• DNA double strand breaks are regarded as one of the primary causes of cancer," says Kusch. (sciencedaily.com)
  • While there are natural mechanisms within an organism to detect and repair these breaks, factors involved in DNA damage repair must first bypass histones. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Multiprotein complexes are able to modify or mobilize histones to overcome the obstacle imposed by histones, and it has long been assumed that such complexes must act in concert with DNA repair enzymes at sites of DNA double-strand breaks. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It was unclear, however, which types of histone-modifying complexes do this job, how they target sites of DNA double-strand breaks, or how they remodel histones to assist DNA repair. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The complex acting in this process turned out to be identical to an already identified human complex that contained a number of candidate tumor suppressors including a specialized histone variant called H2A.X/v. H2A.X/v itself becomes phosphorylated by a DNA damage- recognizing factor in the proximity of DNA double-strand breaks. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) have detrimental effects on cell survival and genomic stability, and are related to cancer and other human diseases. (elifesciences.org)
  • The most deleterious DNA damages are double-strand breaks (DSBs), and a single unrepaired DSB can lead to cell death. (utexas.edu)
  • While these DNA transactions are essential for human fertility and the development of the immune system, misrepaired or unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can lead to chromosome rearrangements or cell death. (columbia.edu)
  • The Cell article is titled "Activity-Induced DNA Breaks Govern the Expression of Neuronal Early-Response Genes. (bioquicknews.com)
  • When we are young, our brains create DNA breaks as we learn new things, but our cells are absolutely on top of this and can quickly repair the damage to maintain the functionality of the system," Dr. Tsai says. (bioquicknews.com)
  • We performed more than 175 edits in human cells, including targeted insertions, deletions, and all 12 types of point mutation, without requiring double-strand breaks or donor DNA templates. (nature.com)
  • Kosicki, M., Tomberg, K. & Bradley, A. Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR-Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements. (nature.com)
  • We investigated the effects of acute (2-h) exposure to pulsed (2-micros pulse width, 500 pulses s(-1)) and continuous wave 2450-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA strand breaks in brain cells of rat. (nih.gov)
  • Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in individual brain cells were measured at 4h post-exposure using a microgel electrophoresis assay. (nih.gov)
  • An increase in both types of DNA strand breaks was observed after exposure to either the pulsed or continuous-wave radiation, No significant difference was observed between the effects of the two forms of radiation. (nih.gov)
  • DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious lesions that are generated in response to ionizing radiation or replication fork collapse that can lead to genomic instability and cancer. (preprints.org)
  • There are two main mechanisms for repairing double strand breaks: homologous recombination and classical nonhomologous end joining. (news-medical.net)
  • Studies have also found that double strand breaks can be repaired through alternative mechanisms such as single-stranded annealing and alternative joining during certain conditions. (news-medical.net)
  • Alternative joining has an undefined mechanism for repairing double strand breaks but is known to risk genomic integrity by joining end breaks on different chromosomes. (news-medical.net)
  • The kinetics of repair of oxidative DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidised pyrimidines) in human cells. (harvard.edu)
  • This damage takes the form of single-strand breaks (SSB), much less abundant double-strand breaks (DSB), alkali-labile sites, and various species of oxidised purines and pyrimidines (van Sonntag, 1987). (harvard.edu)
  • DNA breaks in living cells are fairly easily measured, and the time course of their repair has been studied. (harvard.edu)
  • Logic and necessities in the repair of DNA double strand breaks in higher eukaryotes. (oncoray.de)
  • Such outcomes can result from both the repair and misrepair of DNA ends, which arise from a variety of lesions including DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), collapsed replication forks and dysfunctional telomeres. (ox.ac.uk)
  • DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are mostly repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) in higher eukaryotes. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Since then, extensive research has shown that this special feature relies on specialized proteins and structural properties that confer identity to the chromosome ends, thus allowing cells to distinguish them from intrachromosomal DNA double-strand breaks. (unimib.it)
  • We hypothesized that this radiosensitization is caused by castration-mediated down-regulation of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mammalian cells are repaired by either homology-directed repair (HDR), using a homologous sequence as a repair template, or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), which often involves sequence alterations at the DSB site. (arizona.edu)
  • Here, we show that POLQ is not only required for MMEJ to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by endonucleases such as I-SceI or Cas9, but is also needed for repair of DSBs derived from DNA nicks generated by Cas9 nickase. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Researchers find that temporary double-stranded DNA breaks commonly result from normal neuron activation-but expression of an Alzheimer's-linked protein increases the damage. (the-scientist.com)
  • AB - Homologous recombination (HR) is a faithful repair mechanism for double stranded DNA breaks. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • 1) Various complex formation of Histone methyltransferases for repressive chromatin and the molecular basis of their formation, 2) Relationship between heterochromatin formation and repressive histone modification on inactive X chromosome, 3) Involvement of an HP1 binding protein in pathway choice for repairing double-strand breaks. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Buehl CJ, Goff NJ, Hardwick SW, Gellert M, Blundell TL, Yang W, Chaplin AK , Meek K. Two distinct long-range synaptic complexes promote different aspects of end processing prior to repair of DNA breaks by non-homologous end joining. (le.ac.uk)
  • [ 7 , 8 ] Sister chromatid exchanges are considered a sensitive indicator for cell genome instability, as they are thought to be the outcome of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from homologous recombination repair. (medscape.com)
  • A DNA-binding protein that mediates DNA REPAIR of double strand breaks, and HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ataxia telangiectasia Rad3-related (ATR) protein responds to UV damage, whereas the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein responds to double-strand breaks (DSBs) caused by ionizing radiation and radiomimetic compounds. (medscape.com)
  • Kif2C knockdown or knockout led to accumulation of endogenous DNA damage, DNA damage hypersensitivity, and reduced DSB repair via both NHEJ and HR. Interestingly, Kif2C depletion, or inhibition of its microtubule depolymerase activity, reduced the mobility of DSBs, impaired the formation of DNA damage foci, and decreased the occurrence of foci fusion and resolution. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, discovering new strategies to selectively inhibit the repair of DSBs remains a major goal in the development of more effective cancer therapies. (columbia.edu)
  • If NHEJ fails, DSBs may be nucleolytically cleaved to generate 3' single-stranded DNA overhangs via a process called end resection. (columbia.edu)
  • DNA movements can lead to the clustering of DSBs into a common repair focus. (columbia.edu)
  • Eukaryotes have evolved two major pathways, namely homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) to repair DSBs. (preprints.org)
  • If this complex is present at dsbs in vivo, it is likely to be a key participant in the first steps of dsbs repair. (grantome.com)
  • The effect of MILIP knockdown was associated with the accumulation of DNA DSBs in neuroblastoma cells largely due to decreased activity of the NHEJ DNA repair pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Disrupting the interaction between MILIP and Ku70 or Ku80 increased DNA DSBs and reduced cell viability with therapeutic potential revealed where targeting MILIP using Gapmers cooperated with the DNA -damaging drug cisplatin to inhibit neuroblastoma growth in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
  • These studies support the function of POLQ in coping with replication stress and repairing DSBs upon fork collapse. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The findings indicate that hydroquinone induces DSBs and induction correlates with elevated levels of DNA-PKcs and NHEJ. (cdc.gov)
  • In human cells, there exist two canonical pathways of DSB repair: Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR). Two protein complexes that rapidly bind DNA ends coordinate these separate pathways: the Ku70-Ku80 heterodimer (Ku) and the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex (MRN), respectively. (utexas.edu)
  • The resected DNA strands are poor substrates for NHEJ and instead search for homology in the genome to resynthesize the sequence surrounding the break site. (columbia.edu)
  • Here we examine non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) as the primary conserved DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair process in human cells. (escholarship.org)
  • Upon binding two DNA ends, auto-phosphorylation opens DNA-PKcs dimer licensing NHEJ via concerted conformational transformations of XLF-XRCC4, XLF-Ku80, and LigIV BRCT -Ku70 interfaces. (escholarship.org)
  • Whereas the roles of protein-DNA interactions in HR and NHEJ have been fairly well defined, the functions of small and long non-coding RNAs and RNA-DNA hybrids in the DNA damage response is just beginning to be elucidated. (preprints.org)
  • Here we review the mechanisms by which non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) repair pathways can both promote chromosomal rearrangements and also suppress them in response to such lesions, in accordance with their increasingly recognised tumour suppressor function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Unlike mammals, NHEJ-mediated DSB repair was undetectable in P. monodon. (iisc.ac.in)
  • We biopsied patients at diagnosis and before and after castration and radiotherapy treatments to monitor androgen receptor, NHEJ, and DSB repair in verified cancer tissue. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Finally, we reveal that PAXX promotes Ku-dependent DNA ligation in vitro and assembly of core nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) factors on damaged chromatin in cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we show that N-Myc transcriptionally activates the long noncoding RNA MILIP to promote nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair through facilitating Ku70-Ku80 heterodimerization in neuroblastoma cells . (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanistical investigations revealed that binding of MILIP to Ku70 and Ku80 increased their heterodimerization, and this was required for MILIP-mediated promotion of NHEJ DNA repair . (bvsalud.org)
  • Collectively, our findings identify MILIP as an N-Myc downstream effector critical for activation of the NHEJ DNA repair pathway in neuroblastoma cells , with practical implications of MILIP targeting, alone and in combination with DNA -damaging therapeutics , for neuroblastoma treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • DNA polymerase (POLQ) plays an important role in alternative nonhomologous end joining or microhomology-Mediated end joining (alt-NHEJ/MMEJ). (elsevierpure.com)
  • DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNAPKcs) regulates non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. (cdc.gov)
  • Since NHEJ is error-prone, induction of DNA-PKcs and NHEJ may contribute to mutagenesis and leukemia by benzene. (cdc.gov)
  • Cryo-EM structure of a DNA-PK trimer: higher order oligomerisation in NHEJ. (le.ac.uk)
  • Histones are proteins that condense DNA and protect it from mechanical and other stresses, but also make DNA rather inaccessible. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In this study, we identified microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin Kif2C as a protein associated with DSB-mimicking DNA templates and known DSB repair proteins in Xenopus egg extracts and mammalian cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Chapter 1 provides an overview of these pathways including the key steps of DSB repair, the regulation of actin nucleation, and the proteins involved in chromatin mobility. (columbia.edu)
  • The ADNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) comprises a complex between these three proteins, but the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the complex participates in DNA rejoining pathways is not known, and the precise role of the kinase activity of this complex is not known. (grantome.com)
  • Based on the current evidenc the principal investigator proposes that DNA-PK functions by binding to the ends of broken DNA and mediates the subsequent steps of DNA rejoining through the phosphorylation of proteins that colocalize with the complex on the DNA ends, including the Ku complex. (grantome.com)
  • To do this they will express various mutant versions of the three proteins in cells with defined genetic backgrounds that lack the Ku70, the Ku80 or the DNA-PKcs functions. (grantome.com)
  • Here we highlight some of the latest evidence where DNA-PKcs has been shown to localize not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm, phosphorylating various proteins involved in cellular metabolism and cytokine production. (molcells.org)
  • DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), encoded by PRKDC gene, is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, which also includes the two DNA damage repair proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related protein (ATR). (molcells.org)
  • We find that this type of non-canonical fork convergence in fission yeast is prone to trigger deletions between repetitive DNA sequences via a mechanism we call Inter-Fork Strand Annealing (IFSA) that depends on the recombination proteins Rad52, Exo1 and Mus81, and is countered by the FANCM-related DNA helicase Fml1. (elifesciences.org)
  • XRCC4 and XLF are two structurally related proteins that function in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This protein plays an important role in copying (replicating) DNA before cell division and transferring the information in genes to the cell machinery that makes proteins (transcription). (medlineplus.gov)
  • In contrast, MRN along with the long-range nuclease Exo1 and helicase BLM digests the DNA to create long 3' single-stranded DNA overhangs, which are rapidly bound by the single-stranded DNA binding protein RPA. (utexas.edu)
  • DSB repair may occur by multiple pathways, and the decision to use one pathway over another is influenced by cell cycle stage, the chromatin state, and the complexity of the inciting lesion. (columbia.edu)
  • DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family is a well-known player in repairing DNA double strand break through non-homologous end joining pathway. (molcells.org)
  • In contrast, HR-mediated DSB repair is the major double-strand break repair pathway in lower order organisms such as bacteria and yeast. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Therefore, the results suggest that, while HR is major DSB repair pathway in shrimp, MMEJ also plays a role in ensuring the continuity and stability of the genome. (iisc.ac.in)
  • A new tool called PRISM draws on virus-host interactions and a DNA repair pathway to help researchers visualize how cellular stress may contribute to neurodegenerative disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • In addition, KUB3 seems to influence DSB efficiency via the DNA-PK-dependent repair pathway as shown by simultaneous inhibition of KUB3 and DNA-PK. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • Classical nonhomologous end joining connects the break ends without a homologous template through the use of short DNA sequences called microhomologies. (news-medical.net)
  • These findings answer fundamental questions about DNA double-strand break repair," says Robb Krumlauf, Ph.D., Scientific Director of the Stowers Institute. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Each time we learn something new, our brain cells break their DNA, creating damage that the neurons must immediately repair, according to Dr. Li-Huei Tsai, the Picower Professor of Neuroscience and Director of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at MIT. (bioquicknews.com)
  • Cells physiologically break their DNA to allow certain important genes to be expressed," Dr. Tsai says. (bioquicknews.com)
  • In the case of neurons, they need to break their DNA to enable the expression of early-response genes, which ultimately pave the way for the transcriptional program that supports learning and memory, and many other behaviors. (bioquicknews.com)
  • X-ray scattering reveals disordered linkers and dynamic interfaces in complexes and mechanisms for DNA double-strand break repair impacting cell and cancer biology. (escholarship.org)
  • A new bioluminescent reporter that tracks DNA double stranded break repair in cells has been developed by researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital and the Academia Sinica in Taiwan. (news-medical.net)
  • DNA double-strand break repair pathways, chromosomal rearrangements and cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we demonstrate that the introduction of a DNA double-stranded break (DSB) adjacent to the approximately 70-base-pair (bp) repeats upstream of the transcribed VSG gene increases switching in vitro approximately 250-fold, producing switched clones with a frequency and features similar to those generated early in an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Castration radiosensitizes prostate cancer tissue by impairing DNA double-strand break repair. (ox.ac.uk)
  • PAXX, a paralog of XRCC4 and XLF, interacts with Ku to promote DNA double-strand break repair. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The N-Myc-responsive lncRNA MILIP promotes DNA double-strand break repair through non-homologous end joining. (bvsalud.org)
  • The protooncoprotein N-Myc, which is overexpressed in approximately 25% of neuroblastomas as the consequence of MYCN gene amplification , has long been postulated to regulate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in neuroblastoma cells , but experimental evidence of this function is presently scant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consistently, we found that POLQ deficiency leads to sensitivity to topoisomerase inhibitors that cause DNA single-strand break (SSB) accumulation at replication forks and to ATR inhibitors that induce replication fork collapse. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Here, we report that glioblastoma cell cultures with endogenous KUB3 gene amplification and with elevated KUB3 protein expression show an efficient double-strand break (DSB) repair after being irradiated with 1 Gy. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • Gene expression in benzene-exposed workers by microarray analysis of peripheral mononuclear blood cells: induction and silencing of CYP4F3A and regulation of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in DNA double strand break repair. (cdc.gov)
  • This process is termed "homology-directed repair" (HDR). (columbia.edu)
  • Prime editing shows higher or similar efficiency and fewer byproducts than homology-directed repair, has complementary strengths and weaknesses compared to base editing, and induces much lower off-target editing than Cas9 nuclease at known Cas9 off-target sites. (nature.com)
  • The BRCA2 R3052W mutated protein exacerbates genome instability, is unable to rescue homology-directed repair, and fails to complement cell survival following exposure to PARP inhibitors and crosslinking drugs. (frontiersin.org)
  • The BRCA2 R3052W mutation fails to complement chemotherapeutic sensitivity and homology-directed repair functions in BRCA2 knockout cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, in yeast and mammalian cells, DNA motion is increased following DSB generation. (columbia.edu)
  • Frankenberg-Schwager, M. (1989) Review of repair kinetics for DNA damage induced in eukaryotic cells in vitro by ionizing radiation, Radiother. (harvard.edu)
  • The enzymes remove the damaged base forming an AP site which is repaired by AP endonuclease before the nucleotide gap in the DNA strand is filled by DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • In mismatch repair, the missed errors are later corrected by enzymes which recognize and excise the mismatched base to restore the original sequence. (news-medical.net)
  • In each category, studies related to growth control genes, cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair genes, antioxidant and drug detoxification genes, genes of drug metabolizing enzymes, tissue remodeling genes and genes of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity were discussed separately. (researchsquare.com)
  • Helicase enzymes generally unwind and separate double-stranded DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the long-range synaptic complex, X-ray repair cross-complementing 4 (XRCC4) plus XRCC4-like-factor (XLF) form a flexible bridge and linchpin for DNA ends bound to KU heterodimer (Ku70/80) and DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit). (escholarship.org)
  • Despite the importance of DSB repair, many of the underlying mechanisms by which these molecular machines dynamically assemble and carry out the repair process have remained unknown. (utexas.edu)
  • however, how DSB clustering might promote repair and whether active mechanisms drive this process remain relatively obscure. (columbia.edu)
  • We speculate that these effects could result from a direct effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy on DNA molecules and/or impairment of DNA-damage repair mechanisms in brain cells. (nih.gov)
  • DNA repair can be divided into a set of mechanisms that identify and correct damage in DNA molecules. (news-medical.net)
  • Although DSB repair mechanisms have been described in mammals and some invertebrates, its mechanism is unknown in the shrimp species. (iisc.ac.in)
  • This review focuses on the key experiments that have been performed in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to uncover the mechanisms that protect the chromosome ends from eliciting a DNA damage response, the conservation of these pathways in mammals, as well as the consequences of their loss in human cancer. (unimib.it)
  • The disorders are characterized by a defect in DNA repair mechanisms or genomic instability, and patients with these disorders show increased predisposition to cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Located within the mitochondrial matrix, and lacking the efficient repair mechanisms available to nuclear DNA, mtDNA has a relatively high rate of mutation. (medscape.com)
  • Predicted to contribute to single-stranded DNA helicase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Homologous recombination involves the exchange of nucleotide sequences to repair damaged bases on both strands of DNA through the utilization of a sister chromatid. (news-medical.net)
  • This so-called recombination-dependent replication (RDR) helps ensure that DNA is fully replicated prior to sister chromatid segregation, thereby avoiding mitotic catastrophes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Next, Rad51 replaces RPA and facilitates strand exchange into a homologous chromosome to resynthesize the missing information in a largely error-free way. (utexas.edu)
  • Surprisingly, despite anticipated defects in DNA binding or RAD51-mediated DNA strand exchange, the BRCA2 R3052W protein mislocalizes to the cytoplasm precluding its ability to perform any DNA repair functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • results from their study show the importance of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament conformation for stimulating DNA pairing by BLM . (medscape.com)
  • I have observed two main steps of the repair process: initiation of HR by MRN and long-range resection by Exo1. (utexas.edu)
  • DSB movements are intricately related to repair by HDR and require factors critical for resection initiation and downstream recombination. (columbia.edu)
  • DNA damage is ubiquitous to all organisms and very complex pathways have evolved to recognize and repair these lesions. (utexas.edu)
  • However, tumor cells can tolerate otherwise lethal levels of DNA damage by exploiting DNA repair pathways. (columbia.edu)
  • However, how DSB repair pathways might harness nuclear Arp2/3 machinery is unknown. (columbia.edu)
  • This will lead to a new understanding of the ways in which these deleterious lesions are repaired and will contribute to understanding cancer as well as techniques for genetic manipulation. (utexas.edu)
  • Ataxia-telangiectasia should be considered among the immunodeficiency diseases, cancer-prone genetic disorders, chromosomal instability syndromes, disorders with abnormal radiosensitivity, syndromes with possible DNA-repair/processing defects, and (as is now evident) the progeroid syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • Methylation of guanine bases produces a change in the structure of DNA by forming a product that is complimentary to thymine rather than cytosine. (news-medical.net)
  • Methylation is a chemical modification that attaches small molecules called methyl groups to certain segments of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Breast tumors can be classified into subtypes based on patterns of gene expression, DNA methylation, nucleotide substitutions and genomic rearrangements. (lu.se)
  • Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at multiple origin sites along each chromosome and terminates when replication forks (RFs) from adjacent origins converge. (elifesciences.org)
  • Due to the inability of conventional DNA replication to fully replicate the chromosome ends and the downregulation of telomerase in most somatic human tissues, telomeres shorten as cells divide and lose this protective capacity. (unimib.it)
  • Human glioblastomas are characterized by frequent DNA amplifications most often at chromosome regions 7p11.2 and 12q13-15. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • Cheng WH, Muftuoglu M, Bohr VA. Werner syndrome protein: functions in the response to DNA damage and replication stress in S-phase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Here we describe prime editing, a versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a catalytically impaired Cas9 endonuclease fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase, programmed with a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) that both specifies the target site and encodes the desired edit. (nature.com)
  • A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. (nature.com)
  • The gene, called ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated), is a member of a family of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related genes involved in cell cycle control, intracellular protein transport, and DNA damage response. (medscape.com)
  • Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genes consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes necessary for the intramitochondrial synthesis of these 13 polypeptides. (medscape.com)
  • The proposed mechanism is based on the knowledge that transcription of mtDNA is polycistronic, which means that all genes encoded on the heavy and light strands are transcribed as 2 large precursor RNA strands. (medscape.com)
  • Mismatch repair. (news-medical.net)
  • The third excision mechanism is called mismatch repair and occurs when mismatched bases are incorporated into the DNA strand during replication and are not removed by proofreading DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • Severing the DNA double helix is a requisite step in the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes in meiosis and between immunoglobulin domains during the generation of immune-receptor diversity. (columbia.edu)
  • Excision is the general mechanism by which repairs are made when one of the double helix strands is damaged. (news-medical.net)
  • Each DNA molecule is a long double helix that resembles a spiral staircase containing millions of steps. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The DNA molecule is a long, coiled double helix that resembles a spiral staircase. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Our data further support the results of earlier in vitro and in vivo studies showing effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA. (nih.gov)
  • Previous studies demonstrate that DNA-PK assembles on the ends of DNA strands, in vitro, but this has not yet been shown to occur in vivo. (grantome.com)
  • The properties of the DNA-PK complex have been well studied in vitro, but the principal investigator proposes to take these into in vivo studies. (grantome.com)
  • To our knowledge, the study demonstrated for the first time that benzene and metabolites induce CYP4F3A and DNA-PKcs both in vivo and in vitro. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, I show that reduced DSB movement produces defects in DNA end processing and HDR efficiency, while the efficiency of end-joining is unaffected. (columbia.edu)
  • In it, two strands, composed of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules, are connected by pairs of four molecules called bases, which form the steps of the staircase. (msdmanuals.com)
  • VSG switching is thought to occur predominantly through gene conversion, a form of homologous recombination initiated by a DNA lesion that is used by other pathogens (for example, Candida albicans, Borrelia sp. (nih.gov)
  • The WRN gene provides instructions for producing the Werner protein, which plays a critical role in repairing damaged DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the code to construct a protein or RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)
  • P.69 left column:'DNA suffers oxidative damage from free radicals generated by ionising radiation as well as from reactive oxygen species such as those inevitably arising in respiration. (harvard.edu)
  • DNA encodes the cell genome and is therefore a permanent copy of a structure necessary for the correct functioning of a cell. (news-medical.net)
  • Single-stranded annealing provides end joining between interspersed nucleotide repeats within the genome leading to one copy of the repeat and the intervening sequence being deleted in the process. (news-medical.net)
  • The mitochondrial genome is a 16569 base-pair closed circular loop of double-stranded DNA found in multiple copies within the mitochondrial matrix. (medscape.com)
  • Two highly homologous master kinases, the tumour suppressors ATM and ATR (Tel1 and Mec1 in yeast), coordinate cell cycle progression with repair during HR. Despite their importance, our molecular understanding of these apical coordinators has been limited, in part due to their large sizes. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • It is evident that a linear-quadratic formula has no place in describing DNA damage caused by low dose radiation, but it is less clear that we should try to develop formulas rooted in molecular and cellular biology instead. (cdc.gov)
  • I summarize all of these findings in Chapter 3 and discuss their implications for DNA repair, translocation formation, and clinical applications. (columbia.edu)
  • Knockdown of MILIP reduced neuroblastoma cell viability through the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation, retarded neuroblastoma xenograft growth , and sensitized neuroblastoma cells to DNA -damaging therapeutics . (bvsalud.org)
  • Comai L, Li B. The Werner syndrome protein at the crossroads of DNA repair and apoptosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thomas Kusch, Ph.D., a Senior Research Associate at the Stowers Institute working with Investigator Jerry Workman, Ph.D., has identified a histone-modifying complex from Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies), which facilitates DNA double-strand repair by locally increasing DNA accessibility at sites of damage. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This finding raised the possibility that the complex, which was called the dTip60 complex, might specifically be attracted by phospho-H2A.X/v, and thus targeted to sites of DNA damage. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dr. Kusch was able to demonstrate that this complex recognizes phospho-H2A.X/v when present on DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Taken together, Dr. Kusch's findings show that the dTip60 complex increases DNA accessibility at sites of damage for optimal DNA repair and at the same time removes the DNA damage-marker phospho-H2A.X/v to signal the cell that this defect has been successfully repaired. (sciencedaily.com)
  • nucleation of repair complex assembly. (grantome.com)
  • Crystal structure of the Bloom syndrome helicase BLM in complex with DNA (PDB ID: 4CGZ). (medscape.com)
  • A new genetic sensor called PRISM makes use of a host cell's DNA replication machinery to trigger fluorescence in neurons with damaged DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • Research suggests that this shortened protein is not transported into the cell's nucleus, where it normally interacts with DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Problems that arise during DNA replication can drive genomic alterations that are instrumental in the development of cancers and many human genetic disorders. (elifesciences.org)
  • Nucleotide excision repair is a widespread mechanism for repairing damage to DNA and recognizes multiple damaged bases. (news-medical.net)
  • Kearns Sayre Syndrome (OMIM #530000) occurs as a result of large-scale single deletions (or rearrangements) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which are usually not inherited but occur spontaneously, probably at the germ-cell level or very early in embryonic development. (medscape.com)