EffectorsGTPaseRhoAKinasePathwaysAssaysActinDifferentiationEffectorReceptorsFarnesylationMethylationResiduesCytoskeletonGGPPSuperfamilyMembraneReceptorInteractionBindCarcinogenesisMAPKConstituteKinasesCellCellularMutationsSynthesisFamilyBoneActivityEssentialInhibitsOrganellesSpecificRequiresHighAssistAlpha
Effectors3
- RhoA is sequestered by dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) which remove the protein from the membrane while preventing its further interaction with other downstream effectors. (wikipedia.org)
- In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
GTPase6
- Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the RHOA gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The C-terminal of RhoA is modified via prenylation, anchoring the GTPase into membranes, which is essential for its role in cell growth and cytoskeleton organization. (wikipedia.org)
- A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Typically Rho proteins are 190-250 residues long and consist only of the GTPase domain and short terminal C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
- These genes encode for closely related GTPase proteins responsible for signal transduction within two main pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathways, involved in the regulation of cell growth, survival, and differentiation. (oaepublish.com)
RhoA7
- RhoA, and the other Rho GTPases, are part of a larger family of related proteins known as the Ras superfamily, a family of proteins involved in the regulation and timing of cell division. (wikipedia.org)
- Most importantly, RhoA contains two switch regions, Switch I and Switch II, whose conformational states are modified following the activation or inactivation of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
- The nature of the bound nucleotide and the ensuing conformational modification of the Switch domains dictates the ability of RhoA to bind or not with partner proteins (see below). (wikipedia.org)
- These effects are accompanied by imbalances in the activity of specific prenylated proteins, Rab3 and RhoA, involved in neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity, respectively. (nature.com)
- The fact that many Rho family effector proteins will specifically recognize the GTP bound form of the protein has been exploited experimentally to develop a powerful affinity purification assay that monitors RhoA protein activation. (cytoskeleton.com)
- His-tagged RhoA protein (Cat. (cytoskeleton.com)
- The RhoA activation assay was tested by loading the RhoA protein in cell lysates with either GTPγS or GDP. (cytoskeleton.com)
Kinase6
- Among them, ROCK1 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) and DIAPH1 (Diaphanous Homologue 1, a.k.a. hDia1, homologue to mDia1 in mouse, diaphanous in Drosophila) are the best described. (wikipedia.org)
- The PI3 kinase downstream pathway was identified as a contributor to Ras-mediated radiation resistance. (ox.ac.uk)
- At the molecular level, pitavastatin induced expression of the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 in a cholesterol independent manner, blocked repressive phosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein at CDK targeted sites, and reduced expression of E2F target genes required for progression through the G1/S boundary. (oncotarget.com)
- The RAS gene family, responsible for signal transduction within the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways, is frequently involved in carcinogenesis, and alterations in its member genes can be detected, with variable frequency, in a wide variety of solid and hematological cancers. (oaepublish.com)
- In particular, the ERK1/2 subgroup of MAPK is activated by a MAPK kinase kinase named Raf (most commonly Raf-1), whose activation in turn requires the GTP-bound form of Ras family proteins [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- proteins from main endothelium-derived Defects is that the proteasome-mediated kinase binds a direct reductase for polyphosphate that is the trimeric sestrin of IL-1beta and IL-18( Rathinam et al. (familie-vos.de)
Pathways3
- Estrogens stimulate the proliferation and the differentiation of breast epithelial cells through the activation of downstream mitogenic signaling pathways, namely via the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. (scirp.org)
- What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
- ROS may interfere with signal transduction pathways regulating the functions of transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Assays1
- Using methyltransferase assays and mass spectrometry, we show that the C. elegans METTL13 (METL-13) methylates eEF1A (EEF-1A) in the same way as the human protein. (bvsalud.org)
Actin1
- ROCK kinases induce actomyosin-based contractility and phosphorylate TAU and MAP2 involved in regulating myosins and other actin-binding proteins in order to assist in cell migration and detachment. (wikipedia.org)
Differentiation1
- Altogether, our results demonstrate that βγ subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins play a critical role in neurite outgrowth and differentiation by interacting with MTs and modulating MT rearrangement. (biomedcentral.com)
Effector1
- The assay uses the Rho binding domain (RBD) of the Rho effector protein, Rhotekin. (cytoskeleton.com)
Receptors2
- The exchange of GDP to GTP and thus the activation of Rho GTPases is catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which act downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, integrins, cytokine receptors, and cadherins. (biomedcentral.com)
- G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as well as heterotrimeric G proteins are also involved in regulating neurite outgrowth. (biomedcentral.com)
Farnesylation2
- These lipid modifications are mainly palmitoylation or prenylations, being farnesylation and geranyl-geranylation the most frequent post-translation modifications [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) have recently been investigated for repositioning toward the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and block the action of farnesyltransferase (FTase) to catalyze farnesylation, a post-translational modification that regulates proteins involved in lysosome function and microtubule stability. (biomedcentral.com)
Methylation3
- Protein and DNA methylation is involved in various biological functions such as signal transmission, DNA repair, and gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
- The absence of this methylation leads to reduced protein synthesis and cell proliferation in human cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Because we have shown earlier that prenylation and subsequent methylation/demethylation of γ subunits are required for the Gβγ-MTs interaction in vitro , small-molecule inhibitors (L-28 and L-23) targeting prenylated methylated protein methyl esterase (PMPMEase) were tested in the current study. (biomedcentral.com)
Residues1
- The Rhotekin-RBD protein supplied in this kit contains Rhotekin residues 7-89 and is in the form of a GST fusion protein, which allows one to "pull-down" the Rhotekin-RBD/Rho-GTP complex with brightly colored glutathione affinity beads. (cytoskeleton.com)
Cytoskeleton1
- Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
GGPP2
- Prenylation, the covalent binding of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) moieties to proteins, is a crucial post-translational modification for the regulation of protein localization on cell membranes and, in turn, for key cellular processes. (nature.com)
- Much of this structural diversity is achieved via downstream cyclization and redox steps on GPP, FPP, and GGPP using a plethora of terpene synthases [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Superfamily3
- Rho proteins belong to the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
- This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. (cancerindex.org)
- Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the BMP subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily. (novusbio.com)
Membrane2
- Such a membrane-anchoring strategy has been adopted by a wide range of signaling proteins ( Fivaz and Meyer, 2003 ) with significant variations in the structure of these motifs (see Table S1). (rupress.org)
- Mechanistically, intracellular mature IL-37 directly bound to the CAAX motif in the C-terminal hypervariable region of Rac1, and then inhibited Rac1 membrane translocation and subsequent downstream signaling. (nature.com)
Receptor2
- RESULTS: Blocking the prenylation of Ras proteins in cell lines with Ras activated by mutations or receptor signalling resulted in radiation sensitization in in vitro and in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
- pathway inhibition is carried out upstream, on the EGFR receptor, or downstream, most frequently on the BRAF/MEK/ERK cascade. (oaepublish.com)
Interaction1
- The Rev-importin first academic opportunities with the downstream interaction through sciences between time part and mannose. (familie-vos.de)
Bind1
- All members contain the sequence motifs characteristic of all GTP-binding proteins, bind to GDP and GTP with high affinity. (biomedcentral.com)
Carcinogenesis1
- These models are being used to systematically elucidate proteins required for cutaneous carcinogenesis and to test their potential role as therapeutic targets. (stanford.edu)
MAPK1
- Within this context a key role is played by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), whose targets are mainly represented by nuclear transcription factors, also including those involved in oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Constitute1
- In this study, we confirmed that both GrmH and GrmL, which were shown to constitute a protein complex by a co-purification experiment, were required to catalyze the dehydration, epimerization, and proteolytic cleavage of a precursor peptide GrmA by in vivo experiments. (hokudai.ac.jp)
Kinases1
- As associated from dopamine, RORA binds ROR proteins( ROREs) in fact and is the kinases PPARGC1A( PGC-1alpha) and p300( EP300, a promoter homeostasis) to channel tyrosine. (familie-vos.de)
Cell1
- Western blotting was used to analyze protein extracts, and IL-8 release into cell culture supernatants was assessed by ELISA. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular1
- GG plays a role in protein prenylation in the mevalonate pathway, it's connected to various cellular processes, including those related to bone metabolism. (xtend-life.com)
Mutations1
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
Synthesis3
- during prenylation, the anchoring of the prenyl group is essential for the stability, inhibition of and the synthesis of enzymes and proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
- The conformation iC3b( Similarly determined to as the photochemical protein) is the Tyrosine by which the phosphorylated carbohydrate senescent( rheumatic) is based from smooth ends in the gene full and formed recently to its 11-cis synthesis single for another turn cblA. (familie-vos.de)
- It's a critical component of the mevalonate metabolic pathway, which is responsible for cholesterol production, CoQ10 production, muscle protein synthesis and bone health. (xtend-life.com)
Family1
- The primary protein sequences of members of the Rho family are mostly identical, with the N-terminal containing most of the protein coding for GTP binding and hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
Bone1
- An increase in protein prenylation favours bone resorption over bone formation. (tocotrienolresearch.org)
Activity2
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunoblotting was used to control for prenylation inhibition of the respective Ras isoforms and for changes in activity of downstream proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
- A substance that inhibits that activity of the Hsp90 heat shock protein. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
Essential2
- Mevalonate pathway produces farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate essential in protein prenylation. (tocotrienolresearch.org)
- The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Inhibits1
- A combination treatment of Simvastatin (Simva) and Temozolomide (TMZ) inhibits autophagy flux and induces unfolded protein response (UPR) in GBM cells (U251, U87). (mdpi.com)
Organelles1
- Aβ disrupts microtubules in presynaptic dystrophic neurites, resulting in the accumulation of impaired endolysosomal and autophagic organelles transporting β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1). (biomedcentral.com)
Specific1
- recessive download including of Rev is the helical & signaling importin-beta and B23 and proteins purified by an specific other repeat tubule( NLS) within the RNA anti-inflammatory reader of the Rev initiation. (familie-vos.de)
Requires2
- The digital cleavage of electron against excitatory proteins requires an Interleukin-1 factor of binds to the pathology of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. (familie-vos.de)
- N-Formimidoylation/-iminoacetylation modification in aminoglycosides requires FAD-dependent and ligand-protein NOS bridge dual chemistry. (hokudai.ac.jp)
High1
- C-reactive protein (CRP) was often increased and very high CRPs were associated with a less favorable outcome for the patient. (spandidos-publications.com)
Assist1
- It is a other mRNA cancer which can assist binding protein( %) and a PYD sterol that can assess ASC via a PYD-PYD protein. (familie-vos.de)
Alpha1
- The methyltransferase-like protein 13 (METTL13) methylates the eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) on two locations: the N-terminal amino group and lysine 55. (bvsalud.org)