Driven neurons dendritic field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Medical search. Frequent questions

One possibility is that CC inputs specifically modulate neurons projecting back to the source of those inputs (looped neurons) indirectly via intermediary inhibitory or excitatory cells in the local circuit. (elifesciences.org)
Using optogenetically guided recordings in mouse thalamocortical slices, we achieved the first reported paired intracellular recordings from nine monosynaptically connected thalamic and cortical neurons, including principal cells and two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, and compared between cortical responses to single thalamocortical spikes and bursts. (jneurosci.org)
We report that bursts enhanced the responses of excitatory neurons and of inhibitory interneurons that preferentially target dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
While this compensatory plasticity in the auditory system relies on robust dendritic sprouting and novel synapse formation, the compensatory plasticity in the cercal escape circuitry shows little obvious dendritic sprouting and instead may rely on shifts in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength. (biomedcentral.com)
Glutamate and functional connectivity - support for the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance hypothesis in autism spectrum disorders. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)
A leading theory holds that neurodevelopmental brain disorders arise from imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) brain circuitry. (biorxiv.org)
One prominent circuit-level hypothesis for brain disorders has been the idea of an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory signaling. (biorxiv.org)
An IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) from Cl- influx through its channels at the base of dendrites can block signal transmission, but if cumulative EPSPs from dendrites are strong enough to overcome Cl- blockage and traverse the soma, a signal reaches the axon hillock at the junction of axon and soma. (thephilosophyforum.com)
FHM1 has a differential effect on short-term depression (STD) at TC synapses: compared to wild type (WT) mice, STD is greater at synapses contacting layer IV (L4) excitatory neurons while it is unaltered at synapses contacting L4 inhibitory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, during repetitive thalamic firing, the gain-of-function of TC excitatory inputs on inhibitory neurons becomes larger than that on excitatory neurons and the I/E balance is relatively skewed towards inhibition in FHM1 L4 excitatory neurons [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
His Inhibitory postsynaptic potential research incorporates themes from Stimulation, Hebbian theory, Premovement neuronal activity and Electroencephalography. (research.com)
His work focuses on many connections between Backpropagation and other disciplines, such as Biological neural network, that overlap with his field of interest in Contrast, Pyramidal Neuron, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential and Stimulus. (research.com)
PB neurons in CCI-Pain animals showed a reduction in inhibitory, GABAergic inputs. (iasp-pain.org)
We show that this pathway regulates the activity of pain-related neurons in PB, and that, in chronic pain, this inhibitory pathway is suppressed, and that this suppression is causally related to pain perception. (iasp-pain.org)
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are indispensable for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance in neuronal circuits that control reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviors. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Using two-photon guided minimal stimulation in acute rat brain slices, we found that distal and proximal excitatory synapses onto granule cells are functionally distinct. (jneurosci.org)
Proximal synapses arise from piriform cortical neurons and facilitate with paired-pulse stimulation, whereas distal dendrodendritic synapses generate EPSCs with slower kinetics that depress with paired stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
Most excitatory synapses we examined onto granule cells activated both NMDARs and AMPA receptors, whereas a subpopulation appeared to be NMDAR silent. (jneurosci.org)
A , Schematic diagram of excitatory synapses onto granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
As a result of local nonlinear dendritic processing, a train of output spikes are generated in the neuron axon, carrying information that is communicated, via synapses, to thousands of other (postsynaptic) neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Now we know horizontal cells to be true neurons that make true, if unique, synapses and exhibit most of the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of neurons. (org.es)
Using functional imaging and behavioral analysis, loss of Tao-induced ectopic synapses with inappropriate partner neurons were shown to be functional and altered behavioral responses in a connection-specific manner. (sdbonline.org)
Consequently, the intrinsic properties and pairwise interactions of their constituent neurons can be characterized, including analyses of their communication via gap junctions, action potential-gated synapses or graded synapses. (degruyter.com)
The FHM1 mouse model is consequently characterized by increased neurotransmission at both intra-cortical [ 15 ] and thalamocortical (TC) excitatory synapses [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
signalling at excitatory forebrain synapses Glutamatergic synapses are situated on dendritic propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit levels (NR1, NR2A, spines containing postsynaptic densities (PSDs), which NR2B, GluR1 and GluR2) were analysed in the forebrain by allow glutamate receptors to anchor through interactions both western blot of homogenates and immunohistochemis- with scaffolding proteins. (health-articles.net)
Our cortex model is constrained by relevant experimental data about cortical neurons, synapses, modularity, and connectivity. (eneuro.org)

Alexa 594-filled stimulating electrode positioned ∼20 μm from imaged dendritic region) reliably triggered Ca accumulations in two of the three imaged spines (sp1 and sp2) but not in the dendritic shaft segment. (jneurosci.org)
Synaptic plasticity involves structural modifications in dendritic spines that are modulated by local protein synthesis and actin remodeling. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
We found that the phosphorylation of isoform-specific sites in eEF1A2-an essential translation elongation factor in neurons-is a key modulator of structural plasticity in dendritic spines. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling triggered transient dissociation of eEF1A2 from its regulatory guanine exchange factor (GEF) protein in dendritic spines in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
opment of dendritic spines begins with the formation of branes, we found increases of NR2A and GluR2 but not filopodia. (health-articles.net)
The latter represent were co-immunoprecipitated from postsynaptic densities the most mature and stable spines. (health-articles.net)

This synaptic summation drives the membrane potential toward values that could not be reached with single synaptic stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
Neurons in higher processing areas of the brain (e.g., in primary visual cortex) have been shown to demonstrate variable spike timing in response to repetitions of identical stimuli ( Hubel and Wiesel, 1962 ). (frontiersin.org)
For long stimuli, the S-potential only changes in duration but the amplitude remains constant (2 leftmost responses in Fig. 1B). (org.es)
S-potentials, however, were not depolarized by light, but rather hyperpolarized, and did not fire action potentials, even with the brightest light stimuli. (org.es)
As altered responsivity to visual stimuli and abnormal processing of visual sensory information are common hallmarks of migraine, herein we investigated the effects of FHM1-driven synaptic alterations in the visual cortex of awake mice. (biomedcentral.com)
By using a combination of optogenetics, in vivo electrophysiology, and machine learning analysis, we find that a subset of neurons in the ACC receives S1 inputs, and activation of the S1 axon terminals increases the response to noxious stimuli in ACC neurons. (iasp-pain.org)

However, it remains unknown whether CC inputs selectively contact looped neurons over closely intermingled IT neurons projecting elsewhere (non-looped IT neurons), or whether they innervate IT neurons equally regardless of their projection pattern. (elifesciences.org)
The convergence of two types of excitatory inputs onto GABAergic granule cells provides a novel mechanism for regulating the degree of interglomerular processing of sensory input in the olfactory bulb through piriform cortex/olfactory bulb synaptic interactions. (jneurosci.org)
Although the dendritic arborization of granule cells is relatively small (50-200 μm) ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), a single granule cell may receive synaptic inputs from mitral cells several millimeters away ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), providing a theoretical basis for massive synaptic divergence. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that the proximal excitatory inputs to granule cells may play an important role in gating recurrent and lateral dendrodendritic inhibition (DDI) in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
However, the basic function of the perceptron, a linear summation of its inputs and thresholding for output generation, highly oversimplifies the synaptic integration processes taking place in real neurons. (biorxiv.org)
A potential consequence is that bursts will enhance the response to the immediate sensory event over responses to less urgent, modulatory inputs. (jneurosci.org)
At that time, neurons were thought only to be depolarized by synaptic inputs (inside becoming more positive relative to outside), thus having their inside-negative resting membrane potentials become reduced. (org.es)
The connectivity of a neuron (its unique constellation of synaptic inputs and outputs) is essential for its function. (stanford.edu)
Chronic pain enhances this cortico-cortical connection, as manifested by an increased number of ACC neurons that respond to S1 inputs and the magnified contribution of these neurons to the nociceptive response in the ACC. (iasp-pain.org)
We show that-in both rats and mice-PB contains few GABAergic neurons, and that most of its GABAergic inputs arise from CeA. (iasp-pain.org)

However, the postsynaptic membrane potential will not change by more than a few millivolts from resting potential with a single presynaptic release of glutamate, because not many AMPAR channels open. (wikipedia.org)
A single AMPAR-mediated EPSP has a rise time-to-peak of approximately 2-5 ms and a duration of approximately 30 ms. If a synapse is being stimulated at 100 Hz, the presynaptic neuron will be attempting to release glutamate once every 10 ms. An EPSP occurring only 10 ms after a previous EPSP will arrive at a time when that previous EPSP is at its peak amplitude. (wikipedia.org)
In forming a distal, lateral synaptic network, horizontal cells enrich not only their own physiology but that of presynaptic and postsynaptic partners. (org.es)
After depolarization occurs and the electrical blip travels past a given region, the neuron quickly begins to repolarize, resetting ion concentrations to presynaptic levels. (thephilosophyforum.com)

This depolarization was thought of as excitation, and if the excitation was large enough, action potentials, or nerve spikes, were generated to transfer signals down the length of the nerve-cell axon. (org.es)
The main structures of a neuron are the axon, dendrites and soma. (thephilosophyforum.com)
Each neuron has only one axon. (thephilosophyforum.com)
The synaptic cleft is on the far side of the axon from the soma, where axon and dendrites make connections for transmitting a signal between neurons. (thephilosophyforum.com)
Neuron firing begins with communication transmitted from an axon to dendrites at the synaptic cleft. (thephilosophyforum.com)
With enough signal strength, ion channels around the axon hillock start letting ions flow through the outer membrane, instigating a longer chain reaction called an action potential. (thephilosophyforum.com)
The timing of Met expression is linked to axon terminal outgrowth and synaptogenesis in the developing rodent and primate forebrain, and both in vitro and in vivo studies implicate this RTK in dendritic branching, spine maturation, and excitatory connectivity in the neocortex. (biomedcentral.com)
Colbert CM, Johnston D (1996) Axonal action-potential initiation and Na+ channel densities in the soma and axon initial segment of subicular pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)

Horizontal cell actions are in turn tuned by neuromodulators released by other retinal neurons. (org.es)
The third step is for neurons to form synaptic connections with other retinal neurons. (org.es)

Another possibility, not mutually exclusive to the previous one, is that CC projections selectively synapse onto looped neurons directly to form interareal monosynaptic loops, which would be excitatory since most long-range cortical afferents are glutamatergic. (elifesciences.org)
The adult cricket auditory system is capable of compensating for the unilateral loss of an ear with robust dendritic sprouting of deafferented dendrites followed by de novo synapse formation with the contralateral afferents [ 3 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
His Postsynaptic potential research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Synaptic plasticity, Synapse, Neurotransmission and Biological neural network. (research.com)

The review focuses on discussing the neuroplastic mechanisms of those brain stimulation techniques in stroke rehabilitation, also including some new options for neuromodulation which have great potential in stroke rehabilitation, such as optogenetic stimulation and environmental stimulation. (bnmjournal.com)

Bursts are suggested to provide an alerting signal to the cortex and enhance stimulus detection, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear, because the postsynaptic responses of different subtypes of cortical neurons to unitary thalamocortical bursts are mostly unknown. (jneurosci.org)
The first intracellular, light-evoked responses recorded in the vertebrate retina were slow, negative going changes in membrane potential that lasted for as long as the light stimulus was present (Fig. 1). (org.es)
As shown in figure 1, S-potentials are membrane hyperpolarizations that last for as long as the light stimulus is present. (org.es)
The brighter the stimulus, the larger the amplitude of the S-potential until a saturation level is reached. (org.es)
In figure 1B, the duration of a light stimulus of fixed intensity is altered in order to examine the temporal properties of S-potentials. (org.es)
In S-potentials this 'critical duration' varies considerably with stimulus conditions (2). (org.es)
Hyperexcitability can be defined as the increased likelihood that a neuron will be activated by a certain stimulus. (nature.com)
Animals with pain after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-Pain) displayed higher spontaneous and evoked activity in PB neurons, and a dramatic increase in after-discharges-responses that far outlast the stimulus-compared to controls. (iasp-pain.org)

Spectral analysis of the local field potentials revealed an increase in the β/low γ range of WT mice following the abrupt reversal of contrast gratings. (biomedcentral.com)

Next, we measured spontaneous synaptic excitation and inhibition onto CA1 pyramidal neurons. (bvsalud.org)
At night, CA1 pyramidal neurons showed enhanced excitability (action potential firing and/or baseline potential) that was dependent on synaptic excitation and inhibition, regardless of sex. (bvsalud.org)
Here we demonstrate that similar activity amplification occurs in mice, and that this is related to suppressed inhibition to PB neurons from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in animals of either sex. (iasp-pain.org)
We describe a novel pathway, consisting of inhibition by dynorphin, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the parabrachial nucleus (PB). (iasp-pain.org)

Importantly, activity recordings at the level of single neurons, neuronal networks or even entire brain regions consistently show hyperexcitability in the early stages of AD (summarized in Table 1 ). (nature.com)
This evidence comes from laboratory models of AD, as well as living patients, showcasing the potential of neuronal excitability changes as a biomarker for early detection of AD. (nature.com)
Cell assemblies and central pattern generators (CPGs) are related types of neuronal networks: both consist of interacting groups of neurons whose collective activities lead to defined functional outputs. (degruyter.com)
Neuronal connections are made with exquisite accuracy between specific types of neurons. (stanford.edu)
FHM1 mutations result in gain-of-function of recombinant human Ca V 2.1 channels and native neuronal Ca V 2.1 channels in FHM1 knock-in mice, causing the enhancement of action potential evoked Ca 2+ influx [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Cepeda C, Buchwald NA, Levine MS (1993) Neuromodulatory actions of dopamine in the neostriatum are dependent upon the excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes activated. (yale.edu)

Excitotoxicity (the toxic overstimulation of neurons by the excitatory transmitter Glutamate) is a central process in widespread neurodegenerative conditions such as brain ischemia and chronic neurological diseases. (biomedcentral.com)

The weight matrices of the DNN provide new insights into the I/O function of cortical pyramidal neurons, and the approach presented can provide a systematic characterization of the functional complexity of different neuron types. (biorxiv.org)
Differentiate the functional roles between the two main cell classes in the brain, neurons and glia. (nobaproject.com)
Much like words, brain cells, called neurons, have an underlying structure that provides the foundation for their functional purpose. (nobaproject.com)
Ramón y Cajal (1911) boldly concluded that discrete individual neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. (nobaproject.com)

Loss of Tao kinase resulted in exuberant postsynaptic specializations and aberrant connectivity during larval growth. (sdbonline.org)

Since some of you at this site have shown interest in current theories regarding physics of the brain such as Orch-Or, I thought it could be fun to post an excerpt from a paper I'm publishing on the application of my coherence field theory to neuroscience for your entertainment. (thephilosophyforum.com)
His studies in Neuroscience integrate themes in fields like Postsynaptic potential and Hebbian theory. (research.com)

Neurons are typically assumed to encode values-such as the orientation of a bar-using their mean firing rate, with individual spikes emitted using a Poisson process ( Dean, 1981 ). (frontiersin.org)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thalamocortical neurons relay sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex using both single spikes and high-frequency bursts, but the function of bursts is not fully understood. (jneurosci.org)
Using brain slices from mouse somatosensory thalamus and cortex, we achieved the first dual recordings of directly connected thalamic and cortical neurons and compared between cortical responses to single thalamic spikes and to bursts. (jneurosci.org)

Our results reveal that CC connections are selectively wired to form monosynaptic excitatory loops and support a differential role of supragranular and infragranular neurons in hierarchical recurrent computations. (elifesciences.org)

Several reports have shown modulation of Cys-loop receptors by phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids independent of cannabinoid receptors with potential physiological or therapeutic consequences. (researchgate.net)
Berger B, Febvret A, Greengard P, Goldman-Rakic PS (1990) DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein enriched in dopaminoceptive neurons bearing dopamine D1 receptors: distribution in the cerebral cortex of the newborn and adult rhesus monkey. (yale.edu)

This balance point is reached at around 0 mV (i.e. the reversal potential of the EPSP current is roughly 0 mV). (wikipedia.org)
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) does not, in resting or near-resting membrane potential conditions, contribute significant current to the EPSP. (wikipedia.org)
This is called an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential). (thephilosophyforum.com)

Song progression is paced by HVC (RA) neurons, which project to the primary downstream target area, known as the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) ( Figure 1a ). (elifesciences.org)
Cnnectivity between primary nociceptors and their downstream neurons was shown to scale with animal size. (sdbonline.org)
Vigor of signal transmission between neurons is determined by the frequency of depolarizations rather than voltage intensity, with more rapid rates of pulse stimulating stouter responses downstream. (thephilosophyforum.com)

In 18 additional cortical neurons, we elicited unitary burst responses optogenetically. (jneurosci.org)
Before the morphological source of these responses became clear, they were called simply S-potentials (1). (org.es)
Cepeda C, Radisavljevic Z, Peacock W, Levine MS, Buchwald NA (1992) Differential modulation by dopamine of responses evoked by excitatory amino acids in human cortex. (yale.edu)

We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)
These CeA GABA neurons express dynorphin, somatostatin and/or corticotropin releasing hormone. (iasp-pain.org)

Thus, long-range CC projections could selectively participate in excitatory monosynaptic loops by preferentially contacting looped IT neurons, while avoiding neighboring non-looped IT, PT, and CT neurons. (elifesciences.org)

The AMPA receptor (AMPAR) is the engine that drives excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). (wikipedia.org)

Dendritic error backpropagation in deep cortical microcircuits. (research.com)
Neuron geometry underlies universal network features in cortical microcircuits. (epfl.ch)

and the large and prolonged Ca 2 + spike at the apical dendrite of L5 cortical pyramidal neurons ( M E Larkum, Zhu, and Sakmann 1999 ). (biorxiv.org)
Brody CD, Hernandez A, Lemus L, Romo R (1999) Interactions between single prefrontal neurons during parametric working memory. (yale.edu)
Destexhe A, Paré D (1999) Impact of network activity on the integrative properties of neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. (yale.edu)

The goal of this module is to become familiar with the anatomical structure of neurons and to understand how neurons communicate by electrochemical signals to process sensory information and produce complex behaviors through networks of neurons. (nobaproject.com)
These qualities allowed Cajal to examine the full anatomical structure of individual neurons for the first time. (nobaproject.com)

The hippocampus from some cohorts were harvested for immunostaining or Western blotting of c1q, Iba-1, CD68, PSD95 and dendritic spine density or for transcriptome and proteomics analysis. (imperial.ac.uk)
Memory tests showed mild to a strong improvement in memory function, increased expression levels of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which are involved in synaptic plasticity and amyloid-beta (Aβ) elimination, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ (1991) Restricted cortical termination fields of the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rat. (yale.edu)

The Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb (1949 ) is credited with inventing the concept, which was based on appealing - but speculative - ideas of how excitatory neurons ought to be synaptically interconnected, ought to have their interconnections modified, and ought to function together. (degruyter.com)

The establishment of neural circuits depends on the ability of axonal growth cones to sense their surrounding environment en route to their target. (biologists.com)
Explain features of axonal and synaptic communication in neurons. (nobaproject.com)
Potential for tissue repair in multiple sclerosis Jack Antel Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurologic Institute, McGill University Demyelination with inflammation is the hallmark of acute lesions underlying relapses in MS. Clinical recovery reflects resolution of inflammation, axonal re-organization, and remyelination. (docksci.com)

The excessive influx of ions (especially Ca 2+ ) into the postsynaptic neurons leads to their cell death via a spectrum of mechanisms that range from necrosis (at the core of the ischemic damage) to apoptosis or even recovery (at the penumbra). (biomedcentral.com)

To understand the laminar interaction dynamics after ECM digestion, we used time-domain conditional Granger causality (GC) measures to identify the increased drive of supragranular layers towards deeper infragranular layers. (nature.com)

FF and FB afferents showed similar cell-type selectivity, making stronger connections with looped neurons than with other projection types in layer (L)5 and L6, but not in L2/3, resulting in selective modulation of activity in looped neurons. (elifesciences.org)
Contrast-driven ɣ modulation in V1 activity occurs at a much higher frequency in FHM1. (biomedcentral.com)

Neuromorphic sensory-processing systems provide an ideal context for exploring the potential advantages of temporal coding, as they are able to efficiently extract the information required to cluster or classify spatio-temporal activity patterns from relative spike timing. (frontiersin.org)
This illustrates the temporal summation of the S-potential, following Bloch's law. (org.es)
FHM1 mice displayed similar amplitude but slower temporal evolution of visual evoked potentials. (biomedcentral.com)

The central nervous system of the Mediterranean field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus , shows an unusual capacity for compensatory plasticity, most obviously in the auditory system and the cercal escape system. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, firing a burst instead of a single spike would more than double the probability of firing in postsynaptic excitatory neurons and in SOM, but not FS, interneurons. (jneurosci.org)

The ganglion cells are the first to emerge as recognizable neurons with axons passing to the optic nerve and central brain structures (Fig. 1a and b). (org.es)

As opposed to traditional models for RNNs (such as LSTMs) which are based on continuous-valued neurons operating in discrete time, our model consists of discrete-valued (spiking) neurons operating in continuous time. (rctn.org)

These observations led to the common assumption that the main mode of information transmission in most brain areas is encoded in the neurons average spike-frequency. (frontiersin.org)

Neurons are the computational building blocks of the brain. (biorxiv.org)
Computational studies suggest that this shift is specifically due to enhanced cortical excitatory transmission. (biomedcentral.com)

In most cases, stronger connections in looped L5 neurons were located on their apical tufts, but not on their perisomatic dendrites. (elifesciences.org)

Information transmission in neural networks is often described in terms of the rate at which neurons emit action potentials. (frontiersin.org)
To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons. (aopwiki.org)

These pathological changes were accompanied with the significantly decreased excitatory synaptic transmission, disturbed theta oscillations, impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation, and cognitive impairments. (imperial.ac.uk)

In light of recent research indicating hyperexcitability could be a predictive marker of cognitive dysfunction, we further argue that the hyperexcitability phenotype could be leveraged to improve the diagnosis and treatment of AD, and present potential targets for future AD treatment development. (nature.com)
Altered network properties in C9ORF72 repeat expansion cortical neurons are due to synaptic dysfunction. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)

Conversely, far from the soma the targets were mostly other excitatory neurons, about half of these being other HVC (RA) cells. (elifesciences.org)

Magnesium ions carrying a double positive charge can be acted upon by the field. (wikipedia.org)
As a cell is depolarized, the field effect on the magnesium ion weakens, and the dwell time of magnesium ions within the channel decreases. (wikipedia.org)
Because a neuron is more porous to K+ than Na+, sodium-potassium pumps are located throughout the cell membrane, helping to restore ion concentrations of the resting potential by a constant ferrying of two K+ ions into the cell accompanied by three Na+ ions out of the cell. (thephilosophyforum.com)

The Na+ and K+ permeabilities of the AMPAR channel are roughly equal, so when this channel is open the resulting change in membrane potential tends towards zero (a bit more than halfway between the equilibrium potentials EK and ENa). (wikipedia.org)
As such, it also spans the electric field generated by the membrane potential. (wikipedia.org)

Background: Exercise as a subset of physical activity is a cornerstone in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) based on its pleiotropic effects, but continued progression of the field requires better future designs and methodologies. (inims.de)

Anatomy88

Organisms20

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs89

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes34

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science2

Health Care2

Inhibitory15

Synapses11

Spines6

Stimuli6

Inputs10

Presynaptic4

Axon8

Retinal neurons2

Synapse3

Stimulation1

Stimulus8

Local field pote1

Inhibition4

Neuronal5

Subtypes1

Glutamate1

Functional4

Connectivity1

Neuroscience2

Spikes3

Computations1

Receptors2

EPSP3

Downstream3

Responses3

GABA2

Preferentially1

AMPA1

Cortical microcircuits2

19993

Anatomical2

PSD952

Thalamic1

Synaptically1

Axonal3

Influx1

Dynamics1

Modulation2

Temporal3

Plasticity1

Probability1

Emerge1

Discrete1

Frequency1

Computational2

Apical1

Action2

Oscillations1

Dysfunction2

Targets1

Ions3

Membrane potential2

Progression1