• Kenyon cells are the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body, a neuropil found in the brains of most arthropods and some annelids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antennal lobe projection neurons are the source of the cholinergic input, and the GABAergic input is from protocerebral neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kenyon cells are presynaptic to mushroom body output neurons in the lobes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Information about odors may be encoded in the mushroom body by the identities of the responsive neurons as well as the timing of their spikes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutation in the Drosophila retained/dead ringer ( retn ) gene leads to female behavioral defects and alters a limited set of neurons in the CNS. (sdbonline.org)
  • Neural defects of retn mutant cells include mushroom body ß-lobe fusion and pathfinding errors by photoreceptor and subesophageal neurons. (sdbonline.org)
  • In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
  • B: Five visible cell bodies of unidentified neurons marked with a blue circle in the left hemisphere. (brembs.net)
  • C: Unidentified neurons projecting into structures outside of the optic lobes especially the ventral lateral protocerebrum. (brembs.net)
  • With the focus on dopaminergic neurons, I conducted two experiments with two different driver lines to see how the naive gustatory behavior in Drosophila larvae is affected. (brembs.net)
  • We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2020). There is one of these per hemisphere, it fasciculates with the medial antennal lobe tract and it is cholinergic (Bates et al. (virtualflybrain.org)
  • Exposure to sulfoxaflor led to sparse increases in neuronal apoptosis, localized primarily in the optic lobes, however there was no effect of imidacloprid. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2020). It projects to the mushroom body calyx and the lateral horn (Marin et al. (virtualflybrain.org)
  • At the end of the pedunculus, Kenyon cell axons bifurcate and extend branches into the vertical and medial lobes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adult unilateral, uniglomerular antennal lobe projection neuron from the ALlv1 (BAlp4) neuroblast lineage with dendrites that mainly innervate antennal lobe glomerulus VP2 and also extend into the dorsal subesophageal zone (Bates et al. (virtualflybrain.org)
  • Kenyon cells have dendritic branches that arborize in the calyx or calyces, cup-shaped regions of the mushroom body. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the base of the calyces, Kenyon cell axons come together and form a bundle known as the pedunculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kenyon cells are mainly postsynaptic in the calyces, where their synapses form microglomeruli. (wikipedia.org)
  • for example, those that have their cell bodies outside of the calyx cup are called clawed Kenyon cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Where a Kenyon cell sends its dendrites in the calyces and which lobes it projects its axons to varies based on its birth-order. (wikipedia.org)
  • A: 4 PPM 2 DANs per hemisphere marked with blue circles, three clusters of Kenyon cell bodies per hemisphere marked with white arrows. (brembs.net)
  • Strong fluorescence of cell bodies of the Kenyon cells projecting into the Mushroom bodies is visible. (brembs.net)
  • This results in a concentric pattern of cell bodies, with the somata of the last-born cells in the center, where the neuroblast had been, and the somata of the first-born cells at the outermost margins of the cell body area. (wikipedia.org)
  • These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Intense staining was detected in the calyces of the mushroom bodies, glomeruli of the antennal lobes, lower central body, the corpora cardiaca and several cell layers of the medulla and the lobula regions of the optic lobe. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast to fear memories, which are longer lasting and requires activity of D1-like dopamine receptors only in the mushroom bodies, approach memory is short-lasting and requires activity of D1-like dopamine receptors in projection neurons originating from the antennal lobes, primary olfactory centers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Kenyon cells have dendritic branches that arborize in the calyx or calyces, cup-shaped regions of the mushroom body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Class II Kenyon cells, defined by their early birthdate and unique dendritic arborizations, have been observed in the mushroom bodies of evolutionarily divergent insects. (arizona.edu)
  • Immunohistochemistry, dextran fills, and Golgi impregnations illuminate the heterogeneous nature of Class II Kenyon cells in the developing and adult honey bee brain, with subpopulations differing in the location of dendritic arbors within the calyx, and branching pattern in the lobes. (arizona.edu)
  • for example, those that have their cell bodies outside of the calyx cup are called clawed Kenyon cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the base of the calyces, Kenyon cell axons come together and form a bundle known as the pedunculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the end of the pedunculus, Kenyon cell axons bifurcate and extend branches into the vertical and medial lobes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Where a Kenyon cell sends its dendrites in the calyces and which lobes it projects its axons to varies based on its birth-order. (wikipedia.org)
  • Axons of intrinsic cells converge deep in the calyx to provide the roots of the columnar lobes (Clm R). The boxed areas in C refer to panels (c1-3). (elifesciences.org)
  • A second prominent neuropil is the reniform body (RB), which like the columnar lobes is immunoreactive to anti-DC0. (elifesciences.org)
  • Unlike in Drosophila, reorganization of Class II Kenyon cells in the honey bee does not involve the loss of axon branches. (arizona.edu)
  • The observed variations in morphology indicate that subpopulations of Class II Kenyon cells in the honey bee can likely be further defined by significant differences in their specific connections and functions within the mushroom bodies. (arizona.edu)
  • The present account reports for the first time the occurrence of mushroom body reorganization during metamorphosis in holometabolous insect species outside of the Diptera. (arizona.edu)
  • In contrast, the mushroom bodies of closely related hymenopteran species, the polistine wasps, undergo a much more dramatic restructuring near the end of metamorphosis. (arizona.edu)
  • In this species ( Neogonodactylus oerstedii ), four lobes (dark magenta) extend in parallel. (elifesciences.org)
  • I, J ) Cross sections of mushroom body column in a stomatopod (panel I) and cockroach (panel J) demonstrate spine-like specializations (insets) of dendrites typifying MBONs. (elifesciences.org)
  • The latter is defined by the central body (CX), protocerebral bridge (PB), and associated neuropils located anterior to the deutocerebrum, which is denoted by its olfactory lobes (OL). (elifesciences.org)
  • This results in a concentric pattern of cell bodies, with the somata of the last-born cells in the center, where the neuroblast had been, and the somata of the first-born cells at the outermost margins of the cell body area. (wikipedia.org)
  • To test this hypothesis, this study used Drosophila - and cell-based models of CGG-repeat-associated toxicity. (sdbonline.org)
  • Driving expression of FMRpolyG enhances induction of UPS impairment in cell models, while prevention of RAN translation attenuates UPS impairment in cells and suppresses the genetic interaction with UPS manipulation in Drosophila . (sdbonline.org)
  • This study demonstrates that the CGG repeat expansion responsible for the neurodegenerative disorder FXTAS is capable of interacting genetically with modulators of UPS function in Drosophila and of inducing UPS impairment in human cell lines. (sdbonline.org)