• Drosophila melanogaster was introduced into the field of genetic experiments by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1909. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the best understood examples of pattern formation is the patterning along the future head to tail (antero-posterior) axis of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our goal was to compute a stable, full-sequence design of the Drosophila melanogaster engrailed homeodomain. (rcsb.org)
  • Time-series analysis of whole-genome expression data during Drosophila melanogaster development indicates that up to 86% of its genes change their relative transcript level during embryogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development. (lookformedical.com)
  • Potential variance affecting homeotic Ultrabithorax and Antennapedia phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. (lookformedical.com)
  • We have performed comprehensive analysis of homeodomain and Cys2His2 zinc finger specificities in D. melanogaster - (fruit fly) in collaboration with Michael Brodsky (UMMS-MCCB) & Gary Stormo (Wash. U). We have coupled this data with specificity data from artificial zinc fingers and homeodomains that we have selected using our bacterial one-hybrid system. (umassmed.edu)
  • 00:03:01.29 What we see is that actually individual fly eggs are remarkably similar, 00:03:08.05 wild-type normal eggs are remarkably similar in their size, and so it's basically 00:03:12.09 consistent that such a mechanism could function to pattern 00:03:19.01 embryonic development in Drosophila melanogaster. (ibiology.org)
  • 00:04:29.16 So Drosophila melanogaster for example makes eggs that are about 00:04:34.04 500 microns long. (ibiology.org)
  • Her main work with bicaudal allowed her to publish a paper in 1977, "Genetic analysis of pattern-formation in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster. (wepapers.com)
  • With the completed genome sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast), Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster , complete proteomes from representatives of three eukaryotic kingdoms (plants, fungi and animals) are now available for comprehensive comparative studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FHV is conveniently propagated in Drosophila melanogaster cells but can also be grown in mammalian cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • Bicoid and Hunchback are the maternal effect genes that are most important for patterning of anterior parts (head and thorax) of the Drosophila embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nanos and Caudal are maternal effect genes that are important in the formation of more posterior abdominal segments of the Drosophila embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • By using published DNA binding specificity data for five transcription factors active in the early Drosophila embryo, genomic regions containing unusually high concentrations of predicted binding sites were identified for these factors. (sdbonline.org)
  • The transcription factors Bicoid (Bcd), Caudal (Cad), Hunchback (Hb), Krüppel (Kr), and Knirps (Kni) act at very early stages of Drosophila development to define the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. (sdbonline.org)
  • For the previous two parts of this lecture we've 00:00:15.20 been talking about how pattern is established in the early Drosophila 00:00:18.22 embryo, and we focused on a molecule called bicoid that is deposited as an RNA 00:00:25.12 at the anterior end of the Drosophila egg during oogenesis in the mother. (ibiology.org)
  • 00:01:11.18 Now, we've seen that if you examine this gradient in Drosophila embryos 00:01:17.12 or if we examine the expression of the downstream targets, we see that their 00:01:21.12 extraordinarily constant from one embryo to the next. (ibiology.org)
  • Maternal genes involved in dorsoventral (D/V) patterning of the Drosophila embryo interact to establish a stable nuclear concentration gradient of the Dorsal protein which acts as the morphogen along this axis. (silverchair.com)
  • Genetic analysis of early development in the Drosophila embryo has revealed that embryonic pattern formation depends on both maternal and zygotic genes. (silverchair.com)
  • A variety of prominent transcription factor families are present in all four species, including Myb, basic helix-loop-helix, basic leucine zipper, C2H2 zinc finger and homeodomain transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The plant homeodomain (PHD) finger is a C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif found in nuclear proteins thought to be involved in epigenetics and chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The zinc finger-homeodomain (ZF-HD) TFs, containing a conserved zinc finger (ZF) domain in the N-terminal and a homeodomain (HD) in the C-terminal. (grassius.org)
  • Our lab is determining how regions outside the DNA-binding homeodomain of the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithroax (Ubx) enhance DNA binding specificity and respond to conformational changes, tissue-specific alternative splicing, protein interactions, and cell signaling cascades. (tamu.edu)
  • We present evidence that D-Onecut can bind to similar DNA sequences with high specificity and affinity as other Onecut proteins through the highly conserved cut domain and homeodomain. (psu.edu)
  • Using this information we can build simple qualitative models of recognition that allow the design of homeodomains with novel DNA-binding specificity. (umassmed.edu)
  • This dataset can also be used to broadly predict the specificity of homeodomains ( http://stormo.wustl.edu/flyhd/ ) and zinc fingers ( http://stormo.wustl.edu/ZFModels/ ). (umassmed.edu)
  • Many homeodomain proteins require additional cofactors to bind with high affinity and specificity to their DNA sites. (embl.de)
  • One such code defined by the homeodomain transcription factor Even-skipped (Eve) and by the GATA 2/3 homologue Grain (Grn) is specifically required for motor axon projection towards dorsal muscles in Drosophila . (biologists.com)
  • Overexpression of XOptx2 , a homeodomain-containing transcription factor expressed in the Xenopus embryonic eye field, results in a dramatic increase in eye size. (xenbase.org)
  • Orthologous to human PHTF1 (putative homeodomain transcription factor 1). (nih.gov)
  • Putative homeodomain transcription factor 1 interacts with the feminization factor homolog fem1b in male germ cells. (nih.gov)
  • We previously identified the transcription factor FOXO as a regulator of hypoxia tolerance in Drosophila larvae and adults. (thegallolab.com)
  • The fraction of transcription factor genes among all genes is slightly higher in Arabidopsis (5.9%) compared with Drosophila , C. elegans and yeast (4.5, 3.5 and 3.5%, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the discovery of the Kn1 gene, a large number of transcription factor (TF) genes encoding proteins with homeodomains have been found in all plants and there are about 135 family members in maize. (grassius.org)
  • To generalize and quantify these promising results, a broader collection of 19 well-defined CRMs from 9 Drosophila genes known to be required for proper embryonic development was compiled. (sdbonline.org)
  • Homeotic mutations in Drosophila can result in dramatic phenotypes that suggest the possibility for rapid morphological evolution, but dissection of the genetic pathway downstream of Ultrabithorax is beginning to reveal how wing morphology may have evolved by more gradual transformations. (lookformedical.com)
  • Introgression of homeotic mutations into wild-type genetic backgrounds results in a wide variety of phenotypes and implies that major effect modifiers of extreme phenotypes are not uncommon in natural populations of Drosophila. (lookformedical.com)
  • The dissertation topic focused on genetic patterns in Drosophila embryos and the various mutations that can occur throughout development (Resnik 2012). (wepapers.com)
  • Drosophila embryogenesis, the process by which Drosophila (fruit fly) embryos form, is a favorite model system for genetics and developmental biology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Isolation and expression analysis in murine embryos of Dlx5 and Dlx6, two murine homologues of the Drosophila Distal-less gene. (cnr.it)
  • We report here the characterization of the Drosophila homolog of the onecut homeobox gene, which encodes a protein product with one cut domain and one homeodomain. (psu.edu)
  • The Drosophila homolog of YY1, Pleiohomeotic (Pho), is usually a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that mediates the recruitment of other PcG proteins, like PRC2, to a subset of target chromatin websites [47?9]. (acthreceptor.com)
  • In addition, we use bioinformatic analysis across twelve Drosophila genomes to identify putative cis-regulatory sequences that may be capable of facilitating specific promoter-enhancer interactions at the bithorax complex and propose a model for their molecular function during development. (nih.gov)
  • The double underlined nucleotide sequence is a putative polyadenylation signal. (xenbase.org)
  • Among these, we identified homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk) as being required for hypoxia survival. (thegallolab.com)
  • Neuronal homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (HPK-1) extends longevity and promotes healthspan. (elifesciences.org)
  • The genes encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors that control cell fates by regulating the transcription of downstream target genes. (nih.gov)
  • Hox genes encode Homeodomain-containing transcription factors, which specify segmental identities along the anterior-posterior axis. (bvsalud.org)
  • 1991). The maize Kn1 gene was found to encode a homeodomain-containing protein, the first identified in the plant kingdom. (grassius.org)
  • The building-blocks of anterior-posterior axis patterning in Drosophila are laid out during egg formation (oogenesis), well before the egg is fertilized and deposited. (wikipedia.org)
  • After graduating, she soon became clear that her future research work will be to study the developmental genetics of Drosophila. (wepapers.com)
  • She gained much knowledge on Drosophila genetics by Jeanette Holden, a renowned geneticist (Nobel, 1996). (wepapers.com)
  • The ingenious scientist Walter Gehring then discovered (independently from Matthew Scott's group in the USA) that all homeotic genes have a 180 base pair sequence in common that he called the Homeobox. (balzan.org)
  • In Drosophila , the homeotic genes specify cell identities at both embryonic and adult stages. (nih.gov)
  • The changes provide powerful assays for identifying the trans -acting factors that regulate the homeotic genes and the cis -acting sequences through which they act. (nih.gov)
  • Assays in transgenes in Drosophila previously identified cis -acting transcriptional regulatory elements from homeotic genes. (nih.gov)
  • A comparative study based on four fully sequenced eukaryotic genomes has revealed profound differences in the sets of transcription factors used by plants, fungi and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A major challenge in interpreting genome sequences is understanding how the genome encodes the information that specifies when and where a gene will be expressed. (sdbonline.org)
  • PWMs are a useful way to represent binding specificities and provide a statistical framework for searching for novel instances of the motif in genome sequences (Berman, 2002). (sdbonline.org)
  • Mutants with a loss of the function of Pax6 (or its homologues Eyeless in Drosophila, Small eye in mouse, Aniridia in human) prevent eye development at early stages. (balzan.org)
  • Embryogenesis in Drosophila is unique among model organisms in that cleavage occurs in a multinucleate syncytium (strictly a coenocyte). (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular characterization of a novel gene family (PHTF) conserved from Drosophila to mammals. (nih.gov)
  • Both of these kinds of elements function in a variety of genes, and in mammals as well as in Drosophila, to regulate developmental processes such as stem cell maintenance and differentiation. (jefferson.edu)
  • Even though the mechanism that regulates PRC2 binding is far from effectively understood, variations in between mammals and Drosophila have already been observed [4]. (acthreceptor.com)
  • The percent similarity of the Six domains and homeodomains to the corresponding regions in the Xenopus protein is shown. (xenbase.org)
  • Overall sequence similarity with the Xenopus protein is shown to the right of the sequence name. (xenbase.org)
  • Many vertebrate homeo box-containing genes have been identified on the basis of their sequence similarity with Drosophila developmental genes. (thermofisher.com)
  • By analyzing lethal mutations in the fruit fly Drosophila Hadorn accumulated evidence that genes control development to a large extent and that they determine the body plan in great detail. (balzan.org)
  • Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. (lookformedical.com)
  • The Xenopus Optx2 nucleotide sequence has been deposited into the GenBank database under accession number AF081352. (xenbase.org)
  • These regulatory modules include promoters, insulators, silencers, enhancers, promoter targeting sequences and the recently identified promoter tethering element (PTE). (nih.gov)
  • He showed that the Homeodomain binds to specific DNA sequences of the promoter region of certain genes. (balzan.org)
  • The presence of a homeodomain (HD), which comprises 60 amino acids, makes a three-helix tertiary structure, that binds the promoter regions of specific target genes (Sharif et al. (grassius.org)
  • Homeodomain proteins are conserved DNA-binding factors that are involved in the transcriptional regulation of key developmental processes. (embl.de)
  • Sequences of previously described binding sites were collected for these five factors present in the cis-regulatory regions of known target genes. (sdbonline.org)
  • Many of these regulatory mechanisms involve intramolecular interactions between the structured homeodomain and intrinsically disordered (unstructured) regions of the Ubx. (tamu.edu)
  • At the Drosophila bithorax complex many distinct classes of cis-regulatory modules work collectively during development to control gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • Drosophila display a holometabolous method of development, meaning that they have three distinct stages of their post-embryonic life cycle, each with a radically different body plan: larva, pupa and finally, adult. (wikipedia.org)
  • The development of Drosophila is particularly well studied, and it is representative of a major class of animals, the insects or insecta. (wikipedia.org)
  • Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • Homeodomain proteins play key roles in development and gene regulation in eukaryotes. (embl.de)
  • However, despite its smaller size, most developmental genes and at least half of the disease- and cancer-causing genes in humans are conserved in Drosophila , making Drosophila an excellent model system for the study of human development and disease. (nih.gov)
  • The trans -acting factors are also conserved between Drosophila and human and have important functions, not only in development but also in stem-cell maintenance and cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Drosophila HB9 differs from its vertebrate orthologs in several ways: it is not expressed in all somatic motoneurons, it is expressed in a subset of interneurons, and it is required for the proper development of both interneurons and motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Chromosome Architecture and Gene Regulation by Chromatin Insulators, Epigenetic Gene Regulation by Polycomb-group Proteins, and Cooperative DNA binding by Sequence-specific Transcription Factors. (jefferson.edu)
  • Protein interactions of homeodomain proteins. (embl.de)
  • The recent structural determinations and biochemical analysis of several multimeric complexes have provided a better understanding of how protein interactions influence the DNA-binding activity of homeodomain proteins. (embl.de)
  • Homeodomain interactions. (embl.de)
  • These include gene expression (by either facilitating or blocking interactions between enhancers and promoters), DNA recombination and repair (by influencing which linearly distant DNA sequences are accessible to each other and which are not), chromatin compaction during mitosis and meiosis, and epigenetic maintenance of gene expression. (jefferson.edu)
  • Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. (lookformedical.com)
  • There are even Drosophila species like 00:04:37.16 Drosophila busckii that make eggs that are even smaller than Drosophila, 00:04:43.20 but the big flies like Musca domestica, the house fly, 00:04:49.01 or Calliphora, blow flies or green bottle flies, Lucilia, that are big 00:04:55.29 obviously as adults much bigger than Drosophila, and the eggs 00:05:00.01 that they make are substantially bigger. (ibiology.org)
  • They are characterized by a highly conserved paired DNA-binding domain that was first identified in DROSOPHILA segmentation genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The recent completion of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence allowed the first prediction of a full plant proteome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The binding sequences for each factor were aligned by using the motif-assembly program, and the binding specificities of each factor were modeled with position weight matrices (PWMs). (sdbonline.org)
  • The motif is very similar in sequence and structure in a wide range of DNA-binding proteins (e.g., cro and repressor proteins, homeotic proteins, etc. (embl.de)
  • Our studies reveal that a motif with a TAAAT core is a preferred binding site for Ubx in Drosophila, but not in Apis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The structures of the Drosophila Paired homodimer and the yeast a1/alpha2 heterodimer bound to DNA, along with a high-resolution study of a Drosophila eve-DNA complex, have deepened our understanding of how homeodomains locate their DNA targets. (embl.de)
  • Drosophila HB9 is detected in a subset of motoneurons with ventral muscle targets and in a small group of interneurons, including the well characterized serotonergic interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • These gene sequences are conservative through evolution (for example have homologous sequences in flies and in vertebrates) although they don't necessarily have the same function. (albertkharris.com)
  • There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Past structural studies have focused on the binding of monomeric homeodomains to DNA, but two recent structures have revealed how homeodomains bind DNA as multimers. (embl.de)
  • As DNA sequencing was not developed at those times, the sequence was established by oligopyrimidine pattern (Nobel, 1996). (wepapers.com)
  • When expressed in Drosophila, YY1 can rescue the homeotic phenotypes in homozygous Pho mutants, suggesting a higher degree of functional conservation [50]. (acthreceptor.com)
  • Because Ubx self-assembles in mild aqueous buffers, we can use standard molecular biology techniques to create fusion proteins, in which a single polypetide encompasses the sequence of Ubx and a functional protein. (tamu.edu)
  • What could account for this apparent discrepancy between the functional requirements for Drosophila Asx and for mouse ASXL1/2? (acthreceptor.com)
  • Based on their sequence conservation and functional properties, HD-ZIP can be further divided into four subfamilies (HD-Zip I, HD-Zip II, HD-Zip III, and HD-Zip IV) (Sharif et al. (grassius.org)