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DrosophilaDrosophila ProteinsDrosophila melanogasterGenes, InsectInsect ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataAnimals, Genetically ModifiedEmbryo, NonmammalianLarvaGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalInsect HormonesAmino Acid SequenceWingMutationBase SequenceGenome, InsectSequence Homology, Amino AcidTranscription FactorsPupaPhotoreceptor Cells, InvertebratePhenotypeCloning, MolecularEyeBlastodermDNA-Binding ProteinsGenes, LethalOogenesisGenes, HomeoboxMorphogenesisHomeodomain ProteinsIn Situ HybridizationNervous SystemChromosome MappingEcdysoneBody PatterningCrosses, GeneticNuclear ProteinsSequence AlignmentTranscription, GeneticAllelesWnt1 ProteinDNA Transposable ElementsDNA, ComplementaryMetamorphosis, BiologicalRNA, MessengerConserved SequenceChromosomesEvolution, MolecularDNASignal TransductionSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidCentral Nervous SystemRNA InterferenceMembrane ProteinsRepressor ProteinsGene ExpressionModels, GeneticX ChromosomeNerve Tissue ProteinsRestriction MappingHeadSpecies SpecificityEye ProteinsGene ComponentsSequence Analysis, DNAMultigene FamilyPhylogenyNeuropeptidesMutagenesis, InsertionalMushroom BodiesOvarySex Determination AnalysisSense OrgansGenesDNA PrimersMitosisVertebratesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsReceptors, NotchMutagenesisTrans-ActivatorsChromosomes, InsectFat BodyPromoter Regions, GeneticGenetic Complementation TestIntronsGenomeEnhancer Elements, GeneticBiological EvolutionProteinsNeuronsZinc FingersBlotting, NorthernCell NucleusBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsHemocytesProtein Structure, TertiaryRNATransgenesEmbryonic Induction
MelanogasterHeterochromaticChromosomeHeterochromatinChromosomesTarget genesChromatin structureProteinsTranscriptionKinaseHomologNear telomeresMutationEpigeneticPhosphorylationSubsetRegulation of gene exSir2SFARI Gene ArchiveLocusRepressionGermlineTransgenesPutativeExpressionGenome evolutionEncodesDominantNucleotideAnnotationArabidopsisRegulatorClustersGenomicRegionsFunctionalSpeciesObservationsOrganismsSequences
Melanogaster18
Heterochromatic12
  • In this mutation, an inversion on the X chromosome placed the white gene next to pericentric heterochromatin, or a sequence of repeats that becomes heterochromatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • PEV is a position effect because the change in position of a gene from its original position to somewhere near a heterochromatic region has an effect on its expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • The silencing of euchromatic genes occurs when the genes get placed into a new heterochromatic neighborhood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genes present in a euchromatic environment exhibit much more expression than genes present in a heterochromatic DNA structure. (luc.edu)
  • This project investigated what causes genes to be expressed despite existing in a heterochromatic environment. (luc.edu)
  • The fourth chromosome of the Drosophila species appears entirely heterochromatic, but has a similar proportion of active genes to that of its other euchromatic chromosomes. (luc.edu)
  • I annotated the coding spans and transcriptional start sites across the genes on the euchromatic 3L chromosome of Drosophila takahashii in order to allow for the identification of patterns causing the transcription of genes in these heterochromatic regions. (luc.edu)
  • Studies of position-effect variegation have revealed that heterochromatic and euchromatic domains are interspersed on chromosome 4, and both cytological and biochemical studies have demonstrated that chromosome 4 is associated with heterochromatic marks, such as heterochromatin protein 1 and histone 3 lysine 9 methylation. (wustl.edu)
  • In Drosophila, transposon-silencing piRNAs are derived from heterochromatic clusters and a subset of euchromatic transposon insertions, which are transcribed from internal non-canonical initiation sites and flanking canonical promoters. (umassmed.edu)
  • Heterochromatic position effect variegation (PEV) is the epigenetic disruption of genes expression near the new-formed eu-heterochromatic border. (refine.bio)
  • Euchromatic breakpoint of In(2)A4 inversion was localized at 105 bp region (chr2L:21182214-21182318) of the second exon of the Mcm10 gene, the heterochromatic breakpoint is located at the block of dodecasatellite in 2L pericentromeric heterochromatin. (refine.bio)
  • TAS appear cytologically condensed (that is, heterochromatic) [ 5 ] and confer silencing on nearby genes, apparently because of spreading of silent heterochromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosome11
  • The mutations in mus genes are the candidates as PEV modifiers, as these genes are involved in chromosome maintenance and repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosome structure in the vicinity of the breakpoint appears to be an important determinant of the gene inactivation process. (wikipedia.org)
  • When an autosomal region carrying a fur color gene is inserted onto the X chromosome, variable silencing of the allele is seen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abstract: '[Researchers] have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. (harvard.edu)
  • The combination of these resources resulted in a set of ordered contigs spanning nearly all of the euchromatic region on each chromosome arm. (harvard.edu)
  • This domain has a repeat density of ~35%, comparable to some pericentric chromosome regions, while maintaining a gene density similar to that of the other euchromatic chromosome arms. (wustl.edu)
  • With the human DNA probe, signals were detected in the major sites of the ribosomal genes on chromosomes 5I (7H) and 6I (6H) only when the chromosome preparations were obtained using an optimized technique with obligatory pepsin treatment followed by hybridization. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • gene is mapped on the wheat chromosome 5B, but, neither obtaining a physical marker nor microdissec-, tion of this chromosomal region gave practical results, [56]. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • Swr1 is required for the deposition of histone H2AZ at specific chromosome locations in vivo, and Swr1 and H2AZ commonly regulate a subset of yeast genes. (sdbonline.org)
  • Recent studies have revealed that variants of histone H2A and histone H3 play important roles not only in gene expression but also in the repair of DNA breaks and the assembly of chromosome centromeres. (sdbonline.org)
  • Finally, higher-order 3D chromosome folding is also thought to modulate gene expression and might contribute to inheritance 15 . (nature.com)
Heterochromatin19
Chromosomes2
  • Similarly, the large ribosomal RNA gene clusters that reside on different chromosomes manage to find each other in almost every cell nucleus to form another easily discernable nuclear entity, the nucleolus [ 27 - 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2014) Stable C0T-1 repeat RNA is abundant and is associated with euchromatic interphase chromosomes. (forth.gr)
Target genes4
  • The conserved family of Transcription Intermediary Factors (TIF1) proteins consists of key transcriptional regulators that control transcription of target genes by modulating chromatin state. (elifesciences.org)
  • Enhancers promote transcription by providing a binding platform for transcription factors [ 12 ] that can act on (distal) target genes through three-dimensional chromatin looping [ 13 - 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we highlight the molecular mechanisms involved the transcriptional repression of specific groups of Hox target genes, and summarize the role of Hox mediated gene silencing in tissue development. (bvsalud.org)
  • In general, the methylation of H3K9 leads to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes. (enzyme-database.org)
Chromatin structure5
  • The rearrangements due to PEV places the reporter gene in a new compartment of the nucleus where the transcriptional machinery required is not available, thus silencing the gene and modifying the chromatin structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Higher order chromatin structure is important for epigenetic regulation and control of gene activation and silencing. (silverchair.com)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • Histones are subject to numerous post-translational modifications that correlate with the state of higher-order chromatin structure and gene expression. (silverchair.com)
  • These findings provide direct evidence that the epigenetic histone tail modification of H3S10 phosphorylation at interphase can function as a causative regulator of higher-order chromatin structure in Drosophila in vivo. (silverchair.com)
Proteins10
  • In vertebrates this subfamily contains four proteins: TIF1α/TRIM24, TIF1β/TRIM28, TIF1γ/TRIM33, and TIF1δ/TRIM66, while only one protein, Bonus (Bon), is present in Drosophila , making it an attractive model to understand the conserved functions of TIF1 proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • Regulation at the level of gene transcription is a critical way to regulate the production of proteins. (luc.edu)
  • Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
  • The whole nucleotide sequence in the gene covered the 258 blood pressure available studying frame development Sunitinib 80 healthy proteins. (crenolanibinhibitor.com)
  • Authored by Elsevier T./. All legal rights earmarked.Ocular coloboma, coronary heart malformation, choanal atresia, retardation of progress and/or development, oral hypoplasia, along with hearing anomalies linked to deaf ness (CHARGE) syndrome can be a rare, generally infrequent, autosomal dominant problem, due to strains inside the CHD7 (chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins 6) gene, within nearly 70% involving instances. (crenolanibinhibitor.com)
  • SETDB1: a novel KAP-1-associated histone H3, lysine 9-specific methyltransferase that contributes to HP1-mediated silencing of euchromatic genes by KRAB zinc-finger proteins. (enzyme-database.org)
  • Epigenetic components (for example, Polycomb PRC1/2 and Trithorax group proteins) maintain the 'off' states of certain genes and the 'on' states of others, in a cell-type- and time-specific manner (the bottom panels show three genes, depicted schematically as chromatinized templates, in which transcription is triggered by specific transcription factors and silent or active states are maintained by PRC1/2 or Trithorax proteins, respectively). (nature.com)
  • The chromo and SET domains are conserved sequence motifs present in chromosomal proteins that function in epigenetic control of gene expression, presumably by modulating higher order chromatin. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The SET domain is a 130 to 140 amino acid, evolutionary well conserved sequence motif that was initially characterised in the Drosophila proteins Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax. (embl.de)
  • Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process. (biomed.news)
Transcription9
  • Due to this, the transcriptional machinery cannot access the gene which leads to the inhibition of transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • To exert stimulatory or repressive effects on transcription, accessible regulatory DNA elements must be in close spatial proximity to susceptible genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
  • The variant histone H2A.Z regulates gene transcription, and deletion of the gene encoding H2A.Z strongly increases the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
  • The pluripotency of the initial cell and the establishment of cell types depend to a large extent on the coordinated deployment of hundreds of transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress the transcription of cell lineage genes 1 . (nature.com)
  • 7) A mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in A) continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. (easynotecards.com)
  • B) complete inhibition of transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. (easynotecards.com)
  • Genes are shown as square boxes pointing in the direction of transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our understanding of mitochondrial transcription in mammalian cells has largely progressed, but the mechanisms regulating mtDNA gene expression are still poorly understood despite their profound importance for human disease. (biomed.news)
Kinase3
  • Based on these findings, we propose a model where JIL-1 kinase activity functions to maintain euchromatic regions by antagonizing Su(var)3-9-mediated heterochromatization. (silverchair.com)
  • In Drosophila phosphorylation of histone H3S10 in euchromatic chromatin regions by the JIL-1 tandem kinase has been implicated in counteracting heterochromatization and gene silencing. (silverchair.com)
  • The proportion of these "asymmetric genes" varied largely among gene groups, in which disease resistance ( R ) genes and the RLK kinase gene group had 11.6 and 7.8 times higher proportion of asymmetric genes than housekeeping genes ( Myb and MADS ). (biomedcentral.com)
Homolog1
Near telomeres1
  • Microarray analysis revealed that HTZ1-activated genes cluster near telomeres. (sdbonline.org)
Mutation4
  • PEV was observed first in Drosophila because it was one of the first organisms on which X-ray irradiation was used as a mutation inducer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Variegation is, however, observed only in the female having this insertion along with a homozygous mutation in the original coat color gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • We discuss associated epigenetic and genome conformation changes elicited by the lamin A R482W mutation at the gene level. (frontiersin.org)
  • The insertion in exon 2 of CBP gene causes the mutation from yellow cocoon to white cocoon. (hsp70inhibitor.com)
Epigenetic2
Phosphorylation1
  • Mitochondria provide most of the cellular energy via their oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which requires the coordinated expression of genes encoded by both the nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA). (biomed.news)
Subset1
  • However, it is not unusual to find an orthologous gene only in small subset of the species, and recent genomic studies suggest that structural rearrangements are very frequent between genomes in the same species. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation of gene ex1
  • This nucleoplasmic lamin A environment tends to be euchromatic, suggesting distinct roles of lamin A in the regulation of gene expression in peripheral and more central regions of the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
Sir22
  • The reduced expression of most of these genes in htz1Delta cells was reversed by the deletion of SIR2 (sir2Delta) suggesting that H2A.Z antagonizes telomeric silencing. (sdbonline.org)
  • One of the five Drosophila SIR2 homologues was tested for involvement in telomeric silencing but none was detected [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
SFARI Gene Archive2
  • To view the previous version, visit the SFARI Gene Archive . (sfari.org)
  • Information in SFARI Gene Archive will no longer be updated. (sfari.org)
Locus2
  • Other Htz1-activated genes flank the silent HMR mating-type locus. (sdbonline.org)
  • It might be a consequence of diversifying selection that increased the structural divergence among genomes, and of purifying selection that decreased nucleotide divergence in each R gene locus. (biomedcentral.com)
Repression2
  • Together, our work identified Bonus as a regulator of tissue-specific gene expression and revealed the importance of SUMOylation as a regulator of complex formation in the context of transcriptional repression. (elifesciences.org)
  • Chromatin-dependent gene regulation is demonstrated by the potential of human SUV39H1 to increase repression of the pericentromeric white marker gene in transgenic flies. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Germline2
  • We found that knockdown of Bonus in early oogenesis results in severe defects in ovarian development and in ectopic expression of genes that are normally repressed in the germline, demonstrating its essential function in the ovary. (elifesciences.org)
  • We show that such transgenes, being inserted in unique euchromatic regions which normally do not produce small RNAs, become de novo bidirectional piRNA clusters that silence I-element activity in the germline. (refine.bio)
Transgenes2
  • The aim of this study is to determine how transgenes that contain a fragment of the LINE-like I transposon lead to an acquired TE resistance in Drosophila. (refine.bio)
  • This phenomenon, called 'telomeric silencing', or 'telomere position effect' (TPE), was initially discovered and studied using transgenes but it also appears to regulate endogenous subtelomeric genes [ 6 - 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Putative1
Expression8
  • Gene expression microarray profile for human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T, CRL-11268) under untreated conditions. (refine.bio)
  • Gene expression profiling is a promising diagnostic and prognostic tool. (refine.bio)
  • Hence, TADs are believed to represent structural chromosomal units that are of functional importance for the regulatory cross talk that determines gene expression programs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
  • These elements are involved in control of gene expression which governs the phenotype and also plays role in disease biology. (researchgate.net)
  • Cellular identity is now accepted to be the result of the expression of specific combinations of genes (Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
  • 12) Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely serve the organism's survival in which of the following ways? (easynotecards.com)
  • Clonally variant gene expression (CVGE) lies at the base of a bet-hedging adaptive strategy consisting of the stochastic generation of phenotypic diversity followed by natural selection upon environmental changes (for a recent discussion on bet-hedging, see [14] ). (plos.org)
Genome evolution1
  • There is a significant body of direct and indirect evidence that LTR retrotransposons have contributed to gene and genome evolution in plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Encodes1
Dominant1
  • Based on sequence information from the SET domain, we have isolated human (SUV39H1) and mouse (Suv39h1) homologues of the dominant Drosophila modifier of position-effect-variegation (PEV) Su(var)3-9. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Nucleotide1
  • On the other hand, the nucleotide diversity in 17 R genes under presence/absence polymorphism was generally low (average nucleotide diversity = 0.0051). (biomedcentral.com)
Annotation2
  • The annotation of the full genome sequence revealed the absence of genes encoding for a non-flagellar type 3 protein secretion system (NF-T3SS). (assignster.com)
  • Term Matrix: A novel Gene Ontology annotation quality control system based on ontology term co-annotation patterns. (flybase.org)
Arabidopsis2
  • Thus, about 100 human "twin genes", were found in the Arabidopsis genome, including, those responsible for such severe diseases as cystic, fibrosis and breast cancer [50]. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • For comparison, in the Droso-, phila genome the number of such "gaps" reaches, The Arabidopsis genes are compact, contain se, eral exons (with an average size of 250 bp) separated, by short introns. (centrocardiobogota.com)
Regulator2
  • This important study advances our understanding of the functions and regulation of the Drosophila transcriptional regulator Bonus, an ortholog of mammalian TIF1 family members. (elifesciences.org)
  • C) Allolactose binds to the regulator gene. (easynotecards.com)
Clusters1
  • These 683 kb consecutive sequences, sampled around R gene clusters, were aligned between Nipponbare (559,563 bp) and 93-11 (428,114 bp). (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic4
  • 93-11 provide an opportunity to systematically investigate the extent of the gene repertoire polymorphism, even though the genomic data of 93-11 derived from whole-short-gun sequencing is not yet as complete as that of Nipponbare. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We compared gene contents and the genomic locations between two rice genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The significant difference in the proportion of asymmetric genes among gene groups suggests that natural selection is responsible for maintaining genomic asymmetry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genomic symmetry was disrupted by 10% of asymmetric genes, which could cause genetic variation through more unequal crossing over, because these genes had no allelic counterparts to pair and then they were free to pair with homologues at non-allelic loci, during meiosis in heterozygotes. (biomedcentral.com)
Regions3
  • Since their discovery, the Hox genes, with their incredible power to reprogram the identity of complete body regions, a phenomenon called homeosis, have captured the fascination of many biologists. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comparative genetic maps within the grass family indicate extensive regions of conserved gene content and orders [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Red genes in Figure 1 ) or located on different regions between genomes compared (asymmetrically located, or AL genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Functional2
  • The term functional genomics can be referred to as the "development and application of global (genome-wide or system-wide) experimental approaches to assess gene function by making use of the information and reagents provided by structural genomics" (Hieter and Boguski, 1997). (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • The role of Cuff is less well understood, but the cuff gene shows hallmarks of adaptive evolution, which frequently targets functional interactions within host defense systems. (umassmed.edu)
Species2
  • One usually expects that a gene found in an individual can be found in the others in the same species [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A comparison of immune associated genes amid insect species On this review, the genome and transcriptome broad ana lysis revealed an intact innate immune network current ing in N. lugens. (cox2-inhibitors.com)
Observations1
  • Our observations reveal that the male germ line of Drosophila shows a characteristic pattern of histone modifications. (biomedcentral.com)
Organisms1
Sequences2
  • The above-mentioned ab, of repetitive sequences in plant genomes (up to 99%), makes difficult the application of this technique for, mapping individual plant genes [40]. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • The sizes of genes, intergenic sequences, and indels are proportionally scaled down. (biomedcentral.com)