Drug idiosyncratic. Medical search. Frequent questions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions, also known as type B reactions, are drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably amongst the population. (wikipedia.org)
Idiosyncratic drug reactions appear to not be concentration dependent. (wikipedia.org)
In adverse drug reactions involving overdoses, the toxic effect is simply an extension of the pharmacological effect (Type A adverse drug reactions). (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, clinical symptoms of idiosyncratic drug reactions (Type B adverse drug reactions) are different from the pharmacological effect of the drug. (wikipedia.org)
The proposed mechanism of most idiosyncratic drug reactions is immune-mediated toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
Idiosyncratic reactions fall conventionally under toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
PROJECT SUMMARY The combination antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is effective, inexpensive, and widely prescribed, yet it also causes idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) in 3-5% of TMP-SMX exposed patients, a rate much higher than that of most other drugs. (childrensmercy.org)
Although TMP-SMX is a combination antibiotic made up of two individual drug components, IADR mechanistic studies have to date been limited to SMX despite considerable clinical evidence that TMP contributes to these undesired reactions. (childrensmercy.org)
A rash or fever may be part of some drug reactions that affect the liver. (medlineplus.gov)
Idiosyncratic drug reactions occur rarely and unpredictably amongst drug users. (helsinki.fi)
Inflammation and liver damage can sensitize to idiosyncratic drug reactions. (helsinki.fi)
Recent advances in pharmacogenomic research have begun to elucidate the inherited nature of interindividual differences in drug-induced adverse reactions, toxicity, and therapeutic responses. (medscape.com)
Many of these genetic variants (i.e., genotypes) were discovered after observing adverse reactions (i.e., phenotypes) after administering common doses of drugs to patients. (medscape.com)
Clinical diagnosis of adverse drug reactions and patient management are complex, interwoven processes. (springer.com)
Clinical information and experiences about individual patients will aid prevention of adverse drug reactions. (springer.com)
Adverse effects and adverse drug reactions constitute major morbidity and sometimes mortality, but how to make a diagnosis and manage adverse drug effects in an individual to avoid or reduce serious harm does not receive much attention. (springer.com)
In some more unusual instances, adverse drug reactions may be more commonly related to drug or chemical exposure than to alternative possible causes (such as agranulocytosis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome), making the diagnostic challenge somewhat easier. (springer.com)
These factors are further complicated by interactions related to multiple drug use, mixed intoxication-withdrawal states and idiosyncratic reactions. (aafp.org)
The overreported prevalence of penicillin allergy is secondary to imprecise use of the term "allergy" by families and clinicians and lack of clarity to differentiate between immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, drug intolerances, and other idiosyncratic reactions that can occur days after exposure. (cdc.gov)
This structural similarity has led to considerable confusion regarding cross-reactivity of these drugs and the risks for allergic reactions from cephalosporins among penicillin-allergic patients. (cdc.gov)
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions are unexpected reactions to drugs that are not dose-related or immune-mediated responses. (goldenhelix.com)
Researchers from the University of Rosario in Columbia harnessed the power of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to explore the root causes of two rare adverse drug reactions (ADRs). (goldenhelix.com)
In previous estimates in the United States, 3 to 7% of all hospitalizations were due to adverse drug reactions. (msdmanuals.com)
Pharmacogenetics to prevent hypersensitivity reactions to antiepileptic drugs: is testing performed when indicated? (cdc.gov)
Updates on the immunopathology and genomics of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. (cdc.gov)
A Comprehensive Review of HLA and Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: Implication for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine. (cdc.gov)
Genotyping HLA alleles to predict the development of Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs): state-of-the-art. (cdc.gov)
Pharmacogenetic Testing for Prevention of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions. (cdc.gov)
Genetic Variants Associated with T-Cell Mediated Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: A Prisma-Compliant Systematic Review - an EAACI Position Paper. (cdc.gov)
Pharmacogenomic Advances in the Prediction and Prevention of Cutaneous Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions. (cdc.gov)

[ 3 ] Major causes of acquired neutropenia are infection, drugs (through direct toxicity or immune effects), and autoimmunity. (medscape.com)
Idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes a non-immunological hypersensitivity to a substance unrelated to drug toxicity. (helsinki.fi)
Individuals with aberrant genes for these enzymes may experience diminished efficacy or increased toxicity in response to certain drugs because of the different levels of activities associated with variant genotypes. (medscape.com)
The application of this knowledge will ultimately help individualize drug dosing and drug therapy selection, predict toxicity or therapeutic failure, and improve clinical outcomes. (medscape.com)
With increasing pharmacogenetic evidence, interindividual differences in drug-related toxicity and therapeutic response are no longer idiosyncratic. (medscape.com)
Common anticancer chemotherapeutic agents causing drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy via immune-mediated mechanism or dose-dependent toxicity or both [ 4 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
He has chaired several international symposia in predictive toxicology, idiosyncratic drug toxicity and DMPK. (selectbiosciences.com)

they may also be listed as an adverse drug reaction with a drug, but are extremely rare. (wikipedia.org)
Current understanding of idiosyncratic drug reaction. (exlibris.ch)
Provision of adverse drug reaction information must be timely, and relevant to support busy health professionals in their consultations. (springer.com)
An 'adverse drug reaction' (ADR) is the clinical response of a patient to a drug, defined here as "An appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product, which predicts hazard from future administration and warrants prevention or specific treatment, or alteration of the drug regimen, or withdrawal of the product" [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
The presentation of escitalopram-induced idiosyncratic reaction with bilateral angle closure and ciliochoroidal effusion was rarely reported in Indian ethnic eyes. (lww.com)
[ 8 ] which is due to Staphylococcus aureus infection rather than to a probable drug hypersensitivity-type reaction. (medscape.com)
Adverse drug reaction (ADR, or adverse drug effect) is a broad term referring to unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that drugs (including medications ) may have. (msdmanuals.com)

Zbigniew W. Wojcinski , DVM, DVSc is President of Toxicology & Pathology Consulting, LLC, in Hillsborough, NC and has over 35 years' experience in pharmaceutical drug development. (exlibris.ch)
His industrial experience was focused on, but not limited to, new drug discovery and development with expertise in DMPK, Bioanalytical, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. (selectbiosciences.com)
He has interacted in project teams representing Toxicology, DMPK, Bioanlaytical and Clinical Pharmacology research and reviewed data packages of new drug candidates nominated for preclinical development and clinical development. (selectbiosciences.com)

The second criterion of cellular damage can come either from a toxic drug/drug metabolite, or from an injury or infection. (wikipedia.org)
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of acute liver disease in the United States. (gi.org)
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is thought to involve an adaptive immune attack on the liver. (technologynetworks.com)
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. (nih.gov)
Warfarin therapy is associated with rare instances of idiosyncratic, clinically apparent liver injury that are usually mild and rapidly reversible on stopping. (nih.gov)
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an injury of the liver that may occur when you take certain medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
Drug-induced liver injury most often goes away within days or weeks after you stop taking the drug that caused it. (medlineplus.gov)
Rarely, drug-induced liver injury can lead to liver failure. (medlineplus.gov)
You have been diagnosed with drug-induced liver injury and your symptoms do not get better after you stop taking the medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
ACG Clinical Guideline: the diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. (medlineplus.gov)
This case offers an example of acute drug-induced liver injury occurring after a dosage increase of duloxetine. (psychiatrist.com)
Drug-induced liver injury should be considered in any acute liver injury or jaundice without evidence of biliary obstruction. (bsg.org.uk)
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an unpredictable type of liver injury following exposure to medication within the recommended dose which is distinctive from liver injury caused by drug overdosage, commonly caused by paracetamol overdose (POD). (bsg.org.uk)
Following a large national audit in the UK of 881 consecutive patients admitted with jaundice, where a biliary obstruction was ruled out by imaging, idiosyncratic DILI was the second most common cause of liver injury (15% of cases) after alcoholic liver disease (2). (bsg.org.uk)
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and herb-induced liver injury is a hot topic for clinicians, academia, drug companies and regulators, as shown by the steadily increasing number of publications in the past 15 years. (wjgnet.com)
The second section will address novel agents associated with liver injury in 2014 (referred to as "signals"), especially in terms of clinical, research and drug development implications. (wjgnet.com)
Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and death to the developing fetus. (nih.gov)
Performance of preclinical models in predicting drug-induced liver injury in humans: a systematic review. (safermedicines.org)

In addition to these two classes of agents, cardiovascular drugs, central nervous system agents, and chemotherapeutic agents are also important causes of DILI. (gi.org)
Liver biopsy and HLA genotyping can help clinical management by differentiating DILI from AIH and excluding DILI secondary to certain drugs. (bsg.org.uk)
This review will first provide clues for clinicians to suspect idiosyncratic (unpredictable) DILI and succeed in diagnosis. (wjgnet.com)

Finally, warfarin is very sensitive to drug-drug interactions involving its metabolism or function and great care must be given to starting or stopping concurrent medications in patients on warfarin therapy. (nih.gov)
Antiepileptic drugs should be used carefully, with consideration of medication interactions and potential side effects. (medscape.com)
Predicting drug-drug interactions. (exlibris.ch)
Due to system maintenance, the drug interactions feature you are attempting to access is temporarily unavailable. (medscape.com)
These interactions are diverse and idiosyncratic, and may be fleeting or profound. (bvsalud.org)

The application of pharmacogenetics in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA sequences that cause clinically significant alterations in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities is discussed. (medscape.com)
The potential for a clinically significant event is enhanced if the drug is widely used and has a narrow therapeutic range, if the enzyme pathway plays a major role in the elimination of the drug, or if the number of therapeutic alternatives is limited. (medscape.com)
This review introduces the concept of pharmacogenetics in the context of drug-metabolizing enzymes and highlights the polymorphisms in DNA sequences that lead to clinically significant alterations in drug-metabolizing-enzyme activities. (medscape.com)
thus, the total impact of drug-induced weight loss over that of diet alone must be considered clinically limited. (nih.gov)

In Iceland, a single case of varenicline hepatotoxicity has been reported (Case 1), there having been an estimated 20,000 persons treated with the drug in the country since its introduction. (nih.gov)
Caution should be used if [NT005 trade name] is given to patients with liver disease, since albendazole is metabolised by the liver and has been associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. (who.int)

Specific signs and symptoms are associated with the neurotransmitters and receptors affected by each drug class. (aafp.org)
The symptoms of drug abuse are frequently misdiagnosed. (aafp.org)
The multiple signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal often are not consistent because of variable dosages and the adulteration of drugs. (aafp.org)
In this model, the signs and symptoms of drugs of abuse ( Figure 1 ) are organized around the activity of six neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
A knowledge of the symptoms associated with each neurotransmitter can facilitate diagnostic evaluation in drug abuse and withdrawal states ( Table 2 ) . (aafp.org)
As newer drugs of abuse are identified, physicians only need to know the affected neurotransmitter and receptor site to recognize the resultant signs and symptoms. (aafp.org)
His signs and symptoms stabilized completely within two weeks of stopping the drug. (lww.com)

Antiepileptic drugs can be grouped according to their major mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
Some antiepileptic drugs work by acting on combination of channels or through some unknown mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
Until such time, the mechanism remains idiosyncratic in nature. (psychiatrist.com)

The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
By recognizing symptomatic changes related to particular neurotransmitters and their receptors, family physicians can accurately determine the drug class and intervene appropriately to counteract drug-induced effects. (aafp.org)

accidental or intentional) or to elevated blood levels or enhanced drug effects that occur during appropriate use (eg, when drug metabolism is temporarily inhibited by a disorder or another drug). (msdmanuals.com)

This paper describes the personal views of the author about diagnosis and management of an adverse drug effect. (springer.com)

The team took a whole-exome approach to focus on 313 candidate genes potentially involved in etiology, drug metabolism, and gene regulation. (goldenhelix.com)

however, bioactivation of a parent drug to a chemically reactive metabolite that covalently binds to a protein is considered to be an essential initiating event for IADR development. (childrensmercy.org)
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important in the elimination of most xenobiotics, including 5-( p -hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), the major, reputedly nontoxic, metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin. (aspetjournals.org)
The glucuronidation and elimination of endogenous compounds ( e.g. , bilirubin) and xenobiotics, including HPPH, the major, para -hydroxylated metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) ( Butler, 1957 ), are catalyzed by a superfamily of membrane-bound isozymes known collectively as UGTs ( Dutton, 1980 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Drug Bioavailability Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action. (msdmanuals.com)

It is important to understand the mechanisms of action and the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) so that these agents can be used effectively in clinical practice, especially in multidrug regimens (see the image below). (medscape.com)

It is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for major depressive disorder as well as generalized anxiety disorder, diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. (psychiatrist.com)
When such techniques do not produce the expected results, dental anxiety can be managed using drug-based treatments known as conscious sedation. (bvsalud.org)

Proteus' original and ongoing tests were centered on combining their system with high-value (=expensive) drugs with high sensitivity as to dosage times and compliance-for instance, cardiovascular and infectious disease (hepatitis C, TB). (telecareaware.com)

Varenicline has not been associated with rates of serum enzyme elevations during therapy greater than occurs with placebo therapy, but information on these abnormalities is limited and occasional instances of asymptomatic ALT elevations leading to drug discontinuation have been reported. (nih.gov)

The only specific treatment for most cases of liver damage caused by taking a drug is to stop taking the drug that caused the problem. (medlineplus.gov)

of the analgesic drug acetaminophen. (aspetjournals.org)

Varenicline (var en' i kleen) is a partial agonist of the α4 β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and appears to act by blocking the binding of nicotine to this receptor while providing partial agonist effect thus relieving nicotine craving. (nih.gov)
Insomnia inducing drugs include caffeine, nicotine, weight loss preparations, and activating agents of both prescription and abuse. (springer.com)
11. Willing to abstain from illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine products/tobacco use during study participation. (who.int)

Drug discontinuation and therapy reconciliation remain the mainstay in patent's management to minimize occurrence of acute liver failure. (wjgnet.com)

In 1940, phenytoin (PHT) was found to be an effective drug for the treatment of epilepsy, and since then it has become a major first-line antiepileptic drug (AED) in the treatment of partial and secondarily generalized seizures. (medscape.com)
5) pattern is associated with drugs such as carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin and sulfonamides (4). (bsg.org.uk)

Unlike most other antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli , ST131 derives from virulence-associated phylogenetic group B2 and typically exhibits multiple virulence factors, including adhesins, siderophores, toxins, and group 2 capsule ( 1 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Other recognized categories of chronic liver disease include conditions induced by toxins or drugs (e.g., alcohol) and autoimmune chronic liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. (aafp.org)

It is much more difficult to decide on the diagnosis in an individual when other causal probabilities are more likely than a drug, and when actual evidence that exposure to a particular drug has occurred, in what dose and when, may be difficult to ascertain. (springer.com)
The aim of the study was to examine the best-tolerated dose of pirfenidone, the adverse effects profile, and potential factors other than drug dose influencing the tolerability of pirfenidone in patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). (bvsalud.org)
13. Female participants who are sexually active with the opposite sex and of childbearing potential (defined as first menarche through post-menopause or permanent sterilization) must agree to use a highly effective method of birth control from time of screening and for 1 month following the last dose of study drug combined with the use of a condom by the male partner. (who.int)

In one particular area of study, variations in DNA sequences (i.e., genetic polymorphisms) explain some of the variability in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities which contribute to alterations in drug clearance and impact patients' response to drug therapy. (medscape.com)
Pharmacogenetics has elucidated the genetic basis for interindividual variability in drug response and will continue to play a key role in defining strategies to optimize drug therapy. (medscape.com)
The rate of weight loss is greatest in the first weeks of therapy for both drug and placebo subjects and tends to decrease in succeeding weeks. (nih.gov)
It proposes that diagnosis is complicated and is also supported by carefully observed management of changes in drug therapy. (springer.com)

These will sensitize the immune system to the drug and cause a response. (wikipedia.org)

Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug-induced skin rash. (cdc.gov)

A lap steel guitar provides warmth on "A Swarm" - that penchant for bringing in idiosyncratic guitar noises hasn't changed. (eugeneweekly.com)

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): increased risk of renal impairment and reduced diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects. (nih.gov)

The absorption half-life of the drug from the immediate release 35 mg phendimetrazine tablets is appreciably more rapid than the absorption rate of the drug from the extended-release formulation. (nih.gov)

The frequency of variant alleles for drug-metabolizing enzymes often differs among ethnic groups. (medscape.com)
Using VarSeq software for variant filtering, they were able to provide evidence that depending upon the specific drug being taken, different variants and alleles in combinations of frequently occurring and rare variants may contribute to the pathogenesis of SJS-TEN. (goldenhelix.com)

This approach avoids potential drug side effects and toxicities and has shown long-term persistence in treating chronic insomnia that can be superior to results obtained using drug therapies (Morin 2005 ). (springer.com)
Our 8-MOP (methoxsalen) Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
We also identify three idiosyncratic potential investment opportunities. (pimco.com)

Antidiabetic drugs: dosage adjustment of antidiabetic may be required. (nih.gov)

Tachyphylaxis and tolerance have been demonstrated with all drugs of this class in which these phenomena have been looked for. (nih.gov)

Ethosuximide has been used since 1958 as a first-choice drug for the treatment of absence seizures without generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (medscape.com)
However, the absence of Del Toro's idiosyncratic and artful touch looms over this Steven DeKnight directed film. (cornellsun.com)

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
These drugs' mechanisms of action are exerted on the central nervous system and ultimately result in depression of excitatory cells. (bvsalud.org)

The second volume in the CURRENT TOPICS IN NONCLINICAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT SERIES explores the critical issues and current topics in. (exlibris.ch)
Current Topics in Nonclinical Drug Development: Volume 2 will aid toxicologists, toxicologic pathologists, consultants, regulators, study directors, and nonclinical scientists dealing with day-to-day issues encountered in drug development and assist in formulating strategies for resolution of these issues. (exlibris.ch)
In addition, the book will be a valuable reference for academicians and graduate students pursuing research related to nonclinical drug development. (exlibris.ch)

Gerber and colleagues entitled "Use of has endemic cultivars of many special example, in a recent series of severe drug- complementary and alternative medi- medicinal plants. (who.int)

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA ) approved a version of the psychiatric drug Abilify (aripiprazole) equipped with the Proteus Digital Health ingestible tracking system. (telecareaware.com)

However, a drug can cause an immune response if the drug binds a larger molecule. (wikipedia.org)

Dr. Subrahmanyam to his credit worked in preclinical development programs for marketed new drugs including Zaleplon, Tygacil and Canagliflozin. (selectbiosciences.com)

We will address this hypothesis in the following specific aims: 1) determine whether individuals treated with TMP- SMX have TMP and/or SMX protein adducts in their circulation 2) determine immunologic markers associated with TMP-SMX IADRs as related to each individual drug component and 3) determine if TMP metabolites are capable of covalently modifying proteins in the skin. (childrensmercy.org)
The major route of elimination is via the kidneys where most of the drug and metabolites are excreted. (nih.gov)

TEN is most commonly drug induced. (medscape.com)

Drug-related adverse effects may be due to the drug itself, though many are due to systematic errors occurring in the process from diagnosis of the primary treated condition, through prescribing and dispensing, to the way the drug is used by the patient. (springer.com)
It is the first approved commercial version of a drug equipped with the Proteus Discover system, which tracks the ingestion of the pill from a sensor in the tablet activated by gastric juices to a patch worn by the patient and then to a smartphone app. (telecareaware.com)
Balancing Drug Benefits and Adverse Effects Obviously, a drug (or any medical treatment) should be used only when it will benefit a patient. (msdmanuals.com)
Please do not use this form to submit personal or patient medical information or to report adverse drug events. (medscape.com)

Always tell your provider about all the medicines you take, including over-the-counter drugs and herbal or supplemental preparations. (medlineplus.gov)
NT005 trade name] can also be used, alone or in combination with other medicines, for the control of soil- transmitted helminthiasis (ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infections) through mass drug administration programmes. (who.int)

Some patients have multiple-drug intolerance. (wikipedia.org)
Hence, patients can be classified as extensive, intermediate, or poor metabolizers according to their ability to metabolize certain drugs. (medscape.com)
The magnitude of increased weight loss of drug-treated patients over placebo-treated patients is only a fraction of a pound a week. (nih.gov)
Fly's real calling is looking out for the strippers, prostitutes, drug dealers, transvestites, and mental-health patients he ferries around town. (thedailybeast.com)

A minimal amount of drug will cause an immune response, but it is suspected that at a low enough concentration, a drug will be less likely to initiate an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Very often, drugs will not be immunogenic because they are too small to induce immune response. (wikipedia.org)
The term "pharmacogenetics" was first coined by Friedrich Vogel [ 1 ] in 1959, who defined it as the "study of the role of genetics in drug response. (medscape.com)

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Reactions30

Toxicity7

Reaction7

Toxicology3

Injury18

DILI3

Interactions5

Clinically4

Hepatotoxicity2

Symptoms7

Mechanism3

Symptomatic2

Occur1

Diagnosis and management1

Metabolism1

Metabolite4

Antiepileptic drugs1

Anxiety2

Cardiovascular1

Instances1

Liver damage1

Acetaminophen1

Nicotine3

Acute1

Phenytoin2

Toxins2

Dose3

Therapy4

Sensitize1

Prevention1

Bringing1

NSAIDs1

Tablets1

Alleles2

Potential3

Dosage1

Tolerance1

Absence2

Mechanisms of act2

Nonclinical3

Severe1

Psychiatric1

Binds1

Preclinical1

Metabolites2

Commonly1

Patient4

Medicines2

Patients4

Response3