welcome to our comprehensive guide on Levamisole Hydrochloride, often known as levamisole HCl. (tsv-oldenburg.com)

The urine test was positive for levamisole. (bcmj.org)

The foremost and most grotesque toxicity of levamisole-tainted cocaine is due to its vasculitis. (kevinmd.com)
Levamisole causes a leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small blood vessels, leading to thrombosis of small vessels, particularly among the superficial and deep dermal vasculature. (kevinmd.com)
Levamisole has also been linked to a risk of vasculitis, and two cases of vasculitic skin necrosis have been reported in users of cocaine adulterated with levamisole. (wikipedia.org)
Related conditions are drug-induced cutaneous lupus and drug-induced ANCA vasculitis. (medlineplus.gov)
Rarely, kidney inflammation (nephritis) can develop with drug-induced lupus caused by TNF inhibitors or with ANCA vasculitis due to hydralazine or levamisole. (medlineplus.gov)
Smoking and using illegal drugs, including cocaine, also can raise an individual's risk for vasculitis. (hppr.org)
Clinical diagnosis of levamisole-induced vasculitis was made and antibiotics were discontinued. (bcmj.org)

One of the more serious side effects of levamisole is agranulocytosis, or the depletion of the white blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
Levamisole suppresses the production of white blood cells, resulting in neutropenia and agranulocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
Several cases of severe drug-induced skin disorders like agranulocytosis were reported in cocaine users. (clearbrookinc.com)
The most common side effect of levamisole cocaine is agranulocytosis, a rare condition in which your bone marrow doesn't make a sufficient amount of a certain kind of white cell, most often ones called neutrophils. (clearbrookinc.com)
Levamisole is an anthelmintic medication currently only licensed in the United States and Canada for use in veterinary medicine, due to reports of adverse events including agranulocytosis (severely decreased white blood cell count), facial retiform purpura and serological abnormalities in humans. (dermnetnz.org)
Patients carrying the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 human leukocyte antigen ( HLA )-B27 are at risk of developing levamisole related agranulocytosis [5]. (dermnetnz.org)
Levamisole can significantly reduce the number of white blood cells in the body, a condition called agranulocytosis. (nymag.com)

wiseGEEK levamisole hydrochloride - China levamisole hydrochloride levamisole hydrochloride manufacturers & levamisole hydrochloride suppliers directory. (dissectpodcast.com)

This Cocaine Cuts EZ Test is a quick and easy to use test kit that can tell whether your sample contains levamisole, ephedrine, phenacetine or other adulterants. (bigpictureclasses.com)
Studies report that 46% of cocaine in circulation in Canada contains levamisole. (bcmj.org)
Composition Each 5 ml contains: Levamisole (as hydrochloride) 40 mg. (dissectpodcast.com)

We can assume from our findings that it is not just cocaine that changes the brain, but that the adulterant levamisole has an additional harmful effect. (eurekalert.org)

Levamisole Hydrochloride Explored: Unlocking Its Potential Uses and Benefits Welcome to our comprehensive guide on Levamisole Hydrochloride, also called levamisole HCl. (ikjnews.com)

It has been used as an adulterant in cocaine, resulting in serious side effects that present as levamisole induced necrosis syndrome, in which erythematous painful papules can appear almost anywhere on skin. (wikipedia.org)

The medication Albenza (albendazole) belongs to a class of drugs called anthelmintics. (curezone.org)

Support forum for people interested in Drugs therapy, Prescription Medications therapy against parasites. (curezone.org)
A drug-induced reaction should be considered in any patient who is taking medications and who suddenly develops a symmetric cutaneous eruption. (medscape.com)
Certain medications can put people at higher risk, including hydralazine, levamisole and propylthiouracil. (hppr.org)
In 1980, 1981, and 1985, and continuously from 1989, the NAMCS encounter form included a question which asked for a listing of all drugs/medications ordered, administered or provided during the visit. (cdc.gov)
In general, non-prescription medications that were reported in the prescription drug section of the household adult questionnaire were moved to the non-prescription medications section (the expanded non-prescription pain relief medications section to be described later), but those medications reported on the household youth questionnaire were deleted since a non-prescription medications section was not included on the youth questionnaire. (cdc.gov)

Cocaine cut with the veterinary drug levamisole could be the culprit in a flurry of flesh-eating disease in New York and Los Angeles.The drug, used to deworm cattle, pigs and sheep, can rot the skin off noses, ears and cheeks. (realneo.us)
Levamisole is also used as a dewormer for cattle. (wikipedia.org)
As compared to cattle, horses, and swine, far fewer drugs are approved by FDA for use in sheep. (sheep101.info)
For cattle , the recommended therapeutic dose is 7.5 mg levamisole and 11.25 mg rafoxanide per kg bw (equivalent to 25 mL product per 50 kg bw ). (parasitipedia.net)
Levamisole Hydrochloride (Levamisole HCl), is an anthelmintic (animals roundworm, hookworm, etc.) agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep. (sxnaipu.com)

Levamisole has increasingly been used as a cutting agent in cocaine sold around the globe with the highest incidence being in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
Although levamisole is no longer available for sale in the U.S., except for use in veterinary medicine, it's become a cutting agent in cocaine. (clearbrookinc.com)

Just like any anthelmintic drug, the proper dosage and administration of Levamisole Hydrochloride are necessary to prevent toxicity and be sure optimal efficacy. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
1987. The effect of induced liver, kidney and lung lesions on the toxicity of levamisole and diazinon in calves. (cdc.gov)

Levamisole, sold under the brand name Ergamisol among others, is a medication used to treat parasitic worm infections, specifically ascariasis and hookworm infections. (wikipedia.org)
Levamisole works as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that causes continued stimulation of the parasitic worm muscles, leading to paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
Levamisole Hydrochloride is really a powerful anthelmintic drug which has been employed to treat parasitic worm infections in animals. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Overall, Levamisole Hydrochloride's role being an anthelmintic drug continues to be crucial in maintaining animal health by preventing or treating parasitic worm infections. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
One of the very most significant uses of levamisole is just as an anthelmintic drug, used to treat parasitic worm infections in livestock and pets alike. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
One of the more significant applications of levamisole can be as an anthelmintic drug, accustomed to treat parasitic worm infections in livestock and pets alike. (imc10.com)

Recent studies indicate that not only the anthelminthic levamisole but also the racemate tetramisole (R-/S-phenyltetraimidazothiazole, PTHIT) was found as an adulterant for cocaine. (erowid.org)
Samples mainly contained racemic tetramisole (%87.5), only one sample contained levamisole only and two samples contained non-racemic PTHIT. (erowid.org)
Toxicological interpretations in intoxication cases with adulterated cocaine should not only consider levamisole but also tetramisole and terminology in scientific contributions should be used accordingly. (erowid.org)

Levamisole is an anthelminthic andimmunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. (dissectpodcast.com)

For the past half-century, levamisole has served the veterinary community well as an anti-helminthic and also (temporarily) in medical practices as a treatment for a variety of diseases. (kevinmd.com)
The drug has been used to treat autoimmune diseases, for example lupus and arthritis, by elevating producing white blood cells and preventing their destruction. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
As well as treating autoimmune diseases, levamisole can have potential applications in cancer treatment. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Overall, levamisole's ability to stimulate the immune system makes it an invaluable drug for treating a wide array of diseases. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Levamisole is shown to increase the production of white blood cells and boost the overall immune response, making animals less vulnerable to infections and diseases. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
The drug has been used to help remedy autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis symptoms, by elevating the production of white blood cells and preventing their destruction. (imc10.com)
As well as treating autoimmune diseases, levamisole has been shown to have potential applications in cancer treatment. (imc10.com)
Overall, levamisole's capability to stimulate the immunity mechanism causes it to be a priceless drug for an array of diseases. (imc10.com)

With the increasing use of levamisole as an adulterant, a number of these complications have been reported among cocaine users. (wikipedia.org)
Complications associated with use of levamisole-contaminated cocaine: an emerging public health challenge. (medscape.com)
People who inject illicit drugs risk not only the adverse pharmacodynamic effects of the drugs but also complications related to contaminants, adulterants, and infectious agents that may be injected with the drug. (msdmanuals.com)

Test your drugs to make sure they are free of Levamisole, an animal dewormer that will fuck your shit up. (vice.com)

The plasma elimination half-life is fairly quick at 3-4 hours which can contribute to not detecting levamisole intoxication. (wikipedia.org)

Using data from CDC's State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System, this report describes trends in overdose deaths with evidence of counterfeit pill use during July 2019-December 2021 in 29 states and the District of Columbia (DC) and characteristics of deaths with and without evidence of counterfeit pill use during 2021 in 34 states and DC. (cdc.gov)
Further, decedent demographics, the drugs involved, and the circumstances of overdose deaths with and without evidence of counterfeit pill use were examined among 35 jurisdictions ¶ with complete data for 2021. (cdc.gov)

There are limited reports of resistance against levamisole, pyrantel, and benzimidazoles in Oesophogostomum dentatum in pigs. (merckvetmanual.com)
Resistance to levamisole has been reported in most countries, but is usually less strong and frequent than to benzimidazoles. (parasitipedia.net)

We herein report on the investigation of the prevalence of PTHIT among cocaine-positive hair samples and the discrimination of the presence of its stereoisomers levamisole and dexamisole. (erowid.org)
Cocaine and PTHIT concentrations have been determined by achiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For distinction of levamisole/dexamisole chiral LC-MS/MS was performed. (erowid.org)
Surprisingly, enantiomeric ratios of levamisole/dexamisole ranged from 0.17 to 1.34 (median: 0.63). (erowid.org)
Most probably higher dexamisole than levamisole concentrations in hair specimens arise from stereoselective metabolism and/or elimination. (erowid.org)

Levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy was first described in the late 2000s following an increase in the lacing of cocaine with levamisole. (dermnetnz.org)
Levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy is exclusively reported in cocaine users, more often with chronic use and in those smoking and snorting contaminated cocaine [6,7]. (dermnetnz.org)
Levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy is more prevalent in women, at a ratio of 1:3 [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
The exact cause of levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy is unknown. (dermnetnz.org)
The inflammation of small- and medium-sized blood vessels in the skin has a different serological profile from pure cocaine-related vasculopathy, and is probably due to the levamisole component [1,2,7]. (dermnetnz.org)
What are the clinical features of levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy? (dermnetnz.org)

Urine levamisole can be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, but this is not available to many hospitals. (kevinmd.com)
Drug testing of racehorse urine has led to the revelation that among levamisole equine metabolites are both pemoline and aminorex, stimulants that are forbidden by racing authorities. (wikipedia.org)
Further testing confirmed aminorex in human and canine urine, meaning that both humans and dogs also metabolize levamisole into aminorex. (wikipedia.org)
Levamisole may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine as a diagnostic tool in clinical poisoning situations or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of suspicious deaths involving adulterated street drugs. (wikipedia.org)
After intramuscular injection of the dog, it showed a rapid systemic effect, with 0.5 hour blood drug reaching peak concentration, eliminating the half-life of about 48 hours, mainly through feces and urine excretion. (veterinarymedicinedrugs.com)

However, back in 2000, levamisole was pulled from the market in the United States due to its adverse side effects and because it was found in many traces of cocaine. (clearbrookinc.com)

Levamisole was used in humans in the 1960s as a prescribed appetite suppressant [1,2]. (dermnetnz.org)

The mechanism of action of levamisole as being an anthelmintic drug involves stimulating the worm's central nervous system, ultimately causing paralysis and in the end death. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Levamisole Hydrochloride, using its dual role as being an anthelmintic drug and immune stimulant, is a vital tool to maintain animal health. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
The mechanism of action of levamisole for an anthelmintic drug involves stimulating the worm's neurological system, resulting in paralysis and finally death. (imc10.com)

A post mortem blood levamisole concentration of 2.2 mg/L was present in a woman who died of a cocaine overdose. (wikipedia.org)
drug overdose deaths are at historically high levels. (cdc.gov)
Overdose prevention messaging that highlights the dangers of pills obtained illicitly or without a prescription, encourages drug product testing by persons using drugs, and is tailored to persons most at risk (e.g., younger persons) could help prevent overdose deaths. (cdc.gov)
Drug overdose deaths are at historically high levels in the United States, with a preliminary estimate of more than 105,000 deaths in 2022 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Counterfeit pills often contain illicitly manufactured fentanyls (IMFs), illicit benzodiazepines (e.g., bromazolam, etizolam, and flualprazolam), or other illicit drugs, and can increase overdose risk because the pills might expose persons to drugs they did not intend to use. (cdc.gov)
Jurisdictions participating in CDC's State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS) † entered information about unintentional and undetermined intent drug overdose deaths from death certificates, postmortem toxicology reports, and medical examiner and coroner reports. (cdc.gov)

Symptoms of drug-induced lupus tend to occur after taking the drug for at least 3 to 6 months. (medlineplus.gov)

Levamisole Hydrochloride is also a good alternative in cases of benzimidazole resistance. (sxnaipu.com)

In the United Kingdom, levamisole powder was found in over 50% of cocaine samples tested. (clearbrookinc.com)
One theory is that levamisole powder looks similar to cocaine, making it cheaper for dealers and manufacturers to produce more products and also making it easier for them to gain more profit with less product. (clearbrookinc.com)
To make crack cocaine, the powder form of the drug is dissolved in hot water and baking soda is added. (narconon.org)
Not only Levamisole hcl powder we produced have certificated the international industry standard, but we can also meet your customization needs. (sxnaipu.com)
We provide online, timely service and you can get professional guidance on Levamisole hcl powder . (sxnaipu.com)
Don't hesitate to get in touch with us if you are interested in Levamisole hcl powder , we won't let you down. (sxnaipu.com)

The retiform purpura resolves within 2-3 weeks after drug cessation. (kevinmd.com)

Warfarin is a synthetic drug derived from the naturally occurring coumarins found in a wide variety of plants species worldwide. (i-sis.org.uk)
Levamisole Hydrochloride can be a synthetic molecule that acts as being an anthelmintic and immune stimulant, rendering it a crucial therapeutic agent from the medical field. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug with anti-inflammatory, anti allergic, and immunosuppressive effects. (veterinarymedicinedrugs.com)

Some drug users crush tablets of prescription drugs, dissolve them, and inject the solution IV, thus injecting themselves with an array of filler agents commonly present in tablets, including cellulose, talc , and cornstarch. (msdmanuals.com)

The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) estimated that 80% of cocaine is cut with levamisole, which is linked to debilitating and often fatal immunologic side effects in cocaine users. (clearbrookinc.com)

Such programs mean users can have their drugs tested for purity and therefore avoid taking cocaine that has very high levels of levamisole," says Quednow. (eurekalert.org)

The mechanism of action for levamisole involves stimulating the parasites' central nervous system, resulting in muscle paralysis and eventual death. (tsv-oldenburg.com)

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is similar but not identical to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medlineplus.gov)
These adverse drug reactions have a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations that can mimic those of other disease states, including both local and systemic conditions. (medscape.com)

While cocaine itself can cause cerebral ischemia, strokes, and acute demyelinating encephalitis, levamisole accentuates the number and intensity of this damage. (kevinmd.com)

The clinical patterns of adverse drug reactions of the oral cavity include xerostomia, swelling, nonspecific ulceration, vesiculobullous or ulcerative mucositis that mimics other disease states, nonspecific vesiculoulcerative mucositis, pigmentation, gingival enlargement, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. (medscape.com)

Our review of small-molecule anti-infective drugs recently approved by a stringent regulatory authority (SRA) or in at least Phase 2 clinical development for regulatory approval showed that this pipeline cannot deliver all new treatments needed. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we are providing an overview of clinical research in the past 10 years evaluating the anti-infective efficacy of oral small-molecule drugs for NTD(s) for which they are neither SRA approved, nor included in current WHO strategies nor, considering the research sponsors, likely to be registered with a SRA for that NTD, if found to be effective and safe. (bvsalud.org)
Considering drugs in at least Phase 2 clinical development, a submission is being prepared for registration of acoziborole as an oral treatment for first and second stage T.b. gambiense African trypanosomiasis. (bvsalud.org)

The benzimidazole drugs share a common molecular structure, triclabendazole being the exception in having a chlorinated benzene ring but no carbamate group. (curezone.org)

Additionally, in cocaine-positive plasma samples, of which 42% contained levamisole, aminorex was never reported at concentrations higher than LoQ. (wikipedia.org)

Levamisole is generally administered orally, either as being a tablet or as an injectable solution. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Levamisole is normally administered orally, either as a tablet or for an injectable solution. (imc10.com)
The present invention provides levamisole/macrocyclic lactone-containing injectable formulations that are effective against animal pests, including endoparasites. (dissectpodcast.com)

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder that is triggered by a reaction to a medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
Cancer immunotherapy drugs such as pembrolizumab can also cause a variety of autoimmune reactions including drug-induced lupus. (medlineplus.gov)

As an immunomodulatory drug, levamisole also changes the body's immune system by either activating or suppressing certain functions. (clearbrookinc.com)
By improving the body's natural defense mechanisms, the drug can aid in disease prevention and treatment in animals. (tsv-oldenburg.com)

The proliferation of counterfeit pills, which are not manufactured by pharmaceutical companies, but are typically made to look like legitimate pharmaceutical pills (frequently oxycodone or alprazolam), is complicating the illicit drug market and potentially contributing to these deaths* ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

In addition, animal-associated infections (caused by, for example, Toxoplasma gondii , Listeria monocytogenes ) have been reported in people at increased risk because of deficiencies in the normal immune response as a result of immunosuppressive drugs, cancer or HIV infection. (who.int)

Levamisole poisoning is more likely to affect women, and more likely to occur when the cocaine was smoked in crack form. (nymag.com)

The withdrawal period is the amount of time it takes for a drug to 'clear' the animal's system, so that drug residues do not remain in the tissues or milk. (sheep101.info)

Levamisole helps to maintain remission in some cases of steroid-dependant children. (ac.ir)
Levamisole was administered according to the standard protocol and its effect on number of relapses, steroid usage, remission, and also its side-effects were all determined. (ac.ir)
19 patients remained in remission after cessation of levamisole course. (ac.ir)

The compound has the same physical parameters as cocaine, making it easy to bulk the cocaine with this drug, thereby increasing their profits. (kevinmd.com)
Levamisole adds bulk and weight to powdered cocaine (whereas other adulterants produce smaller "rocks" of cocaine) and makes the drug appear purer. (wikipedia.org)
Currently much of the cocaine supply in the US is severely contaminated with a veterinary drug called Levamisole that's been used to bulk it up and when ingested by humans causes flesh to rot. (blogspot.com)

This dynamic drug has several applications in human and veterinary medicine, as a result of its versatile properties and benefits. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Levamisole Hydrochloride has become a pivotal drug in veterinary medicine, serving multiple roles to keep animals healthy. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
Besides its anthelmintic properties, levamisole has been specifically used as being an immune stimulant in veterinary medicine. (tsv-oldenburg.com)

Levamisole is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver. (wikipedia.org)

In 2008-2009, levamisole was found in 69% of cocaine samples seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). (wikipedia.org)

In order to estimate the consumption of cocaine and the amount of levamisole content, the scientists analyzed hair samples of their study participants. (eurekalert.org)
Based on this, they examined the cognitive performance of those who had taken cocaine with a high levamisole content (more than 25% proportional to the cocaine) and those who had taken cocaine with a low levamisole content (less than 25%), and compared the results with a control group who had not taken cocaine. (eurekalert.org)
The same effect was seen in this study: People who consumed cocaine with a high levamisole content clearly displayed a thinner prefrontal cortex - the area of the brain associated with executive functions. (eurekalert.org)
EBSCOhost serves thousands of libraries with premium essays, articles and other content including LEVAMISOLE - OLD DRUG IN NEW CLOTHES. (dissectpodcast.com)

It was also used as an immune-modulating agent for treatment of lichen planus , paediatric nephrotic syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis after its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1991. (dermnetnz.org)
Conclusion : Levamisole has a positive effect on nephrotic syndrome. (ac.ir)

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs6

Associated with levamisole-adulterated2

Known as levamisole2

Positive for levamisole1

Vasculitis7

Agranulocytosis7

China levamisole1

Contains levamisole3

Adulterant levamisole1

Hydrochloride Explored1

Necrosis syndrome1

Albendazole1

Medications5

Cattle5

Cutting agent in cocaine2

Toxicity2

Parasitic worm6

Tetramisole3

Anthelminthic1

Diseases8

Complications3

Dewormer1

Intoxication1

20212

Benzimidazoles2

Dexamisole4

Vasculopathy6

Urine5

20001

1960s1

Anthelmintic drug3

Overdose6

Symptoms1

Resistance1

Powder6

Purpura1

Synthetic3

Talc1

Immunologic1

Purity1

Parasites1

Systemic2

Acute1

Nonspecific1

Clinical3

Benzimidazole1

Concentrations1

Injectable3

Autoimmune2

Body's2

Illicit1

Immunosuppressive1

Crack1

Animal's1

Remission3

Bulk3

Veterinary medicine3

Liver1

Cocaine samples1

Content4

Syndrome2