• RPTOR is an evolutionarily conserved protein with multiple roles in the mTOR pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxidative stress increases the formation of the complex formed with RPTOR, G3BP1, and SPAG5 RPTOR has also been shown to interact with: FKBP1A, P70-S6 Kinase 1 RHEB, RICTOR, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), The clinical significance of RPTOR is primarily due to its involvement in the mTOR pathway, which plays roles in mRNA translation, autophagy, and cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • In turn, active PDK1, along with mTORC1, phosphorylates S6K in the part of the mTOR pathway which promotes protein synthesis and cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Shc- and/or Grb2-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a common target downstream of all ErbB receptors. (genome.jp)
  • Similarly, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) pathway is directly or indirectly activated by most ErbBs. (genome.jp)
  • Some of these proteins, such as MEK, belong to the MAP-Kinase pathway and are critical regulators of cell proliferation and survival. (broadinstitute.org)
  • In summary, TSN reduces podocyte damage induced by high glucose via inhibiting mTORC1 pathway and downstream targets and restoring podocyte autophagy. (hindawi.com)
  • A common feature of these genes is that their products have all been strongly implicated as positive regulators of the Ras/ MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. (bionity.com)
  • Activated AKT phosphorylates mTOR and results in the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote its downstream effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6Ks), for viral protein translation. (genscript.com)
  • For instance, it can be activated by oncogenic mutations of PTEN, VHL, the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In this preliminary study we assessed the role of Protein kinase C (PKC) in CD47-mediated phosphatidylserine expression pathway in jurkat T cells. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
  • The ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is one of two mammalian p70-RSK proteins, acting as a downstream mediator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and/or the Ras-MAPK pathway . (axonmedchem.com)
  • Rho-kinase regulates a second pathway that involves activation of LIM-kinases (LIMKs) and subsequent phosphorylation and inactivation of cofilin, an actin dynamizing protein. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The signaling pathway Rho-kinase/LIMKs/cofilin phosphorylation during platelet activation and the question, how the phosphorylation of cofilin affects the actin dynamics underlying platelet activation, has not previously been studied. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Inhibition of the Rho-kinase/LIMK-1 pathway unmasked cofilin dephosphorylation suggesting that during shape change the simultaneous activation of a cofilin phosphatase counteracts the effect of LIMK-1 for phosphorylating cofilin. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Since the kinetics of cofilin phospho-cycle was similar during secretion and platelet aggregation in LPA- and thrombin-stimulated cells, I propose a general two-step regulatory process for cofilin phospho-cycle underlying primarily secretion, and subsequently platelet aggregation: dephosphorylation by a cofilin phosphatase and then rephosphorylation by the Rho-kinase/LIMK-1 pathway. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Similar to course I PI3Ks, Vps34 can control cell development by regulating the mammalian rapamycin complicated 1 (mTORC1)/ribosomal proteins S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) pathway, which regulates proteins synthesis in response to amino acidity availability. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • Furthermore to Akt, effectors downstream of PI3K consist of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and Proteins kinase C (PKC), but of the numerous of PI3K signaling pathways, the PI3K/Akt pathway is most linked to atherosclerosis. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • SUMOylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that has been found to play a major role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • Proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been identified as SUMOylated substrates, and evidences suggested that the initiation and progression of cancers depended on the function of the SUMOylation ( 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In response to DNA-damaging agents, the wild-type p53-activated fragment 1 (WAF1 also known as p21) is an important downstream effector in the p53-specific growth arrest pathway. (lu.se)
  • The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) couples binding of extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways regulating diverse biologic responses, including proliferation, differentiation, cell motility, and survival. (genome.jp)
  • Signaling effectors containing binding pockets for pY-containing peptides are recruited to activated receptors and induce the various signaling pathways. (genome.jp)
  • Upon activation GTP-bound RHO-GTPases interact with a wide spectrum of effectors to regulate various cellular pathways including cytoskeletal dynamics motility cytokinesis cell growth apoptosis and transcriptional activity. (sciencepop.org)
  • Markedly, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by celastrol correlated with strong dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pathways known to regulate HIF-1α expression at the translational level. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Mutations in K-Ras and B-Raf activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pathways involved in cellular differentiation or transformation are Smad, Rho proteins, and PI3-kinase. (molvis.org)
  • More specifically, substrates with certain FYVE domains (named after the first four proteins in this motif, Fab1, YotB, Vac1p, and EEA1) bind PIP, and these pathways have been implicated in vesicular trafficking or receptor-mediated endocytosis ( 5 ). (asm.org)
  • One of the well established Rho-kinase-mediated signaling pathways is the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and its counteracting MLC phosphatase. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • They indicate that pathways involving STAT3, PI3K/AKT and, apparently, STAT5 are constitutively activated by this kinase. (upenn.edu)
  • Our analysis indicated that ligand affinity differentially affected signaling pathways associated with specific kinases and biological processes. (nature.com)
  • Activation of mTOR-dependent pathways regulates the specification and differentiation of CD4 + T effector cell subsets. (jci.org)
  • Signalling pathways mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are essential for cell survival due to their ability to detect changes in the extracellular environment and adaptively respond to them. (ucm.es)
  • MAPK pathways are widely distributed among eukaryotic cells and are composed of a three-tiered-protein kinase module, comprising a MAPKKK, a MAPKK, and a MAPK, which are activated by sequential phosphorylation. (ucm.es)
  • Despite this membrane-proximal effect, TNF selectively uncouples downstream signalling pathways, as is shown by the dramatic suppression of calcium signalling responses, while Ras/ERK activation is spared. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They transduce the signal to downstream components of the route, usually a GTPase and a protein kinase, which in turn activates the MAPK module. (ucm.es)
  • Lastly, the active MAPK phosphorylates its effectors, mostly transcription factors, which elicit the adaptive response. (ucm.es)
  • In the MAPK signalling cascades, the ERK proteins are sites where varied indicators converge to elicit specific biological reactions through activation from the ERK effectors. (ampkpathway.com)
  • The encoded protein also associates with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • It upregulates S6 kinase, the downstream effector ribosomal protein, and it downregulates the mTOR kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) household of proteins is a gaggle of extremely conserved Ser/Thr kinases that regulate various mobile processes, resembling cell progress, cell motility, cell survival and cell proliferation. (ncbcs.org)
  • The p70 ribosomal S6 kinases (S6K) and p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are distinct families of Ser/Thr kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) that regulate diverse cellular processes by phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (Rps6). (axonmedchem.com)
  • 1] Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 Signaling Regulates Mammalian Life Span. (axonmedchem.com)
  • p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase link phosphorylation of the eukaryotic chaperonin containing TCP-1 to growth factor, insulin, and nutrient signaling. (axonmedchem.com)
  • Homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (HIPKs) belong to the CMGC kinase family and are closely related to dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs). (nature.com)
  • HIPKs belong to the CMGC group of serine/threonine kinases and are part of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, EPO-induced neuroprotection as well as phosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl family member Bad was reduced by the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. (jneurosci.org)
  • Ligand binding to the four closely related members of this RTK family -epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also known as ErbB-1 or HER1), ErbB-2 (HER2), ErbB-3 (HER3), and ErbB-4 (HER4)-induces the formation of receptor homo- and heterodimers and the activation of the intrinsic kinase domain, resulting in phosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues (pY) within the cytoplasmic tail. (genome.jp)
  • Changes to the expression and phosphorylation of PAK1 and its effectors were determined by western blotting, and changes to the actin cytoskeleton were determined by performing an immunofluorescence assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Repetitive CP exposure increased striatal PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the D1 dopamine receptor downstream effector Ser845 of the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA receptor. (cdc.gov)
  • These enzymes catalyze on dopamine receptors and its signaling partners the addition (phosphorylation by kinases) and removal (dephosphorylation by phosphatases) of a cell chemical known as phosphate. (ohri.ca)
  • Here, we used time-resolved high-throughput proteomic analyses to identify and quantify the phosphorylation events and protein-protein interactions encoding T cell ligand discrimination in antigen-experienced T cells. (nature.com)
  • Although low-affinity ligands induced phosphorylation of the Cd3 chains of the T cell receptor and the interaction of Cd3 with the Zap70 kinase as strongly as high-affinity ligands, they failed to activate Zap70 to the same extent. (nature.com)
  • We defined quantitative signatures of ligand affinity based on protein phosphorylation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) stoichiometry for critical molecular events associated with TCR signaling. (nature.com)
  • The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] forms phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] via growth factor G and receptors protein-coupled receptors. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • PIP3 binds the intracellular signaling protein PDK1 and Akt as well as the promotes phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • Activated Akt activates or inhibits the downstream focus on proteins Poor, Caspase9, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- B), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) through phosphorylation, regulating cell proliferation thus, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, can regulate the function of proteins, determine the active state and subcellular location of proteins, and dynamically interact with other proteins related to carcinogenesis and progression ( 17 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These kinases lead to β-catenin stabilization through phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of GSK-3β either directly or indirectly. (lu.se)
  • Cultured neurons express EpoR, and the Janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) inhibitor AG490 abolished EPO-induced tolerance against OGD. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our study examined the effect of a selective Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, on corneal wound healing and potential stromal scarring after superficial keratectomy. (molvis.org)
  • Acanthamoeba -mediated brain endothelial cell death was abolished using LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. (asm.org)
  • Dr. Gray's research has had broad impact in the areas of kinase inhibitor design and in circumventing drug resistance. (stanford.edu)
  • Dr. Gray has also developed structure-based, generalized approaches for designing drugs to overcome one of the most common mechanisms of resistance observed against most kinase inhibitor drugs, mutation of the so-called 'gatekeeper' residue, which has been observed in resistance to drugs targeting BCR-ABL, c-KIT and PDGFR. (stanford.edu)
  • Primary series evaluation of caveolin-2 shows that caveolin-2 consists of a putative tyrosine kinase reputation theme (QLFMADDSpY) at tyrosine 19 and a conserved SH2 domain-binding theme (pYADP) Adrucil tyrosianse inhibitor at tyrosine 27 [31, 32]. (ampkpathway.com)
  • A phase 2 trial was designed that gave a signal, and then the landmark REGAIN trial was our first complement inhibitor targeting the fifth protein of the complement cascade. (medscape.com)
  • For the class II DYRK ortholog from D. melanogaster it was demonstrated that the critical tyrosine is cis -auto-phosphorylated by the nascent kinase in a transitory intermediate state during maturation at the ribosome 3 . (nature.com)
  • These include the adaptors Crk, Nck, the phospholipase C gamma (PLCgamma), the intracellular tyrosine kinase Src, or the Cbl E3 ubiquitin protein ligase. (genome.jp)
  • CDC42 also has distinct kinase effectors such as MRCK and the tyrosine kinase ACK and these kinases too might provide suitable drug targets in cancer. (sciencepop.org)
  • Activated CDC42 kinase (ACK or TNK2) is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to and is activated by CDC42 (22). (sciencepop.org)
  • ACK1 has been reported to regulate the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL to promote activation of. (sciencepop.org)
  • Expression of ALK in malignant T cells is typically due to the t(2;5) translocation resulting in formation of the fusion gene which encodes a 80-kDa hybrid protein that contains portion of the nuclear protein nucleophosmin (NPM) joined to the entire cytoplasmic portion of the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK. (upenn.edu)
  • FAK functions as a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and scaffolding protein, coordinating several downstream signaling effectors and cellular processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent research claim that caveolins work as scaffolding protein to connect to signalling substances like G-proteins, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Src-like kinases, eNOS, ERK and Ras [17, 18]. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Conversely, one report describes expansion of a biopsy-proven capillary malformation following partial surgical excision in an adult in whom the newly expanded capillary malformation expressed marked elevations of both tyrosine kinase receptor (Tie2) and its ligand angiopoietin-1 and no increase in VEGF. (medscape.com)
  • mTORC1 phosphorylates Atg13 and stops it from forming the ULK1 kinase complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, mTORC1 also phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), which will result in the separation of 4EBP1 from eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) for the translation of viral proteins in shrimp. (genscript.com)
  • This protein, a downstream effector of Rho, phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase, which in turn, phosphorylates cofilin, inhibiting its actin-depolymerizing activity. (thermofisher.com)
  • RSK phosphorylates a variety of proteins, including transcription factors, immediate-early gene products, translational regulators, enzymes, and structural proteins, that potentially link it to many biological processes such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and survival. (axonmedchem.com)
  • cAMP then activates protein kinase A (PKA) which phosphorylates downstream effectors that lead to a specific cellular response. (smpdb.ca)
  • When triggered, ERK phosphorylates different downstream substrates involved with a variety of mobile reactions for mitogenesis [6C8]. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Replication blockages activate the ATR kinase which, in turn, activates the downstream effector kinase Chk1 through the mediator protein, Claspin. (caltech.edu)
  • Next, we observed that Acanthamoeba specifically activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. (asm.org)
  • The FSH receptor activates G(s) proteins which leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and produces the secondary messenger cAMP. (smpdb.ca)
  • PIP3 is normally another messenger that activates downstream protein, being among the most essential of which is normally phosphoinositide-dependent proteins kinase-1 (PDK1), which handles the activation of PKB/AKT indication transduction. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • C-terminally adjacent to the HID follows a proline, glutamate, serine, and threonine (PEST)-rich domain, mediating proteasomal degradation of these kinases. (nature.com)
  • For example RAC and CDC42 share two protein serine-threonine kinase effectors in common - PAK and MLK - and inhibitors for both these kinases have been developed. (sciencepop.org)
  • Another common effector of CDC42 and RAC the mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that translate signals from cell surface receptors to MAPKs. (sciencepop.org)
  • The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily highly conserved intracellular serine/threonine kinase family member. (hindawi.com)
  • This gene encodes a protein serine/threonine kinase that is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of Rho. (thermofisher.com)
  • Whereas the standard immunosuppressive agents foster development of PTLDs, the impact of novel immunosuppressive agents from the group of selective inhibitors of TOR serine/treonine kinase such as rapamycin and its derivatives including RAD remains undetermined. (upenn.edu)
  • Regulatory-associated protein of mTOR also known as raptor or KIAA1303 is an adapter protein that is encoded in humans by the RPTOR gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adapter protein and mTOR kinase form a stoichiometric complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • RPTOR also has a positive role in maintaining cell size and mTOR protein expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • RPTOR is a 150 kDa mTOR binding protein that is part of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). (wikipedia.org)
  • It mainly forms the catalytic subunits of two protein complexes, including mTOR complex 1 (mTOR complex1, mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTOR complex2, mTORC2). (hindawi.com)
  • Herein, we show that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 have distinct roles in the generation of CD8 + T cell effector and memory populations. (jci.org)
  • First, we will discuss the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and its receptors, downstream signaling effectors [e.g., calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)], associated immediate early gene (e.g. (ulaval.ca)
  • We observed that dexamethasone exposure caused upregulation of Aurora kinase and its various downstream effector kinases such as JAK, p38, mTOR, and S6K. (lu.se)
  • The mammalian homologue similarly functions downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors. (bionity.com)
  • Although inhibitors of RHO GTPases and their downstream signaling kinases have not yet been widely adopted for clinical use their potential value as cancer therapeutics continues to facilitate Olmesartan medoxomil pharmaceutical research and development and is a promising therapeutic strategy. (sciencepop.org)
  • This process is usually regulated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors GTPase-activating proteins and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (1). (sciencepop.org)
  • While efforts continue to develop direct small GTPase inhibitors a PLCG2 promising and more conventional Olmesartan medoxomil therapeutic approach has been to block the activities of RHO GTPase effectors. (sciencepop.org)
  • While drug discovery efforts have largely focused on targeting FAK kinase activity, FAK inhibitors have failed to show efficacy as single agents in clinical trials. (bvsalud.org)
  • Indeed, we observed partial restoration of dexamethasone sensitivity with a combination of dexamethasone and inhibitors targeting either these kinases or β-catenin. (lu.se)
  • Autophagy is the "self-eating" process of degrading damaged proteins and organelles, as well as recycling intracellular energy to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. (hindawi.com)
  • While dopamine receptors mediate their effects on cells through the classical regulation of G proteins, they can also control cell activity in a G protein-independent manner via direct protein-protein interactions with effectors and other intracellular partners. (ohri.ca)
  • In cells, the extent of dopamine receptor activation is subjected to a dynamic regulation by intracellular enzymes called kinases and phosphatases. (ohri.ca)
  • These complexes appear to coordinate the movement intracellular proteins and messenger RNAs responsible for far ranging processes within cells. (grantome.com)
  • MPB assists in maintenance of intracellular amino acid levels, and likely plays a role in maintaining muscle protein quality by removing damaged proteins and allowing their constituent amino acids to be used for the synthesis of new functional muscle proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, the contribution of PAK1 to EOPK-induced AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) suppression was assessed by siRNA-mediated PAK1 knockdown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • both E2F1 and c-Myc are stimulating factors of H19 expression, and the H19 lncRNA functions as a downstream effector of c-Myc and E2F1 in tumor development and progression [ 11 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • PI3K and its own Downstream Effectors AKT, referred to as proteins kinase B (PKB), may be the primary effector that's downstream of PI3K. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • p21 activated kinases (PAKs) the most extensively studied CDC42 and RAC effector proteins consist of two subgroups made up of three members each: group I (PAK1-3) and group II (PAK4-6). (sciencepop.org)
  • PAKs are downstream effectors of the Rho family GTPases, which regulate cell motility and survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LIMK-1 can be activated by Rho-kinase as well as by p21-activated kinases (PAKs). (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Adenylyl cyclase subsequently converts ATP into cAMP, which functions as a downstream signaling molecule activating effectors like cAMP-dependent protein kinases, resulting in various bodily responses. (proteopedia.org)
  • A disruption in the interplay between kinases and phosphatases regulating dopamine receptors and its downstream partners has been implicated in brain diseases also linked to defects in dopamine neurotransmission. (ohri.ca)
  • Our major endeavors employ recombinant DNA technologies, RNA interference, biochemical and cell biological approaches to probe the underlying molecular relationships between dopamine receptor structure, G protein and effector regulation, kinases, phosphatases and drug action. (ohri.ca)
  • The majority of inositol lipids reside in membranes and serve as substrates for kinases, phosphatases, and phospholipases. (asm.org)
  • A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) compromise the largest group of multifunctional scaffolding proteins, which anchor not only Type II cAMP- dependent protein kinase (PKA), but also a variety of protein kinases, phosphatases, phosphodiesterases and targets of second messenger regulated signaling. (grantome.com)
  • PKN, casein kinase 1, phosphodiesterase 4D3, protein phosphatases 1 and 2a and calmodulin as well as a number of putative downstream effectors. (grantome.com)
  • RHO-A has a distinct set of effector kinases including the ROCK CITRON Olmesartan medoxomil and PRK1 all of which regulate cellular processes that contribute to tumorigenesis invasion and metastasis (12). (sciencepop.org)
  • Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play key roles in a variety of protein activities and cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
  • PTMs are involved in many protein activities and cellular processes, such as protein folding, stability, conformation, and some significant regulatory mechanisms [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Although one effector of Epac is the Ras-related G protein Rap1, it is not fully understood what the functional consequences of Epac-mediated signal transduction are at the cellular level. (nih.gov)
  • The RSK family of kinases: emerging roles in cellular signalling. (ncbcs.org)
  • The RSK family of kinases: emerging roles in cellular signaling. (axonmedchem.com)
  • The small GTPase Rho can regulate several aspects of cellular function, predominantly through its downstream effector Rho-kinase. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • SUMOylation of proteins is an important mechanism in cellular responses to environmental stress ( 21 , 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Activation of the D1 dopamine receptor/cAMP/PKA cascade is regulated by the neuronal protein kinase, Cdk5. (cdc.gov)
  • Accumulating evidence indicates that expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) defines a distinct type of T-cell lymphoma. (upenn.edu)
  • Homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (HIPKs) are an evolutionarily conserved kinase family comprising the members HIPK1, HIPK2, and HIPK3 in vertebrates, and, additionally, HIPK4 in mammals. (nature.com)
  • Course III PI3Ks, that are homologous towards the candida proteins Vps34, are evolutionarily conserved and may only only use PtdIns like a substrate Eptapirone to create PtdInsP3 during catalysis. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • We identify aberrant Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity as a principal mediator of rTBI. (bvsalud.org)
  • Several cytoplasmic docking proteins appear to be recruited by specific ErbB receptors and less exploited by others. (genome.jp)
  • Research in our laboratory focuses on the elucidation of the molecular and regulatory mechanisms controlling the functionality of a class of proteins called receptors located on the cell surface and to which the brain chemical dopamine attaches and induces their activation. (ohri.ca)
  • The dopamine receptors (D1R, D2R, D3R, D4R and D5R) are plasma membrane proteins sharing structural and functional similarities with one of the largest family of receptors found in living organisms. (ohri.ca)
  • Indeed, dopamine receptors belong to the large family of G protein-coupled receptors or GPCRs. (ohri.ca)
  • The communication or cross-talk between dopamine receptors and its effectors is mediated by the stimulation of molecular switches known as heterotrimeric G proteins on which dopamine receptors initiate a repetitive exchange cycle between two guanosine nucleotides: guanosine diphosphate or GDP-bound G proteins (switch off) guanosine triphosphate or GTP-bound G proteins (switch on). (ohri.ca)
  • Several types of Xoo virulence factors have been identified, including proteins associated with exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and motility, outer membrane (OM) proteins and TonB-dependent receptors, hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) proteins, and type III (T3) effectors [ 2 ]. (researchsquare.com)
  • GPCRs specializing in the recognition and attachment of dopamine instruct to cells specific chemical information through the recruitment of different effectors such as adenylyl cyclases (enzymes that synthesize a second messenger named cyclic AMP inside cells), ion channels and pumps (allowing cells to control the entry and exit of small charged molecules). (ohri.ca)
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are important signaling molecules that phosphorylate the 3′ OH position of the inositol ring of phosphoinositides (PIs), generating the second messengers PI(3)P, PI(3,4)P 2 , and PI(3,4,5)P 3 ( 4 , 17 ). (asm.org)
  • These second messengers recruit the downstream effector molecules. (asm.org)
  • The morphological and functional changes of platelets require a drastic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton regulated by numerous actin-binding proteins and signaling molecules such as the family of Rho-GTPases. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Our studies concentrate on identification of downstream effector molecules triggered by the NPM/ALK kinase. (upenn.edu)
  • In this study, using an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ ) approach coupled with LC-MS / MS and bioinformatics, the proteomes were analyzed for the crucial three stages covering the fruiting body development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis , including sclerotium (ST), primordium (PR) and mature fruiting body (MF), with a focus on fruiting body development-related proteins and the potential mechanisms of the development. (peerj.com)
  • 3. Mechanisms of malignant cell transformation by the chimeric NPM/ALK kinase. (upenn.edu)
  • On the basis of these data, it is proposed that T-cell survival and effector responses are driven by antigen-independent, cytokine-dependent mechanisms, and that therapeutic strategies that seek to restore T-cell homeostasis rather than further depress T-cell function should be explored in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among these effectors are several protein kinases that either are or might be amenable to small molecule inhibition. (sciencepop.org)
  • His research utilizes the tools of synthetic chemistry, protein biochemistry, and cancer biology to discover and validate new strategies for the inhibition of anti-cancer targets. (stanford.edu)
  • Effect confirmation in SH-SY5Y cells occurred after ATM depletion and osmotic stress better than nutrient/oxidative stress, but not after ATM kinase inhibition or DNA stressor bleomycin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Compared to kinase inhibition, targeted degradation of FAK exhibits pronounced improved activity on downstream signaling and cancer cell viability and migration. (bvsalud.org)
  • We utilized Cdk5-enriched phosphoproteomics to uncover potential downstream mediators of rTBI and show pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5 reduces the cognitive and pathological consequences of injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • The NPM/ALK kinase is constitutively activated and highly oncogenic. (upenn.edu)
  • Protein kinase C delta is a downstream effector of oncogenic KRAS in K-Ras-dependent lung tumors. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • The normal rate of Ras catalytic GTPase (GTP hydrolysis) activity can be increased by proteins of the RasGAP family, which bind to Ras and increase its catalytic rate by a factor of one thousand - in effect, increasing the rate at which Ras is inactivated. (bionity.com)
  • This may be explained because the SOS1 protein adopts an auto-inhibited conformation dependent on multiple domain-to-domain interactions that cooperate to block access of the SOS1 catalytic core to its Ras-GTPase targets [7] . (bionity.com)
  • Signaling is initiated when the Wnt ligand binds to the Frizzled receptor on the cell membrane and the LDL receptor-associated protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) co-receptor. (frontiersin.org)
  • As an alternative, current work aims at targeting crucial KRAS downstream effectors. (broadinstitute.org)
  • methylation at certain residues of histones can regulate gene expression [ 4 ], and glycosylation is responsible for targeting substrates and changing protein half-life [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Another focus of this study, DDK, is composed of the catalytic subunit Cdc7 and one of two distinct adaptor proteins, Drf1 or Dbf4. (caltech.edu)
  • Harris BA: Complete cDNA sequence of a human stimulatory GTP-binding protein alpha subunit. (smpdb.ca)
  • Different PTMs show distinct impacts on protein functions, and normal protein activities are consequences of all kinds of PTMs working together. (hindawi.com)
  • Small differences in binding kinetics between TCR ligands lead to marked differences in T cell effector function and differentiation. (nature.com)
  • Much of the remainder of the discussion focuses on the different ways in which, in the longer term, the chronic inflammatory process influences maturation, differentiation, and function of effector T cells at sites of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is now good evidence that there exists a coordinated programme of molecular events initiated at the outset of T-cell differentiation that leads to the generation of CD4 + Th effector cells [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Background The RHO family proteins RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA are small GTP-binding proteins that act as molecular switches shifting between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that define functions of RHO GTPases. (sciencepop.org)
  • Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf , and localizes them to the membrane resulting in their activation. (bionity.com)
  • PAK1 is an important effector of Rac and Cdc42 that regulates cell transformation and tumor proliferation [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Together, these results show that Rho-kinase regulates the F-actin increase underlying shape change and secretion, but it is not directly involved in aggregation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • To date, it is well known that lncRNAs participate in chromatin modifications and transcriptional and translational regulation of protein-encoding genes or regulate protein function and activity through specific binding [ 3 - 5 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on current findings regarding the nutritional regulation of MPS and highlight nutrition based strategies that may serve to maximize skeletal muscle protein anabolism with resistance exercise. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such factors include timing of protein intake, dietary protein type, the role of leucine as a key anabolic amino acid, and the impact of other macronutrients (i.e. carbohydrate) on the regulation of MPS after resistance exercise. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein product of the murine double minute gene 2 (mdm-2) plays a central role in the regulation of p53. (lu.se)
  • Further analysis revealed that celastrol inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the expression level of HIF-1α mRNA or degradation of HIF-1α protein. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Protein degradation is a critical component of all facets of cell biology, and recently methods have been developed to make use of targeted protein degradation as both an investigative tool and a potential therapeutic avenue. (bvsalud.org)
  • Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)
  • Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)
  • The aggregation of both amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides extracellularly and Tau proteins intracellularly plays key roles in the pathological consequences of AD, which lead to cholinergic neurodegeneration and eventually death. (inra.fr)
  • Because mTORC1 inhibits autophagy and stimulates cell growth, it can cause damaged proteins and cell structures to accumulate. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, due to constitutive mTORC1 activation, these cells retained a terminally differentiated effector phenotype and were incapable of transitioning into a memory state. (jci.org)
  • Akt impacts the cell blood sugar and routine fat burning capacity through GSK3, regulating cell development and success via mTORC1, S6K1and 4-E-binding proteins to regulate the systems of translation. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • However, the unusual phenotype of synovial T cells, including their profound proliferative hyporesponsiveness to TCR ligation, has challenged the notion that T-cell effector responses are driven by cognate cartilage antigens in inflamed synovial joints. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, there are now compelling data to suggest that chronic cytokine activation may contribute substantially to the phenotype and effector function of synovial T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two mRNAs from the gene have been identified that encode proteins of 1335 (isoform 1) and 1177 (isoform 2) amino acids long. (wikipedia.org)
  • Only 1.5% of nucleic acids in human genome are used for protein encoding, but other 98.5% of the genome does not encode proteins. (jcancer.org)
  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the protein patterns between PR and MF were more similar than ST. Differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) analysis showed that there were 510, 173 and 514 DAPs in the comparisons of ST vs. PR, PR vs. MF and ST vs. MF, respectively. (peerj.com)
  • These results were further confirmed using brain microvascular endothelial cells expressing dominant negative forms of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. (asm.org)
  • This is the first demonstration that Acanthamoeba -mediated brain microvascular endothelial cell death is dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. (asm.org)
  • Classical protein kinase C (PKC) family members are activated by the binding of various ligands to one of several cysteine-rich domains of the enzyme. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Provision of dietary amino acids increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS), an effect that is enhanced by prior resistance exercise. (biomedcentral.com)
  • at conserved places, which are important for activation of G protein effectors. (proteopedia.org)
  • Calmodulin then promotes the activation of protein kinase B (AKT) by interaction with the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of AKT. (genscript.com)
  • However, chromatin binding-deficient Claspin proteins can still mediate Chk1 activation in Claspin-depleted extracts, albeit with reduced efficiency. (caltech.edu)
  • Claspin mutant proteins unable to interact with DDK still bind to Chk1 and rescue Chk1 activation in Claspin-depleted extracts. (caltech.edu)
  • It was found that the activation of Rho-kinase is important for an increase in F-actin content underlying Ca2+-independent platelet shape change. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The activation of Rho-kinase was found to be upstream to secretion and integrin IIbβ3 activation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The rapid activation of Rho-kinase during secretion leads to a further increase in F-actin content as compared to shape change. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Our study shows that LIMK-1 activation was mainly Rho-kinase dependent in LPA- and thrombin-stimulated platelets. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Like Rho-kinase activation, it was also found that LIMK-1 activation was independent and upstream of integrin IIbβ3 activation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • the latter phase was due to Rho-kinase/LIMK-1 activation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Furthermore, the phosphatase SH2-including inositol phosphatase gets rid of the 5 phosphoric acidity from PI(3,4,5)P3, switching PI(3,4,5)P3 to PI(3,4)P2 and therefore obstructing the activation of its downstream effector substances (Durrant and Hers, 2020). (portefeuillessac.com)
  • This phospholipid works as another messenger for the recruitment of cytoplasmic protein to a particular plasma membrane or intimal placement. (portefeuillessac.com)
  • These ectatic vessels are lined by flat, benign-appearing endothelial cells, similar to the vessels of normal skin, with similar staining characteristics for endothelial antigens, including fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, and collagenous basement membrane proteins. (medscape.com)
  • When RPTOR is phosphorylated by AMPK, it interacts with 14-3-3 protein and inhibits its activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • PTEN inhibits the lipid-kinase activity of class I PtdIns3Ks, which phosphorylate PtdIns(4,5)P2 to create PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3). (wikipedia.org)