• Apical constriction is the process in which contraction of the apical side of a cell causes the cell to take on a wedged shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apical constriction plays a central role in important morphogenetic events in both invertebrates and vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • During gastrulation in both invertebrates and vertebrates, apical constriction of a ring of cells leads to blastopore formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vertebrates, apical constriction plays a role in a range of other morphogenetic processes such neurulation, placode formation, and primitive streak formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apical constriction occurs primarily through the contraction of cytoskeletal elements. (wikipedia.org)
  • In these cells, apical constriction occurs when actomyosin contractility folds the cell membrane to reduce the apical surface area. (wikipedia.org)
  • Active trafficking of these endocytosed vesicles along microtubule tracks is also believed to be important, since the depolymerization (but not stabilization) of microtubules reduces the extent of apical constriction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although apical constriction is always observed, it is not necessary for gastrulation, indicating that there are other morphogenetic forces working in parallel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, the mechanism depends upon the protein Shroom3, which is sufficient to drive apical constriction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ectopic Shroom3 has been shown to be sufficient to induce apical constriction, but only in cells with apico-basal polarity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The molecular picture of apical constriction is most complete for Drosophila. (wikipedia.org)
  • During Drosophila gastrulation, apical constriction of midline cells initiates invagination to create the ventral furrow. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Drosophila, researchers have also pinpointed the molecules responsible for coordinating apical constriction in time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted protein and Concertina, a G alpha protein, are members of the same pathway that ensure that apical constriction is initiated in the right cells at the right time. (wikipedia.org)
  • The transmembrane protein T48 is part of a redundant pathway that is also needed for coordination of apical constriction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the Drosophila embryo, apical constriction in a strip of epithelial cells along the ventral midline results in the folding of the tissue and the internalization of ventral cells, forming a ventral furrow (VF). (nature.com)
  • This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification. (jove.com)
  • Current projects aim at understanding e.g. apical constriction during gastrulation in C.elegans, mitotic cluster formation in Drosophila and Tribolium, or morphological tissue changes in the green alga Volvox. (mpg.de)
  • The polarity-based, microtubule-dependent mechanism contrasts with the canonical myosin-dependent apical constriction. (riken.jp)
  • Many different mechanisms such as apical constriction, basal relaxation and lateral constriction have been put forward to explain the mechanisms by which folding occurs during morphogenesis (see introduction of Tozluoglu et al. (biologists.com)
  • Here, we identify Pins-mediated planar cell polarized divisions in several of the mitotic domains of the early Drosophila embryo. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using theory and experiment, we have shown that during cellularisation in the Drosophila embryo, cells undergo skew and apical-to-basal neighbour rearrangements to adapt for geometric constraints. (mechanochemistry.org)
  • We have taken advantage of genetically induced smaller embryos in Drosophila to bring new insights into when and where organ scaling occurs in the embryo. (mechanochemistry.org)
  • Prelights article on our paper about scaling in the early Drosophila embryo. (mechanochemistry.org)
  • Some examples include the specialized hair cells of the mammalian cochlea, that display a spectacularly polarized organization of kinocilia and stereocilia on their apical surfaces, the dynamic ciliated cells of the tracheal and reproductive tract epithelia, and cells in the gastrulating vertebrate embryo that display polarized migration and intercalation behaviors. (stanford.edu)
  • In the lab we use the Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryo as a model system and focus on the process of tissue folding during sea urchin gastrulation that leads to the formation of the gut of the sea urchin larva. (unice.fr)
  • We devised a fluorescent live imaging and processing pipeline that allows to (1) image reliably the gastrulation of the sea urchin embryo in 4D with 200 nm isotropic resolution at a frequency of 1 image/min, (2) segment all 1000 cells constituting the gastrula in 3D and (3) track the 3D segmented cells over time. (unice.fr)
  • The invagination of epithelial tissues is a vital transformation during embryo development since it is pivotal during embryo gastrulation and neurulation. (unice.fr)
  • To tackle this, we propose to use the Drosophila embryo that provides the most advanced genetic tools and study the process of mesoderm internalization. (unice.fr)
  • In the Drosophila thorax, opposing gradients of Dachsous and Four-jointed expression, which are constituents of the Fat/Dachsous/Four-jointed planar cell polarity pathway, result in the polarized localization of the myosin Dachs 9 . (nature.com)
  • Adherens junctions (AJs) are thought to be key landmarks for establishing epithelial cell polarity, but the origin of epithelial polarity in Drosophila remains unclear. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, we examined epithelial polarity establishment during early Drosophila development. (rupress.org)
  • AJs localize to the boundary between the apical and basolateral domains, and are thought to be critical landmarks for establishing epithelial polarity ( Nelson, 2003 ). (rupress.org)
  • We are currently focusing on how modifications of epithelial cell polarity control cell shapes using gastrulating Drosophila embryos as the model system. (riken.jp)
  • A homeostatic apical microtubule network shortens cells for epithelial folding via a basal polarity shift. (riken.jp)
  • In Drosophila and mammals, Lgl contributes to the maintenance of cell polarity and plays a role in asymmetric cell division. (biologists.com)
  • We present evidence that FGFA, the first FGF family member characterized in the sea urchin, regulates directed migration of mesenchyme cells, morphogenesis of the skeleton and gastrulation during early development. (biologists.com)
  • After acute injury in muscle of both mouse and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (used as alternative in vivo model) this study found that RACK1 accumulated in regenerating fibers while it declined with the progression of repair process. (sdbonline.org)
  • Because of the availability of remarkably powerful genetic, molecular and cell biological tools, we use the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, as our primary model for investigating the fundamental mechanisms of PCP signaling. (stanford.edu)
  • No apparent role for the Wari insulator in transcriptional regulation of the endogenous white gene of Drosophila melanogaster. (unibas.ch)
  • Defects in folding can impair neurulation or gastrulation leading to major birth defects (e.g., spina bifida) or death. (unice.fr)
  • Because all of the cells constrict on the apical side, the epithelial sheet bends convexly on the basal side. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4) the gastrula is a mechanically accessible tissue: it can be partitioned, cells can be transplanted, micro-indentation and micro-pipetting techniques can be applied to measure tissue mechanical properties on both tissue apical and basal side. (unice.fr)
  • Like in Xenopus, actomyosin contractility plays a major role in constricting the apical side of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • During Drosophila gastrulation, actomyosin contraction in ventral cells generates a long, narrow epithelial furrow, termed the ventral furrow, in which actomyosin fibres and tension are directed along the length of the furrow. (nature.com)
  • This study provides compelling in vivo evidence that mechanical tension emanating from morphogenetic forces during gastrulation orients the spindle at distant sites. (elifesciences.org)
  • For instance, in mouse embryos this occurs as early as day 6.5 post fertilization and involves the development of a population of cardiac precursor cells in the lateral posterior epiblast just prior to formation of the primitive streak - a structure which marks the beginning of gastrulation. (mechanobio.info)
  • Furthermore, directional ablations that separated mesoderm from mitotic domains disrupted spindle orientation, suggesting that forces transmitted from mesoderm to mitotic domains can polarize Pins and orient division during gastrulation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in PC12 cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
  • GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
  • Using Drosophila as a model organism, they are elucidating the signalling pathways involved in capturing and processing odorant cues that will provoke a behavioural response in the animal. (genomyx.ch)
  • Using Drosophila as a model organism, we are characterizing the molecular pathways and the neuronal circuits that receive and process informational cues and act "upon information received", telling the animal what to do. (genomyx.ch)
  • Researchers have shown that the removal of bottle cells does not inhibit gastrulation, but simply makes it less efficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • The constricting cells have an actin meshwork directly beneath the apical membrane as well as circumferential actin belts lining the adherens junctions between cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found apical accumulation of both Drosophila E-Cadherin (DE-Cad) and the apical cue Bazooka (Baz) as cells first form. (rupress.org)
  • In Drosophila with depleted RACK1 in all muscle cells or, specifically, in SC lineage resulted in a delayed recovery of skeletal muscle after physical damage as well as the low presence of active SC in the wound area. (sdbonline.org)
  • However, in the second phase, the formation of a central invagination in each hemi-neuromere is accompanied by the differentiation of apical neural stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Before and during early gastrulation, the epiblast layer assumes a tightly packed cellular morphology due to an increase in E-cadherin mediated mechanical linkages between cells. (mechanobio.info)
  • Because Shroom3 is an actin-binding protein and accumulates on the apical side, the most likely mechanism is that Shroom3 aggregates the actin meshwork, generating a squeezing force. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aims to understand the function and mechanism of Drosophila Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) in cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
  • by investigating Drosophila wing imaginal disc, propose a novel mechanism where planar differential growth under the compression of ECM drives precise positioning of folds. (biologists.com)
  • We have explored the role of differential mechanical interactions in the formation of the Drosophila heart. (mechanochemistry.org)
  • Epithelial folding driven by apical or basal-lateral modulation: geometric features, mechanical inference, and boundary effects. (riken.jp)
  • The finding that gastrulation-induced forces are required for asymmetric localization of an important and evolutionarily conserved spindle orientation factor, Pins, will be of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)
  • In Drosophila neuroblasts, asymmetric division and spindle orientation is dependent on Pins/LGN recruitment to the apical cortex. (elifesciences.org)
  • Author Correction: Asymmetric requirement of Dpp/BMP morphogen dispersal in the Drosophila wing disc. (unibas.ch)
  • The Drosophila split ends ( spen ) gene encodes a large nuclear protein containing three RNP-type RNA binding motifs, and a conserved transcriptional co-repressor-interacting domain at the C-terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During gastrulation the absence of AJs results in widespread cell dissociation and depolarization. (rupress.org)
  • These structures maintain apical Baz, accumulate apical Crumbs, and organize polarized cytoskeletons, but display abnormal cell morphology and fail to segregate the basolateral cue Discs large from the apical domain. (rupress.org)
  • Toll pathway modulates TNF-induced JNK-dependent cell death in Drosophila . (sdbonline.org)
  • To identify novel regulators of JNK-dependent cell death, this study performed a dominant-modifier screen in Drosophila and found that the Toll pathway participates in JNK-mediated cell death. (sdbonline.org)
  • Collective cell migration modulates self-organized fate patterning decisions in iPSC-derived gastrulation-stage meso-endoderm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and iv) restriction of tangentially oriented cell proliferation to the apical cell layer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The proximal half of the Drosophila E-cadherin extracellular region is dispensable for many cadherin-dependent events but required for ventral furrow formation. (brh.co.jp)
  • Folds were observed with an introduction of external viscous resistance and correct number of folds (three) were obtained when apical stiffness was also increased concurrently. (biologists.com)
  • The most prominent larval sensory organ is the apical organ that is present in representatives of all molluscan classes investigated so far, except for cephalopods [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • N1 transgenic hindlimbs, which do not regenerate, do not form an apical epithelial cap or cone shaped blastema following amputation. (biomedcentral.com)