• Hydrogen cyanide (HCN, also known as prussic acid) is a volatile liquid that boils at 25.6° C (78.1° F). Potassium and sodium cyanide salts are water soluble, whereas mercury, copper, gold, and silver cyanide salts are poorly water soluble. (medscape.com)
  • The severity of the harmful effects following cyanide exposure depends in part on the form of cyanide, such as hydrogen cyanide gas or cyanide salts. (cdc.gov)
  • Activated charcoal can be used in patients presenting after ingestion of cyanide salts or organic cyanides. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide salts are used in metallurgy for electroplating, metal cleaning, and removing gold from its ore. (cdc.gov)
  • Contact with acids and acid salts causes immediate formation of toxic and flammable hydrogen cyanide gas. (nuvestchem.com)
  • Cyanide salts are used in the extraction of gold and silver from ores, electroplating and metal cleaning. (dalba-kolobrzeg.pl)
  • Salts and Sodium in Drinking Water - How much is Safe? (theberkey.com)
  • As we thought and what we are aware of, salts and sodium are the same, but chemically, both are different substances. (theberkey.com)
  • Salts and sodium have almost the same user at home and in specific industries, such as hospital settings, the mining industry, and paper and textile manufacturing. (theberkey.com)
  • Already present in any form of water, therefore to conclude, salts and sodium in drinking water can also be found. (theberkey.com)
  • With poorly operating systems, though filtered and chlorinated (chlorine is also derived from salts and sodium), salts and sodium were partially removed from the water. (theberkey.com)
  • There are many uses for salts and sodium. (theberkey.com)
  • Little do we know, there are salts and sodium in drinking water that is enough to help regulate the body's daily sodium need. (theberkey.com)
  • The ideal sodium level that is needed by the body is between 136-140mml/L. Though vital as they are, salts and sodium can be detrimental to health, too, for specific level changes can lead to certain diseases, namely hypernatremia and hyponatremia . (theberkey.com)
  • Cyanide cn most commonly occurs as hydrogen cyanide hcn and its salts. (web.app)
  • Once all the metal salts are dissolved, the remaining cyanide acts as electrolyte, separating into ions. (web.app)
  • Cyanide is the salt of hydrogen cyanide hcn and most of them are insoluble in water and its salts are also very weak when reacting with the other salts. (web.app)
  • Cyanide salts have been used to murder via ingestion, but mass casualties could also result from inhalation of hydrogen cyanide or cyanogen chloride, which are highly volatile liquids or gases at ambient temperatures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cyanide is a cellular toxin that binds to cytochrome oxidase, inhibiting cellular respiration. (medscape.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin contains cobalt ion, which is able to bind to cyanide with greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase to form nontoxic cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12), which is excreted in urine. (medscape.com)
  • The mechanism of cyanide intoxication has been attributed to the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, thereby decreasing the tissue utilization of oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide reversibly binds to the ferric ions cytochrome oxidase three within the mitochondria. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide causes intracellular hypoxia by reversibly binding to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase a(3). (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide combines with cytochrome oxidase and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • After oxygen has been administered, subsequent treatment is aimed at dissociating the cyanide ion into cytochrome oxidase. (who.int)
  • The cyanide ion is readily absorbed from the intestinal and respiratory tracts and has a strong affinity for binding with trivalent iron of the cytochrome oxidase molecule, inhibiting its enzymatic action and preventing cellular respiration [37,39-41]. (equinegutflush.com)
  • The characteristic cherry red venous blood seen in acute cyanide poisoning results from the failure of the oxygen-saturated hemoglobin to release its oxygen at the tissues because the enzyme cytochrome oxidase is inhibited by the cyanide. (equinegutflush.com)
  • Cyanide inhibits cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms by blocking cytochrome oxidase. (aliem.com)
  • Cyanide toxicity 1,3 results from cyanide binding to the ferric ion (Fe3+) of cytochrome oxidase, inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. (litfl.com)
  • Cyanides and hydrogen sulfides both enter mitochondria, where they inactivate cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme needed for oxidative phosphorylation (cellular respiration). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sodium cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas, a highly toxic chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen. (cdc.gov)
  • In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a toxic unit that measures the lethal dose of a given substance. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the high concentrations, cyanide becomes toxic to soil microorganisms. (cdc.gov)
  • A highly toxic product works by releasing hydrogen cyanide gas that is highly toxic as well and cuts your body's ability to use oxygen. (healthontimeus.com)
  • Cyanide is a highly toxic hazardous chemical. (dthai.us)
  • Breathing in cyanide gas causes symptoms to appear the quickest but swallowing solid or liquid cyanide can be toxic also. (cdc.gov)
  • It will produce toxic and flammable vapours of CN-H and sodium oxide. (nuvestchem.com)
  • May 09, 2006· Best Answer: Sodium cyanide is a highly toxic chemical compound, also known as sodium salt of hydrocyanic acid and cyanogran. (dalba-kolobrzeg.pl)
  • Issues of gold extraction using cyanide: Cyanide is toxic to humans and may cause death if exposed to high enough doses. (af-21.fr)
  • Chronic Cyanide Poisoning - In addition to the acute toxic effects of cyanide poisoning, low levels of cyanide will over time cause a variety of chronic effects in humans and animals. (equinegutflush.com)
  • Safety and Health Concerns While sodium nitrite plays a crucial role in various industries, its toxic nature poses significant safety and health concerns, which is expected to be a major restraint to the growth of the sodium nitrite market. (maximizemarketresearch.com)
  • Acts as a sulfur donor, converting cyanide to a less toxic thiocyanate which is subsequently excreted in the urine. (aliem.com)
  • Standard cyanide antidotes can be used to treat the toxic effects from ingestion of cyanogenic glycosides. (aliem.com)
  • It takes 12 minutes to produce 40% of the hemoglobin in the blood and is a reasonable substitute for the toxic agent cyanide. (funzalo.com)
  • Free cyanide, the most toxic form, refers to the sum of cyanide ions cn and hydrogen cyanide hcn in a sample. (web.app)
  • Properties - When heated to high temperatures and in case of fire, acetonitrile gives off toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides. (itwreagents.com)
  • However, cyanide exposure occurs relatively frequently in patients with smoke inhalation from residential or industrial fires. (medscape.com)
  • However, in cases of smoke inhalation in which cyanide toxicity is suspected, administration of sodium thiosulfate is safe. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide poisoning usually occurs as the result of smoke inhalation or with suicidal attempt. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Borron SW, Baud FJ, Barriot P, Imbert M, Bismuth C. Prospective study of hydroxocobalamin for acute cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation . (litfl.com)
  • Cyanide poisoning can occur with smoke inhalation from a fire, chemicals or products in the workplace, plants and foods for example, apricot pits, certain chemicals that turn into cyanide after ingestion, and suicide attempts. (web.app)
  • Cyanides are also products of combustion of numerous household and industrial contents, and patients with smoke inhalation may also have cyanide poisoning. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sodium cyanide can affect the body through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide exposure most often occurs via inhalation or ingestion, but liquid cyanide can be absorbed through the skin or eyes. (medscape.com)
  • Signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning usually occur less than 1 minute after inhalation and within a few minutes after ingestion. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Ingestion of large quantities of cyanogenic foods can result in cyanide toxicity. (aliem.com)
  • Cyanide poisoning may result from inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure to various cyanide-containing compounds, including smoke from closed-space fires. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, a number of cyanide-containing compounds, known as cyanogens, may release cyanide during metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide is usually found joined with other chemicals to form compounds. (cdc.gov)
  • In certain plant foods, including almonds, millet sprouts, lima beans, soy, spinach, bamboo shoots, and cassava roots (which are a major source of food in tropical countries), cyanides occur naturally as part of sugars or other naturally-occurring compounds. (cdc.gov)
  • Some cyanide compounds in soil can form hydrogen cyanide and evaporate, whereas some cyanide compounds will be transformed into other chemical forms by microorganisms in soil. (cdc.gov)
  • Eating foods naturally containing cyanide compounds, such as tapioca (made from cassava roots), lima beans, and almonds. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide has a high affinity for metals like cobalt and trivalent iron, and for sulfane compounds such as sodium thiosulfate which contains a sulfur-to-sulfur bond. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • When evaluating whether a dose-dependent relationship was present, seventeen of the eighteen compounds led to greater DNA damage with increasing exposure concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Also known as hydrocyanic acid (CAS Registry Number 74‐90‐8) or HCN, hydrogen cyanide is a rapid‐acting lethal agent that inhibits aerobic respiration at the cellular level, preventing cells from utilizing oxygen. (who.int)
  • This documentation includes the description of 4-DMAP, a preparation for the treatment of poisonings with cyanides, hydrocyanic acid and nitriles , also possibly of poisonings with hydrogen sulphide. (toxcenter.org)
  • In case of poisonings with hydrocyanic acid, cyanides and nitriles , also possibly in case of poisonings with hydrogen sulphide. (toxcenter.org)
  • Cyanide, in the form of hydrocyanic acid hcn is purged from the sample and captured into an alkaline scrubber solution. (web.app)
  • Hydroxocobalamin may be used in combination with sodium thiosulfate for treatment of acute cyanide toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium Cyanide: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 6.44 mg/kg [Rat]. (nuvestchem.com)
  • Johnson, Sudan grass Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass Stillingia texana Texas queen's delight Suckleya suckleyana Poison suckleya Trifolium repens White clover Triglochin maritima Arrow grass Vicia sativa Common vetch Zea mays Corn, maize Mechanism of Acute Cyanide Poisoning - Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is highly poisonous to all animals because it rapidly inactivates cellular respiration thereby causing death [36-38]. (equinegutflush.com)
  • With a lethal dose measured in small ppms, death can be expected in 15 minutes from acute cellular asphyxiation. (thevespiary.org)
  • Comprehensive treatment of acute cyanide intoxication requires support of vital functions. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium nitroprusside is also indicated for producing controlled hypotension in order to reduce bleeding during surgery.Sodium nitroprusside is also indicated for the treatment of acute congestive heart failure. (medlibrary.org)
  • Sodium nitroprusside should not be used for the treatment of acute congestive heart failure associated with reduced peripheral vascular resistance such as high-output heart failure that may be seen in endotoxic sepsis. (medlibrary.org)
  • In most species, the lethal dose of HCN is in the range of 2 to 2.5 mg/kg body weight [36-38]. (equinegutflush.com)
  • The lethal dose range reported for cyanide in humans is 0.56-1.5 mg/kg [3]. (aliem.com)
  • A lethal dose of sodium nitrite for an adult is 2.6 g. (funzalo.com)
  • Sodium thiosulfate enhances the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate , which is renally excreted. (medscape.com)
  • Thiosulfate has a somewhat delayed effect and thus is typically used with sodium nitrite for faster antidote action. (medscape.com)
  • Low-dose hydroxocobalamin in combination with sodium thiosulfate has been used successfully to prevent cyanide toxicity in patients receiving prolonged sodium nitroprusside infusions. (medscape.com)
  • Sodium thiosulfate has a slower mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
  • sodium thiosulfate can also be administered with hydroxocobalamin in severe cases. (medscape.com)
  • I was once gassed with hydrogen cyanide, which is similar in toxicity to hydrogen sulfide, luckily there IS an antidote for cyanide poisoning, and my lab was equipped with a Lilly kit and my co-workers were quick to respond, and the chief chemist had the brains to show up at the emergency room in that poor South American town with a bottle of thiosulfate. (thevespiary.org)
  • Antidotal therapy includes hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. (aliem.com)
  • When sodium thiosulfate is given, as described under DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION , the body's capacity for CN - elimination is greatly increased. (medlibrary.org)
  • In some of these cases, infusion of sodium thiosulfate caused dramatic clinical improvement, supporting the diagnosis of cyanide toxicity. (medlibrary.org)
  • It describes a potential strategy for treating cystic fibrosis (CF) - an inherited, fatal disease that affects 30,000 Americans - by using slightly acidified sodium nitrite, a common food preservative, to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria that thrive in the mucous-clogged lungs of CF patients. (bnl.gov)
  • The reason for optimism, the researchers say, is that the same genetic change that turns Pseudomonas aeruginosa into a sticky, antibiotic-resistant killer also leaves it susceptible to destruction by slightly acidified sodium nitrite, a common chemical that is widely used in the curing of lunch meat, sausages and bacon. (bnl.gov)
  • Exposure to sodium cyanide can be rapidly fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • In biological warfare infective dosage is the number of infective doses per cubic metre of air times the number of minutes of exposure (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical manifestations vary widely, depending on the dose and route of exposure, and may range from minor upper airway irritation to cardiovascular collapse and death within minutes. (medscape.com)
  • The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to high levels of cyanide harms the brain and heart, and may cause coma and death. (cdc.gov)
  • Smoking cigarettes and breathing smoke-filled air during fires are major sources of cyanide exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • cyanide uptake into the body through the skin is slower than these other means of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Hyperventilation occurs first and increases with the dose inhaled (depends on time of exposure and concentration). (who.int)
  • If the exposure was to cyanide gas, decontamination of clothing or equipment is unnecessary in view of its high volatility. (who.int)
  • Several cases have been reported where sodium nitrate exposure has resulted in death. (funzalo.com)
  • The field portable cyanide analyzer can provide rapid cyanide exposure. (web.app)
  • Cyanide poisoning is poisoning that results from exposure to a number of forms of cyanide. (web.app)
  • Taking off all layers of clothing (including jewelry and accessories), blotting any liquid, and showering is the best method for removing cyanide from your body. (cdc.gov)
  • How does cyanide poisoning lead to metabolic acidosis? (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Elevated cyanide levels, metabolic acidosis, and marked clinical deterioration, however, have occasionally been reported in patients who received infusions at recommended rates for only a few hours and even, in one case, for only 35 minutes. (medlibrary.org)
  • [ 1 ] In addition, intensive treatment with sodium nitroprusside or long-term consumption of cyanide-containing foods is a possible source of cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Concomitant longer-acting antihypertensive medication should be administered so that the duration of treatment with sodium nitroprusside can be minimized. (medlibrary.org)
  • Sodium cyanide is used commercially for fumigation, electroplating, extracting gold and silver from ores, and chemical manufacturing. (cdc.gov)
  • For technical and economic reasons, sodium cyanide is the chemical of choice for the recovery of gold from ores. (dthai.us)
  • The demand for flotation reagents, such as sodium cyanide, has been rising due to the declining quality of gold and silver ores. (dthai.us)
  • Oct 20, 2014 · Leaching gold with a cyanide solution remains the most widely used hydrometallurgical process for the extraction of gold from ores and concentrates. (af-21.fr)
  • consumption and varying gold extraction results for the dierent ores under the same leaching conditions furthermore, the conventional gold recovery process of cip carbon in pulp on cyanidation can not be applicable in non cyanide process,41,42 the alternative gold recovery process by cementation using zinc, copper and aluminium. (af-21.fr)
  • If left untreated, cyanide toxicity can be fatal. (aliem.com)
  • Sodium nitrate toxicity can be fatal if consumed in excess. (funzalo.com)
  • Sodium nitrite induces methemoglobin formation and vasodilation. (medscape.com)
  • Ions , such as sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl - ), have an even more difficult time going through the membrane than glucose . (visionlearning.com)
  • When SNP reacts with oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells, it releases nitric oxide (causing arterial and venous vasodilation and reducing MAP), and also 5 cyanide ions. (litfl.com)
  • Toxicity from inhalation of cyanide gas manifests rapidly. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose binds to the cyanide fast, disconnecting it to bond with the cells. (healthontimeus.com)
  • In large doses, cyanide quickly binds with iron in cytochrome a3, preventing electron transport in the cytochrome. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide binds to the electron transport chain and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen, so it would stop NADH from being turned into NAD+. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide binds to the cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX) heme a3-CuB binuclear center to inhibit both cellular oxygen utilization and ATP production (Way, 1984). (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The cyanide ion, CN, binds to the iron atom in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of the cells and acts as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin is the preferred antidote for cyanide poisoning. (aliem.com)
  • Sodium nitrite has several socially beneficial commercial uses , including being used (in small quantities) as a food preservative and an antidote to cyanide poisoning. (ericgoldman.org)
  • The Global Sodium Nitrite Market size was valued at USD 410.5 Million in 2022 and the total Sodium Nitrite revenue is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.3% from 2022 to 2029, reaching nearly USD 551.19 Million. (maximizemarketresearch.com)
  • Nitrite Sodium Toxicity (August 2022) Reagents, Uses, Effects! (funzalo.com)
  • Thus, ch 3 cn can be methyl cyanide but more commonly is referred to as acetonitrile. (web.app)
  • Some chemicals, such as hydrogen cyanide, are rapidly detoxified by the human body, and do not follow Haber's law. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyanide is a rapidly lethal agent when used in enclosed spaces where high concentrations can be achieved easily. (medscape.com)
  • Once absorbed, cyanide enters the bloodstream and is distributed rapidly to all organs and tissues in the body. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen. (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms from cyanide poisoning can progress very rapidly when exposed to a large amount of cyanide. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide rapidly decreased hepatic oxygen uptake by 70% and increased rates of glycolysis (lactate plus pyruvate production) from less than 10 to over 60 mumol/g/hr. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • When large quantities of cyanide are rapidly absorbed and the body's detoxification mechanisms are overwhelmed, cyanide poisoning occurs. (equinegutflush.com)
  • Sodium cyanide is one of few chemical reagents that helps dissolve gold in water. (dthai.us)
  • Australian Gold Reagents is a manufacturer and supplier of sodium cyanide for the mining industry. (af-21.fr)
  • Read on for information on the toxicity of Sodium nitrite, Sodium nitrate, and its reagents. (funzalo.com)
  • Today, the method is used only note that the establishment of the standard in commercial systems using unit-dose was not based on results of an international reagents. (who.int)
  • A victim exposed to high doses will probably go into a coma immediately. (healthontimeus.com)
  • Hydrogen sulfide in high doses also causes abrupt loss of consciousness with convulsions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It donates sulfur, which is used as a substrate by rhodanese and other sulfur transferases for detoxification of cyanide to thiocyanate. (medscape.com)
  • Normally, small quantities of cyanide are detoxified by cellular enzymes and thiosulfates in many tissues to form relatively harmless thiocyanate, which is excreted in the urine. (equinegutflush.com)
  • Patients with congenital (Leber's) optic atrophy or with tobacco amblyopia have unusually high cyanide/thiocyanate ratios. (medlibrary.org)
  • Oxygen is the initial agent used in suspected or confirmed cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • It is well tolerated by patients with concomitant carbon monoxide poisoning, because unlike sodium nitrite it has no effect on the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide prevents the cells of the body from using oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • As the cyanide and oxygen react chemically, gold in the pulp dissolves. (af-21.fr)
  • If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, administer CYANOKIT without delay and in conjunction with appropriate airway, ventilatory, and circulatory support, oxygen administration as well as management of seizures. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium nitrite is a potent oxidising agent, which limits oxygen delivery to the body. (funzalo.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin (HCO, vitamin B-12) is the first-line therapy for cyanide toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • The disadvantages of hydroxocobalamin are that a large dose is required for antidotal efficacy and that it is available in the United States only in very dilute solutions. (medscape.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin has a low side effect profile, in that if it is given to a patient without cyanide poisoning, there is low risk of an adverse outcome. (litfl.com)
  • Cescon D, Juurlink D. Discoloration of skin and urine after treatment with hydroxocobalamin for cyanide poisoning . (litfl.com)
  • Certain diseases can occur when there is a decrease or increase of sodium in the body. (theberkey.com)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas with a faint, bitter, almond-like odor. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide acts as competitive inhibitor to the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • given Kristine and Ethan's knowledge regarding the dangers of ingesting Sodium Nitrite as well as the general warnings provided on the bottle and the obvious dangers associated with ingesting industrial-grade chemicals, the court concludes that the Sodium Nitrite's warnings were not defective. (ericgoldman.org)
  • Immediate medical attention is required in the event of cyanide poisoning, as it is quickly fatal. (dalba-kolobrzeg.pl)
  • Nitrite Sodium toxicity is a serious and fatal condition and it can be life-threatening. (funzalo.com)
  • Cyanide blocks the cellular electron transport mechanism and cellular respiration by inhibiting the mitochondrial ferricytochrome oxidase system and other enzymes. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • How does cyanide inhibit cellular respiration? (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Sodium nitroprusside is indicated for the immediate reduction of blood pressure of adult and pediatric patients in hypertensive crises. (medlibrary.org)
  • A multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, dose-ranging, effect-controlled study, followed by an open-label dose titration of an intravenous infusion of SNP was undertaken in 203 pediatric subjects, who required deliberate hypotension or controlled normotension during anesthesia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Concentrations of cyanide in heart blood and peripheral blood. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The concentrations of cyanide were determined in biological samples, such as heart blood and peripheral blood (femoral vein). (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Sodium cyanide, being economic, is widely used in the extraction of gold. (dthai.us)
  • Sodium nitrate is a chemical substance found widely in the environment and used in food production. (funzalo.com)
  • Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been widely used to control blood pressure in infants and children. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cyanides are widely spread in nature, arising from both natural and anthropogenic sources. (web.app)
  • The hydrogen cyanide gas has a unique bitter almond odor. (healthontimeus.com)
  • Cyanide is sometimes described as having a "bitter almond" smell, but does not always give off an odor, and not everyone can detect this odor. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide has a characteristic bitter-almond odor, but ability to detect this odor is conferred by a single gene that is absent in half the population. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It functions by binding cyanide to its cobalt ion to form cyanocobalamin, which is essentially nontoxic and is cleared renally. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide gas can disperse quickly in open spaces depending on the weather, making it less harmful outdoors. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide gas evaporates and disperses quickly in open spaces, making it less harmful outdoors. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Antidotal therapy is indicated for any patient in whom the diagnosis of cyanide toxicity is considered on clinical grounds, even before laboratory confirmation. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, the clinical standard method for cyanide diagnosis takes 24 hours, long after cyanide therapeutics can be effectively used. (web.app)
  • What are the symptoms of cyanide poisoning? (aliem.com)
  • This ordinarily creates no problem, except perhaps in rare cases of eye nerve damage, where the body is only marginally able to use this form due to high cyanide levels in the blood due to cigarette smoking, and thus requires cessation of smoking, or else B-12 given in another form, for the optic symptoms to abate. (wikidoc.org)
  • Sodium also has sodium amide, which is usually found in liquid ammonia solution, and as well as produces sodium cyanide which is used to extract gold and other metals in the mining industry. (theberkey.com)
  • In organic synthesis, cyanide is used as a c1 synthon. (web.app)
  • Cyanide levels can be obtained for confirmation but do not generally return in a clinically relevant time frame. (aliem.com)
  • The true rates of clinically important cyanide toxicity cannot be assessed from spontaneous reports or published data. (medlibrary.org)
  • Naturally produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium, it is also used for cosmetic surgery in very small doses. (shopinstrument.com)
  • Cyanides and especially hydrogen sulfide also have additional mechanisms of action not yet fully characterized. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As described in CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY above, sodium nitroprusside infusions at rates above 2 mcg/kg/min generate cyanide ion (CN - ) faster than the body can normally dispose of it. (medlibrary.org)
  • Most patients reported to have experienced such toxicity have received relatively prolonged infusions, and the only patients whose deaths have been unequivocally attributed to nitroprusside-induced cyanide toxicity have been patients who had received nitroprusside infusions at rates (30 to 120 mcg/kg/min) much greater than those now recommended. (medlibrary.org)
  • Sodium nitrite excels in preserving processed meat products by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria making it an essential ingredient in the meat processing industry. (maximizemarketresearch.com)
  • One of the primary and most critical functions of sodium nitrite in processed meat products is its remarkable ability to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, with particular emphasis on the menacing Clostridium botulinum. (maximizemarketresearch.com)
  • However, sodium nitrite can be harmful to the cardiovascular system and should not be used in patients who are prone to cardiovascular embarrassment. (funzalo.com)
  • This case study adds to the body of knowledge regarding the harmful effects of sodium nitrate. (funzalo.com)
  • Cyanide is a gas that inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, administer CYANOKIT without delay. (nih.gov)
  • The experimental examinations with animals and the basic clinical ex- periments were conducted almost exclusively at the Pharmakologische Institut der Universität München (Pharmacological Institute of the Uni versity of Munich) where Docent Nikolaus Weger M. D. has concerned himself with the problem of the formation of methaemoglobin for the treatment of cyanide poisoning for more than 10 years. (toxcenter.org)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is a colourless liquidgas with a characteristic odour of bitter almonds. (web.app)
  • Cyanide sometimes is described as having a bitter almond smell, but it does not. (web.app)
  • Sodium bicarbonate is used in patients with severe poisoning that has produced marked lactic acidosis. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide produces lactic acidosis by combining with cytochrome c and inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The starting dose of CYANOKIT for adults is 5 g, administered by intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium nitrite is highly bioavailable, with a reported half-life of 40 minutes after intravenous infusion. (funzalo.com)
  • In terms of end-use industry, the mining & metallurgy segment held a dominant share of the sodium cyanide market in Europe and Asia Pacific in 2018. (dthai.us)
  • Based on form, the solid segment constituted major share of the sodium cyanide market in Europe and Asia Pacific in 2018. (dthai.us)
  • Asia Pacific dominated the sodium cyanide market in 2018 . (dthai.us)
  • Mar 05, 2018· Cyanide purchase is restricted due to its extreme lethality and low purpose of average use. (dalba-kolobrzeg.pl)
  • The rate of infusion for the second 5 g dose may range from 15 minutes (for patients in extremis) to 2 hours based on patient condition. (nih.gov)
  • Small transient excesses in the infusion rate of sodium nitroprusside can result in excessive hypotension, sometimes to levels so low as to compromise the perfusion of vital organs. (medlibrary.org)
  • If hypotension persists more than a few minutes after discontinuation of the infusion of sodium nitroprusside injection, sodium nitroprusside injection is not the cause, and the true cause must be sought. (medlibrary.org)
  • Initial dosing is based on patient weight with subsequent empirical adjustment of dose (infusion rate and duration) largely guided by the individual mean arterial pressure (MAP) response over time. (frontiersin.org)