Drug drug reaction idiosyncratic. Medical search. Frequent questions

The proposed mechanism of most idiosyncratic drug reactions is immune-mediated toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
[ 3 ] Major causes of acquired neutropenia are infection, drugs (through direct toxicity or immune effects), and autoimmunity. (medscape.com)
Idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes a non-immunological hypersensitivity to a substance unrelated to drug toxicity. (helsinki.fi)
Common anticancer chemotherapeutic agents causing drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy via immune-mediated mechanism or dose-dependent toxicity or both [ 4 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

On the other hand, clinical symptoms of idiosyncratic drug reactions (Type B adverse drug reactions) are different from the pharmacological effect of the drug. (wikipedia.org)
Although TMP-SMX is a combination antibiotic made up of two individual drug components, IADR mechanistic studies have to date been limited to SMX despite considerable clinical evidence that TMP contributes to these undesired reactions. (childrensmercy.org)
It is important to understand the mechanisms of action and the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) so that these agents can be used effectively in clinical practice, especially in multidrug regimens (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Adult obese subjects instructed in dietary management and treated with anorectic drugs, lose more weight on the average than those treated with placebo and diet, as determined in relatively short term clinical trials. (nih.gov)
Clinical diagnosis of adverse drug reactions and patient management are complex, interwoven processes. (springer.com)
Clinical information and experiences about individual patients will aid prevention of adverse drug reactions. (springer.com)
An 'adverse drug reaction' (ADR) is the clinical response of a patient to a drug, defined here as "An appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product, which predicts hazard from future administration and warrants prevention or specific treatment, or alteration of the drug regimen, or withdrawal of the product" [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
These neurotransmitters act on their respective neuroreceptor sites to produce the clinical effects of the particular drug. (aafp.org)
The organisation said: "DILI, due to commonly used drugs, continues to be an important clinical problem with a crude annual incidence of 19 per 100,000 individuals and 22 per cent of the cases requiring hospitalisation. (drugdiscoverytoday.com)
It is a huge challenge because issues leading up to the disorder span the lifecycle of a drug from pre-clinical development to clinical trials, marketing and usage, yet the reasons for its occurrence are unknown. (drugdiscoverytoday.com)
The second section will address novel agents associated with liver injury in 2014 (referred to as "signals"), especially in terms of clinical, research and drug development implications. (wjgnet.com)
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. (nih.gov)
A Comprehensive Review of HLA and Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: Implication for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine. (cdc.gov)
Real-time clinical note monitoring to detect conditions for rapid follow-up: A case study of clinical trial enrollment in drug-induced torsades de pointes and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Attention to appropriate prescription of drugs is required with more careful clinical and laboratory monitoring of patients. (who.int)
ACG Clinical Guideline: the diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. (medlineplus.gov)

Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions are unexpected reactions to drugs that are not dose-related or immune-mediated responses. (goldenhelix.com)

The overreported prevalence of penicillin allergy is secondary to imprecise use of the term "allergy" by families and clinicians and lack of clarity to differentiate between immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, drug intolerances, and other idiosyncratic reactions that can occur days after exposure. (cdc.gov)
Pharmacogenetics to prevent hypersensitivity reactions to antiepileptic drugs: is testing performed when indicated? (cdc.gov)

Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of acute liver disease in the United States. (gi.org)
In addition to these two classes of agents, cardiovascular drugs, central nervous system agents, and chemotherapeutic agents are also important causes of DILI. (gi.org)
Co-existing serious skin reaction is often associated with fatality in patients suffering from DILI. (gi.org)
The FRAME Alternatives Laboratory is one of 51 partners from 16 countries working with COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) to research the causes of drug-induced liver injury in a project known as the Pro Euro DILI Network. (drugdiscoverytoday.com)
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, or DILI, is an acute adverse hepatic reaction that occurs in a small proportion of patients exposed to a drug. (drugdiscoverytoday.com)
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and herb-induced liver injury is a hot topic for clinicians, academia, drug companies and regulators, as shown by the steadily increasing number of publications in the past 15 years. (wjgnet.com)
This review will first provide clues for clinicians to suspect idiosyncratic (unpredictable) DILI and succeed in diagnosis. (wjgnet.com)
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an injury of the liver that may occur when you take certain medicines. (medlineplus.gov)

This review concludes with a discussion of the potentially confounding role of the adverse effects of anti-malarial drugs, particularly of the quinoline class, in the unique attribution of certain psychiatric effects to malaria, and of the need for a critical reevaluation of the literature in light of emerging evidence of the chronic nature of these adverse drug effects. (biomedcentral.com)
Yet similarly, anti-malarial drugs, particularly of the quinine-like class of quinolines commonly used in treatment and prevention of disease, are also increasingly recognized to exert potentially chronic psychiatric adverse effects that may also contribute to this global burden of morbidity [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This review, inspired by an earlier seminal work [ 3 ], synthesizes over a century of critical literature from psychiatry and malariology-ranging from anecdotal historical observations to evidence from modern randomized controlled trials-to explore the evolving understanding of the psychiatric effects of malaria and of anti-malarial drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
Lastly, the psychiatric effects of anti-malarial drugs, particularly of the quinoline class, are reviewed, including a discussion regarding the potential confounding effect that these may have had on symptoms historically associated with malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
Mefloquine, and many related quinoline anti-malarial drugs, induce an idiosyncratic intoxication reaction that is often preceded by subtle prodromal [indicating the onset of a conditions] symptoms that may be difficult for an individual soldier to identify, particularly in combat settings," explains Nevin. (army-technology.com)

Idiosyncratic drug reactions, also known as type B reactions, are drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably amongst the population. (wikipedia.org)
Idiosyncratic drug reactions occur rarely and unpredictably amongst drug users. (helsinki.fi)
If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult with a physician. (achs.edu)
accidental or intentional) or to elevated blood levels or enhanced drug effects that occur during appropriate use (eg, when drug metabolism is temporarily inhibited by a disorder or another drug). (msdmanuals.com)
Even according to the drug pack inserts, these frightening symptoms can occur in up to ten percent of people prescribed mefloquine. (army-technology.com)

of the analgesic drug acetaminophen. (aspetjournals.org)

Antiepileptic drugs should be used carefully, with consideration of medication interactions and potential side effects. (medscape.com)
Predicting drug-drug interactions. (exlibris.ch)
These factors are further complicated by interactions related to multiple drug use, mixed intoxication-withdrawal states and idiosyncratic reactions. (aafp.org)
Due to system maintenance, the drug interactions feature you are attempting to access is temporarily unavailable. (medscape.com)
These interactions are diverse and idiosyncratic, and may be fleeting or profound. (bvsalud.org)

The mechanism of fenoprofen hepatotoxicity is not known, but likely to be due to an idiosyncratic reaction to an intermediate of its metabolism. (nih.gov)
Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. (nih.gov)
Caution should be used if [NT005 trade name] is given to patients with liver disease, since albendazole is metabolised by the liver and has been associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. (who.int)

The team took a whole-exome approach to focus on 313 candidate genes potentially involved in etiology, drug metabolism, and gene regulation. (goldenhelix.com)
Thank you for sharing this Drug Metabolism & Disposition article. (aspetjournals.org)
Message Body (Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Drug Metabolism & Disposition. (aspetjournals.org)

It is possible for the patient to develop an anaphylactoid reaction which mimics a true IgE mediated anaphylaxis reaction. (dentalcare.com)
Approximately 80% of patients with a true IgE-mediated allergic reaction to penicillin have lost the sensitivity after 10 years ( 658 ). (cdc.gov)

Idiosyncratic reactions fall conventionally under toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
Zbigniew W. Wojcinski , DVM, DVSc is President of Toxicology & Pathology Consulting, LLC, in Hillsborough, NC and has over 35 years' experience in pharmaceutical drug development. (exlibris.ch)

Very often, drugs will not be immunogenic because they are too small to induce immune response. (wikipedia.org)
In 1910, phenobarbital (PHB), which then was used to induce sleep, was found to have antiseizure activity and became the drug of choice for many years. (medscape.com)
Sleep hygiene refers to environmental factors, dietary approaches, drugs, and a lack of required sleep facilitating approaches that can induce insomnia. (springer.com)

This paper describes the personal views of the author about diagnosis and management of an adverse drug effect. (springer.com)

Specific signs and symptoms are associated with the neurotransmitters and receptors affected by each drug class. (aafp.org)
The symptoms of drug abuse are frequently misdiagnosed. (aafp.org)
The multiple signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal often are not consistent because of variable dosages and the adulteration of drugs. (aafp.org)
In this model, the signs and symptoms of drugs of abuse ( Figure 1 ) are organized around the activity of six neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
A knowledge of the symptoms associated with each neurotransmitter can facilitate diagnostic evaluation in drug abuse and withdrawal states ( Table 2 ) . (aafp.org)
As newer drugs of abuse are identified, physicians only need to know the affected neurotransmitter and receptor site to recognize the resultant signs and symptoms. (aafp.org)
His signs and symptoms stabilized completely within two weeks of stopping the drug. (lww.com)
All had onset of symptoms during July 19-23 and reportedly had recently used illicit drugs. (cdc.gov)
Although interviews with patients, relatives, and acquaintances suggested several potential exposures (e.g., rodents and herbicides), the only exposure common to all patients was nonparenteral use of drugs during the week before onset of symptoms. (cdc.gov)
You have been diagnosed with drug-induced liver injury and your symptoms do not get better after you stop taking the medicine. (medlineplus.gov)

According to the TERIS, the teratogenic risk in human pregnancy is undetermined for 91.2% of the drug treatments approved in the United States between 1980 and 2000. (medscape.com)

Researchers from the University of Rosario in Columbia harnessed the power of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to explore the root causes of two rare adverse drug reactions (ADRs). (goldenhelix.com)
ADRs were high among HIV-positive patients (82.9%), mainly due to anti-tuberculosis drugs. (who.int)
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a sig- of ADRs, this study was conducted in a nificant health concern as they exacerbate teaching hospital, the main referral centre of patients' morbidity and mortality [ 1 ]. (who.int)
effects caused by errors and/or overdose, Although many ADRs are mild and dis- drug abuse or therapeutic failures were appear when the drug is stopped or the dose excluded. (who.int)

Oxidized linalool and linalyl acetate within lavender essential oil may cause allergic skin reactions. (achs.edu)
1] A skin patch test is recommended if lavender is to be used on a regular basis or if there is a history of allergic skin reactions. (achs.edu)
Injectable and topical ester local anesthetics have been primarily implicated in allergic reactions. (dentalcare.com)
Reported allergic reactions in amides are probably due to reactions to preservatives such as parabens and sodium metabisulfate. (dentalcare.com)
They are extremely easy to use and are routinely available with prescription to the public for everyday allergic reactions (insect bites, food allergies). (dentalcare.com)
Thus, patients with recent reactions are more likely to be allergic than patients with remote reactions, and patients who had allergic reactions in the distant past might no longer be reactive. (cdc.gov)
This structural similarity has led to considerable confusion regarding cross-reactivity of these drugs and the risks for allergic reactions from cephalosporins among penicillin-allergic patients. (cdc.gov)

Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. (globalrph.com)

The second criterion of cellular damage can come either from a toxic drug/drug metabolite, or from an injury or infection. (wikipedia.org)
however, bioactivation of a parent drug to a chemically reactive metabolite that covalently binds to a protein is considered to be an essential initiating event for IADR development. (childrensmercy.org)
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important in the elimination of most xenobiotics, including 5-( p -hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), the major, reputedly nontoxic, metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin. (aspetjournals.org)
The glucuronidation and elimination of endogenous compounds ( e.g. , bilirubin) and xenobiotics, including HPPH, the major, para -hydroxylated metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) ( Butler, 1957 ), are catalyzed by a superfamily of membrane-bound isozymes known collectively as UGTs ( Dutton, 1980 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Drug Bioavailability Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action. (msdmanuals.com)

Adverse effects and adverse drug reactions constitute major morbidity and sometimes mortality, but how to make a diagnosis and manage adverse drug effects in an individual to avoid or reduce serious harm does not receive much attention. (springer.com)

PROJECT SUMMARY The combination antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is effective, inexpensive, and widely prescribed, yet it also causes idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) in 3-5% of TMP-SMX exposed patients, a rate much higher than that of most other drugs. (childrensmercy.org)
He believes that the potential terrifying psychoactive side effects of the widely prescribed anti-malarial drug mefloquine, also known by the trade name Lariam, are so harmful it should never be prescribed in a military context. (army-technology.com)

An anaphylactoid reaction is an idiosyncratic reaction that occurs when the patient is first exposed to a drug or other agent. (dentalcare.com)
A violent exothermic reaction, possibly an explosion, occurs when mercury comes in contact with chlorine dioxide, lithium, or rubidium. (cdc.gov)
tion of an ADR, which has been in use for about 30 years, is "a response to a drug that is noxious and unintended and occurs at Methods doses normally used in man for the prophy- laxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease, or for In this cross-sectional study, 281 patients modification of physiological function" [ 2 ]. (who.int)

Antiepileptic drugs can be grouped according to their major mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
Some antiepileptic drugs work by acting on combination of channels or through some unknown mechanism of action. (medscape.com)

The presentation of escitalopram-induced idiosyncratic reaction with bilateral angle closure and ciliochoroidal effusion was rarely reported in Indian ethnic eyes. (lww.com)
Rarely, drug-induced liver injury can lead to liver failure. (medlineplus.gov)

Some patients have multiple-drug intolerance. (wikipedia.org)
The magnitude of increased weight loss of drug-treated patients over placebo-treated patients is only a fraction of a pound a week. (nih.gov)
Patients should be alert to the possibility that they may suffer from a liver reaction upon starting a new medication. (gi.org)
Many patients will require more than 1 drug to achieve blood pressure goals. (globalrph.com)
All five patients were users of illicit drugs. (cdc.gov)
Analyses of blood (five patients) and lung tissue (three patients) specimens and of samples taken from drug paraphernalia (i.e., homemade 'pipes' of one patient) were negative for potential toxins. (cdc.gov)
The ongoing investigation includes following up all possible drug-related contacts of the patients and continued surveillance. (cdc.gov)
Patients on the drug are likely to experience a sudden loss of appetite, and as a result may end up losing weight. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Isosorbide Mononitrate Extended-Release Tablets are contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic reactions to other nitrates or nitrites. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
The anticonvulsant phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhydantoin) provokes a skin rash in 5 to 10% of patients, which heralds the start of an idiosyncratic reaction that may result from covalent modification of normal self proteins by reactive drug metabolites. (aspetjournals.org)
The aim of the study was to examine the best-tolerated dose of pirfenidone, the adverse effects profile, and potential factors other than drug dose influencing the tolerability of pirfenidone in patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). (bvsalud.org)
Il est nécessaire de veiller à l'adéquation des prescriptions de médicaments et d'effectuer un suivi plus vigilant des patients dans le cadre clinique et en laboratoire. (who.int)

Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥2% and greater than placebo) are dizziness, upper respiratory infection, cough, and back pain. (nih.gov)
Association of HLA-A*31:01 Screening With the Incidence of Carbamazepine-Induced Cutaneous Adverse Reactions in a Japanese Population. (cdc.gov)

These drugs' mechanisms of action are exerted on the central nervous system and ultimately result in depression of excitatory cells. (bvsalud.org)

Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug-induced skin rash. (cdc.gov)
A rash or fever may be part of some drug reactions that affect the liver. (medlineplus.gov)

In some more unusual instances, adverse drug reactions may be more commonly related to drug or chemical exposure than to alternative possible causes (such as agranulocytosis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome), making the diagnostic challenge somewhat easier. (springer.com)
It is much more difficult to decide on the diagnosis in an individual when other causal probabilities are more likely than a drug, and when actual evidence that exposure to a particular drug has occurred, in what dose and when, may be difficult to ascertain. (springer.com)

We will address this hypothesis in the following specific aims: 1) determine whether individuals treated with TMP- SMX have TMP and/or SMX protein adducts in their circulation 2) determine immunologic markers associated with TMP-SMX IADRs as related to each individual drug component and 3) determine if TMP metabolites are capable of covalently modifying proteins in the skin. (childrensmercy.org)
The major route of elimination is via the kidneys where most of the drug and metabolites are excreted. (nih.gov)

When such techniques do not produce the expected results, dental anxiety can be managed using drug-based treatments known as conscious sedation. (bvsalud.org)

Drug discontinuation and therapy reconciliation remain the mainstay in patent's management to minimize occurrence of acute liver failure. (wjgnet.com)
Fenoprofen is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of acute pain and chronic arthritis. (nih.gov)
Fenoprofen is not mentioned in large case series on drug induced liver injury or acute liver failure. (nih.gov)

Some unaltered drugs, such as penicillin, will bind avidly to proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Parenterally administered penicillin can cause an anaphylactic reaction. (dentalcare.com)
Moreover, penicillin allergy labels lead to the use of more expensive and less effective drugs and can result in adverse consequences, including longer length of hospital stay and increased risk for infection. (cdc.gov)

In 1940, phenytoin (PHT) was found to be an effective drug for the treatment of epilepsy, and since then it has become a major first-line antiepileptic drug (AED) in the treatment of partial and secondarily generalized seizures. (medscape.com)
Pearls of antiepileptic drug use and management. (medscape.com)
See also Seizure Disorders in Pregnancy , Women's Health and Epilepsy , Antiepileptic Drugs , and Neural Tube Defects . (medscape.com)

drugs such as tetracyclines and many others. (patient.info)

Inflammation and liver damage can sensitize to idiosyncratic drug reactions. (helsinki.fi)
The only specific treatment for most cases of liver damage caused by taking a drug is to stop taking the drug that caused the problem. (medlineplus.gov)

Other recognized categories of chronic liver disease include conditions induced by toxins or drugs (e.g., alcohol) and autoimmune chronic liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. (aafp.org)

11. Willing to abstain from illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine products/tobacco use during study participation. (who.int)

An unusual individual reaction to food or a drug. (askdifference.com)

These results suggest that P450 2C19 and other forms from the 2C and 3A subfamilies may be targets as well as catalysts of drug-protein adduct formation from phenytoin. (aspetjournals.org)

These will sensitize the immune system to the drug and cause a response. (wikipedia.org)

Pharmacogenetic Testing for Prevention of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions. (cdc.gov)
Pharmacogenomic Advances in the Prediction and Prevention of Cutaneous Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions. (cdc.gov)

For most drug treatments introduced in the past 2-3 decades, the information available to pregnant women and their physicians is insufficient to determine whether the benefits exceed the teratogenic risks. (medscape.com)

The absorption half-life of the drug from the immediate release 35 mg phendimetrazine tablets is appreciably more rapid than the absorption rate of the drug from the extended-release formulation. (nih.gov)

The LATIN study is an international case-control study designed to identify risk factors for agranulocytosis and AA, including drugs, other diseases, and environmental factors, using a methodological approach similar to that used in previous studies. (haematologica.org)

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): increased risk of renal impairment and reduced diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects. (nih.gov)

Tachyphylaxis and tolerance have been demonstrated with all drugs of this class in which these phenomena have been looked for. (nih.gov)

Sedatives and other medications used off-label for sedative side-effects are a contributing factor to drug induced hypersomnolence, a factor in more than 30% of motor accident deaths. (springer.com)
Various medications are presently used to treat the conditions, including combination treatments comprising two or more drugs. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Adverse drug reaction (ADR, or adverse drug effect) is a broad term referring to unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that drugs (including medications ) may have. (msdmanuals.com)
Her physicians should review her current medications for their teratogenic potential, and drugs that pose a significant teratogenic risk should be discontinued if possible. (medscape.com)
At least 2 systems are used to classify the risk associated with specific medications: the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) system and the automated Teratogen Information System (TERIS). (medscape.com)

In adverse drug reactions involving overdoses, the toxic effect is simply an extension of the pharmacological effect (Type A adverse drug reactions). (wikipedia.org)
Phendimetrazine tartrate is a sympathomimetic amine with pharmacological activity similar to the prototype drugs of this class used in obesity, the amphetamines. (nih.gov)

The rate of weight loss is greatest in the first weeks of therapy for both drug and placebo subjects and tends to decrease in succeeding weeks. (nih.gov)
It proposes that diagnosis is complicated and is also supported by carefully observed management of changes in drug therapy. (springer.com)

See section 4.8 for how to report adverse reactions. (medicines.org.uk)
Please do not use this form to submit personal or patient medical information or to report adverse drug events. (medscape.com)
You are encouraged to report adverse drug event information to the FDA. (medscape.com)

Dr Andy Bennett, director of the FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, said: "There is a clear need for a deeper understanding of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. (drugdiscoverytoday.com)
Drug-induced liver injury most often goes away within days or weeks after you stop taking the drug that caused it. (medlineplus.gov)

The term 'adverse drug effect' (ADE) refers to an adverse effect where some attribution to a drug, or to the use or misuse of a drug, has been made. (springer.com)

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes6

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science13

Named Groups10

Health Care48

Geographicals11

Toxicity4

Clinical16

Immune-mediated1

Hypersensitivity reactions2

DILI8

Anti-malarial drugs5

Occur5

Acetaminophen1

Interactions5

Hepatotoxicity3

Metabolism3

True IgE mediated2

Toxicology2

Induce3

Diagnosis and management1

Symptoms10

20001

ADRs4

Allergic7

Cardiovascular1

Metabolite5

Morbidity1

Widely prescribed2

Occurs3

Mechanism2

Rarely2

Patients12

Incidence2

Depression1

Rash2

Exposure2

Metabolites2

Anxiety1

Acute3

Penicillin3

Antiepileptic3

Tetracyclines1

Liver damage2

Toxins1

Illicit drugs1

Unusual1

Phenytoin1

Sensitize1

Prevention2

Risks1

Tablets1

Diseases1

NSAIDs1

Tolerance1

Medications5

Pharmacological2

Therapy2

Report adverse3

Injury2

Adverse effect1