Doses of radiation. Medical search. Frequent questions

The ICRP also says that effective dose has made a significant contribution to radiological protection as it has enabled doses to be summed from whole and partial body exposure from external radiation of various types and from intakes of radionuclides. (wikipedia.org)
The recent release of the pregnant female phantom series, and its incorporation into the MIRDOSE 3 computer software, has made possible the estimation of absorbed doses from radionuclides in the body to the fetus in early pregnancy and at 3, 6, and 9 mo gestation. (nih.gov)
Of the ~600 scientific publications on the Fukushima event, more than 80% relate to themes of transport of radionuclides in environmental media, transfer to wildlife and foodstuffs, and dose to environmental receptors. (nerc.ac.uk)
ICRP Publication 69 (1995) Age dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: Part 3, Ingestion dose coefficients, Ann. (radioprotection.org)

The SI unit for effective dose is the sievert (Sv) which represents a 5.5% chance of developing cancer. (wikipedia.org)
According to a paper [PDF] by Euro eggheads, the annual ESA limit for ionizing radiation is 0.5 sievert (Sv) for bone marrow, spleen, and lymphatic tissues, 1 Sv for your eyes, and 3 Sv for your skin. (theregister.com)

Absorbed dose is a physical quantity, and is not a satisfactory indicator of biological effect, so to allow consideration of the stochastic radiological risk, the dose quantities equivalent dose and effective dose were devised by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) and the ICRP to calculate the biological effect of an absorbed dose. (wikipedia.org)
After an extensive review on behalf of the National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), the scientists recommended cutting the maximum occupational dose to the lens by two-thirds, to 50 millisieverts (mSv) annually. (aao.org)
Intercomparison measurements and field measurements have demonstrated the suitability of the INP developed LiF material, TLD equipment and readout techniques for environmental monitoring with superior sensitivity, permitting daily or even hourly dose assessment. (europa.eu)
The following presentation follows the lead of National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Commentary 14, NCRP Report 126, and later documents in treating radiation protection from the viewpoint of quantitative uncertainty analysis. (nih.gov)
The study team is said to have applied 'effective dose' to measure the radiation exposure linked to every CT scan as it is seen to be one of the most regularly accounted measurements. (healthjockey.com)
these are 1) direct dose measurement on a patient, 2) dose measurements in physical phantom, and 3) Monte Carlo simulations. (scirp.org)
This significant decrease is documented in the new National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report 184 released today. (acr.org)
Reporters try to put radiation measurements in perspective by saying that they are some multiple of the standards, sometimes large multiples. (bmj.com)
The ExoMars measurements cover a period of declining solar activity, corresponding to a high radiation dose. (theregister.com)
Objective: To simulate a computed tomography scanner using Monte Carlo code and validate it using standard dose measurements at the center and periphery of head and body phantom and to investigate the viability of gold foil as a dose enhancer in computed tomography scanning. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
In nuclear medicine, estimates of the dose to staff are based on measurements from a single dosimeter, worn at the collar or waist ( 1 - 3 ). (snmjournals.org)
Collating the dose measurements with a diary kept by the technologist identified the average dose for the different imaging procedures. (snmjournals.org)
Thus, we were able to use the diary to divide the dose measurements into those days when the technologist was known to be administering radiopharmaceuticals and those when she was known to be in a scanning room. (snmjournals.org)

1 (On average, Ameri-cans receive about 6 mSv of radiation per year from naturally occurring and medical exposures. (aao.org)
When beliefs are abandoned and evidence from only whole body exposures to mammals is considered, it becomes obvious that increased ionizing radiation would provide abundant health," Luckey explains. (scienceblog.com)
Radiation protection practice requires the knowledge of estimated absorbed radiation doses to aid in the understanding of the potential detriment of various exposures. (nih.gov)
During the operation of an X-ray machine, if the radiation protection of X-ray room is insufficient, not only the patient but also clinical staffs as well as public are exposed to high X-ray exposures. (scirp.org)
The scattered radiation exposures of X-rays in some selected areas within the facility were measured. (scirp.org)
In 1999, an accident at a fuel reprocessing plant in Tokaimura, Japan, resulted in radiation exposures that caused acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness). (ensi.ch)

Public dose does not include occupational dose or doses received from background radiation, from any medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive material and released under § 35.75, or from voluntary participation in medical research programs. (uslegal.com)
Half of this dose comes from natural background radiation. (medlineplus.gov)

Because healthy tissues are typically more resistant to the effects of radiation, tumor cells are killed while the surrounding tissue eventually recovers. (medscape.com)
All investigators were members of the International Consortium for Research on the Health Effects of Radiation funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research. (scienceblog.com)
However, they often have to cope with side effects of radiation treatment. (lymphomainfo.net)
There may be tremendous practical value to understanding how to neutralize or reduce the damaging (and lethal) effects of radiation on the human body. (tfljournal.org)
In light of the various nuclear power plant accident, military and terrorism scenarios that have entered the world consciousness over the past two generations, there is tremendous practical value to understanding how to neutralize or reduce the damaging (and lethal) effects of radiation on the body. (tfljournal.org)
Radiation induced damage to the normal tissues can be partially reduced by the use of radioprotectors that reduce the damaging effects of radiation, including radiation-induced lethality (4,22,38). (tfljournal.org)

Luckey, an emeritus professor of the University of Missouri, was the nutrition consultant for NASA's Apollo 11 to 17 moon missions and has spent the last several years developing the concept of improving health through exposure to low-dose radiation. (scienceblog.com)
Long-term exposure to low-dose radiation can cause DNA damage to lymphocyte cells in interventional radiologists - yet importantly, the doctors are likely not vulnerable to an increased risk of leukemia, according to researchers in Slovakia. (auntminnie.com)

Specifically, serial synchrotron structures of a heme peroxidase enzyme reveal that X-ray induced changes occur at far lower doses than those at which diffraction quality is compromised (the Garman limit), consistent with previous studies on the reduction of heme proteins by low X-ray doses. (iucr.org)
We found that the assumption of an anterior beam held about two thirds of the time, breaking down only when the technologist was receiving lower doses. (snmjournals.org)

As a consequence, much higher doses can be delivered accurately to the tumor, resulting in greater control and cure rates and decreased complications. (medscape.com)
At higher doses, however, relationships are more clear. (ensi.ch)

It is the tissue-weighted sum of the equivalent doses in all specified tissues and organs of the human body and represents the stochastic health risk to the whole body, which is the probability of cancer induction and genetic effects, of low levels of ionizing radiation. (wikipedia.org)
The name "effective dose" replaced the name "effective dose equivalent" in 1991. (wikipedia.org)
The calculation of effective dose is required for partial or non-uniform irradiation of the human body because equivalent dose does not consider the tissue irradiated, but only the radiation type. (wikipedia.org)
An effective dose will carry the same effective risk to the whole body regardless of where it was applied, and it will carry the same effective risk as the same amount of equivalent dose applied uniformly to the whole body. (wikipedia.org)
The dose quantity used is: Committed effective dose, E(t) is the sum of the products of the committed organ or tissue equivalent doses and the appropriate tissue weighting factors WT, where t is the integration time in years following the intake. (wikipedia.org)
The tissue weighting factors summate to 1.0, so that if an entire body is radiated with uniformly penetrating external radiation, the effective dose for the entire body is equal to the equivalent dose for the entire body. (wikipedia.org)
The second one is from Dose Equivalent Radiation . (convert-me.com)
Absorbed and equivalent radiation doses can not be directly converted as the conversion depends on the type of radiation. (convert-me.com)
A dose of 400 cGy (400 rads) is equivalent in heat to only 4.184 x 10^-3 joules per gram of tissue -- enough to provoke a mini-fever of 0.001 degree Centigrade -- yet 400 cGy of ionizing radiation to the whole body, acutely delivered, will kill about half the humans exposed to it. (ratical.org)
Eurisys Mesures, St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France) that measure the deep dose equivalent, H p (10), for x-rays and γ-rays. (snmjournals.org)
Misdaq M.A., Ezzahery H., Elabboubi D. (2001) Determination of equivalent dose rates and committed effective doses in the respiratory system from the inhalation of radon decay products by using SSNTD and a dosimetric compartmental model, Radiat. (radioprotection.org)
The average annual effective dose equivalent from all natural sources combined is approximately 3 mSv (300 mrem). (cdc.gov)
Eligible women will be randomized to daily equivalent doses of cholecalciferol, 600IU or 3,000IU, from 15-18 weeks gestation until delivery. (who.int)

Various body tissues react to ionising radiation in different ways, so the ICRP has assigned sensitivity factors to specified tissues and organs so that the effect of partial irradiation can be calculated if the irradiated regions are known. (wikipedia.org)
In nuclear medicine, the radiation doses to the internal organs of the subject are commonly calculated using the MIRD methods and equations. (nih.gov)
Biokinetic data for these radiopharmaceuticals were gathered from various documents and other resources, and the absorbed doses to the embryo and fetus at these different stages of gestation from radiations originating within the mother's organs were estimated. (nih.gov)
It enables users to accurately compute doses to radiosensitive organs for a broad range of the patient population, including those outside the "average" body size, and pediatric patients from newborn through adolescence. (24x7mag.com)
A recent development has been the use of voxel dosimetry approaches which build on the standard simplified ellipsoid approach by modelling the absorbed doses in individual organs. (nerc.ac.uk)
But ionizing radiation is used to create images of internal organs of the human body and to treat cancer. (radiationsafety.ca)

the evidence for a radiation deficiency in humans is compelling. (scienceblog.com)
Studies on the growth, average lifespan, and decreased cancer mortality rates of humans exposed to low-dose irradiation show improved health, explains Luckey. (scienceblog.com)
Professor André Maïsseu, the journal's Editor-in-Chief, and President of the World Council of Nuclear Workers WONUC) says: "This is a very bright, interesting and important paper about the real effects of ionizing radiation - radioactivity - on humans, mammals and biotopes. (scienceblog.com)
Radiation doses accumulated by astronauts in interplanetary space would be several hundred times larger than the doses accumulated by humans over the same time period on Earth, and several times larger than the doses of astronauts and cosmonauts working on the International Space Station," said Jordanka Semkova, lead scientist of the ExoMars Liulin-MO instrument, on Wednesday. (theregister.com)
Recent research has shed light on the high rate of spontaneous double-strand breaks in DNA and the adaptive protections in cells, tissues and humans that are up-regulated by low radiation. (atomicinsights.com)
Radiation sickness results when humans (or other animals) are exposed to very large doses of ionizing radiation. (medlineplus.gov)

Smith-Bindman, who also is a UCSF professor of epidemiology and biostatistics and obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences, commented, "Our study provides some initial data documenting the doses that patients receive when they undergo actual CT examinations and this is different than the doses when phantoms-sophisticated plastic models typically used to quantify CT scanner dose-are used. (healthjockey.com)
Many attempts have been made to quantify risks associated with ionizing radiation use in medical imaging. (ajnr.org)
We sought to investigate these assumptions and also to quantify doses associated with different activities. (snmjournals.org)

It takes into account the type of radiation and the nature of each organ or tissue being irradiated, and enables summation of organ doses due to varying levels and types of radiation, both internal and external, to produce an overall calculated effective dose. (wikipedia.org)
These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and the type of radiation. (cdc.gov)
This type of radiation is used for medical testing and treatment. (medlineplus.gov)

Typical examples of risk estimation include use of Japanese atomic bomb survivor data to estimate future risk from radiation-related cancer among American patients receiving multiple computed tomography scans, persons affected by radioactive fallout, or persons whose livelihoods involve some radiation exposure, such as x-ray technicians, interventional radiologists, or shipyard workers. (nih.gov)
Methods for Estimation of Radiation Risk in Epidemiological Studies Accounting for Classical and Berkson Errors in Doses" The International Journal of Biostatistics , vol. 7, no. 1, 2011, pp. 0000102202155746791281. (degruyter.com)
The more comprehensive data have allowed for the updating/development of new Species Sensitivity Distributions that better support the benchmark values for potential dose effects, and for improving estimation of population effects (rather than individuals) upon which the environmental protection strategies are based. (nerc.ac.uk)
Estimation of the radiation dose for pediatric CBCT indications: a prospective study on ProMax3D. (bvsalud.org)

Treatment of animals with rosemary extract (1000 mg/ kg body wt) prior to irradiation was found to delay the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness such as ruffled hairs, lethargy, anorexia and diarrhea in comparison to radiation alone treated animals. (tfljournal.org)

Radiation therapy for cancer frequently involved much higher cumulative doses than those expected to cause death in a single exposure. (bmj.com)
By adding patient organ dose to a tool that enables capture and archiving of dose data from multiple modalities and a variety of vendors, the data necessary for a realistic estimate of cumulative risk from ionizing radiation exposure is finally available. (24x7mag.com)
In Tokaimura, as a result of some errors, three workers received cumulative doses of about three, eight, and twenty gray due to a chain reaction that was out of control. (ensi.ch)
To estimate the effective, cumulative, and organ absorbed doses in children exposed to CBCT over 2 years. (bvsalud.org)
The median effective dose was 137.9 µSv, and the median cumulative dose was 231.4 µSv. (bvsalud.org)
Statistically significant differences in the effective doses and cumulative doses were found for various indications of CBCT in children (P (bvsalud.org)

It is demonstrated that extrapolation of dose-dependent synchrotron structures to zero dose can closely approximate the damage-free XFEL structure. (iucr.org)
Extrapolation procedures were applied to estimate doses for other ages and CBCT protocols used in clinical conditions. (bvsalud.org)

Ionizing radiation deposits energy in the matter being irradiated. (wikipedia.org)
A panel of radiation protection experts has recommended a significant drop in the annual, occupational dose of ionizing radiation permissible for the crystalline lens. (aao.org)
This represents good evidence that we live with a partial radiation deficiency and that greater exposure to radiation would improve our health, a notion supported by 130 on the health of people living in parts of the world with higher background levels of ionizing radiation than average. (scienceblog.com)
It is unfortunate that most literature of radiobiology involves fear and regulations about the minimum possible exposure with no regard for radiation as a beneficial agent," says Luckey, "Those who believe the Linear No Threshold (LNT) dogma have no concept about any benefits from ionizing radiation. (scienceblog.com)
Many radiobiologists get paid to protect us from negligible amounts of ionizing radiation. (scienceblog.com)
However, they did find a comparatively increased frequency of micronuclei in the radiologists, which are fragments of DNA produced when ionizing radiation breaks DNA strands. (auntminnie.com)
We conclude that long-term exposure to low doses of [ionizing radiation] can induce formation of micronuclei in the PBL of interventional radiologists," the group wrote. (auntminnie.com)
Ionizing radiation is a known and well-quantified human cancer risk factor, based on a remarkably consistent body of information from epidemiological studies of exposed populations. (nih.gov)
Dose tracking has become a high priority in medical imaging as mandates for the capture and analysis of patients' exposure to ionizing radiation expand. (24x7mag.com)
This study provides a detailed characterization of the dose-dependent impact of ionizing radiation on skin cells (45, 60, or 80 grays). (mdpi.com)
This chapter and the two other "auxiliary chapters" (Chapters 20 and 21 ) provide the support for certain points used in the proof that no safe dose of low-LET ionizing radiation exists -- either for acute exposure or for slow exposure -- with respect to human carcinogenesis. (ratical.org)
With respect to ionizing radiation, "dose" is a macroscopic concept describing the total energy deposited in tissue, and tissue-doses are expressed in energy-units per gram of irradiated tissue. (ratical.org)
One need only consider the common fever in order to ponder the very high probability that the biological potency of ionizing radiation is related to its spatial concentration along tracks, rather than to its meager addition of energy to cells ( Go81 , pp.52-53). (ratical.org)
Ionizing radiation as a toxic agent differs fundamentally from toxic substances, which can be introduced to a solution slowly and diluted to a lower and lower uniform concentration. (ratical.org)
Because the minimal event in dose-delivery of ionizing radiation is a single track, we can define the least possible disturbance to a single cell-nucleus: It is the traversal of the nucleus by just one primary ionization track. (ratical.org)
but rather, "What human studies exist which can address carcinogenesis (or its absence) when cell nuclei experience the least possible disturbance by ionizing radiation? (ratical.org)
Decreasing dose variability through proper management of CT parameters in pediatric populations using benchmarks generated by data from registries can potentially decrease population exposure to ionizing radiation. (ajnr.org)
Tb,M (M = Hf, Ti, Nb) sintered ceramics induced by ionizing radiation are presented and discussed. (tudelft.nl)
This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for ionizing radiation . (cdc.gov)
This public health statement tells you about ionizing radiation and the effects of exposure. (cdc.gov)
It does not tell you about non-ionizing radiation, such as microwaves, ultrasound, or ultraviolet radiation. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from many sources. (cdc.gov)
You can learn when and where you may be exposed to sources of ionizing radiation in the exposure section below. (cdc.gov)
However, it's unknown how many of the 1,467 current or former NPL sites have been evaluated for the presence of ionizing radiation sources. (cdc.gov)
As more sites are evaluated, the sites with ionizing radiation may increase. (cdc.gov)
This information is important because exposure to ionizing radiation may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Even in the event that you are exposed, it does not necessarily mean you will be harmed or suffer longterm health effects from exposure to ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
If you are exposed to ionizing radiation, many factors determine whether you'll be harmed. (cdc.gov)
What is ionizing radiation? (cdc.gov)
To explain what ionizing radiation is, we will start with a discussion of atoms, how they come to be radioactive, and how they give off ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
Of the different types and sources of ionizing radiation, this profile will discuss the three main types: alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. (cdc.gov)
Before defining ionizing radiation, it is useful to first describe an atom. (cdc.gov)
Ionizing radiation is energy that is carried by several types of particles and rays given off by radioactive material, x ray machines, and fuel elements in nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
Radiation sickness is illness and symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. (medlineplus.gov)
Ionizing radiation causes immediate effects on human tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from their associated atoms or molecules. (radiationsafety.ca)
As a result, exposure to ionizing radiation (which includes x-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta particles) can increase a person's risk to developing cancer. (radiationsafety.ca)
Medical professionals must weigh the benefits using ionizing radiation with the associated risk. (radiationsafety.ca)

Radiologists should manage the radiation dose for pediatric patients to maintain reasonable diagnostic confidence. (ajnr.org)
We assessed the variation in estimated radiation dose indices for pediatric noncontrast head CT in the United States. (ajnr.org)
Considerable variation in the radiation dose index for pediatric head CT exists. (ajnr.org)
Median dose indices and practice variations at pediatric facilities were both lower compared with other practice settings. (ajnr.org)
Organ and effective doses were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation using 5- and 8-year-old pediatric voxel phantoms. (bvsalud.org)
The results revealed the variation of CBCT doses and the influence of FOV size in pediatric exposure. (bvsalud.org)

Although this was an interim study, the results are very encouraging that we can cure patients with early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma of their cancer while reducing the amount of radiation we give them, thus allowing them to have a higher quality of life after treatment," study author Dr. Hans Theodor Eich, a radiation oncologist at the University of Cologne, said in a prepared statement. (lymphomainfo.net)
Uterine cancer is a common cancer in women, usually treated with surgical removal followed by radiation and/or chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence," said Dr. Eric Leung, radiation oncologist at Sunnybrook's Odette Cancer Centre. (sunnybrook.ca)
It was conducted mainly through the COVID pandemic and gave women a chance to receive treatment in less time with fewer visits to our centres," said Dr. David D'Souza, radiation oncologist at LHSC and the study co-lead through Lawson Health Research Institute. (sunnybrook.ca)

Water disinfection methods that can be applied in the field include use of heat, clarification, filtration, chemical disinfection, and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). (cdc.gov)
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a health hazard evaluation (HHE) request that was submitted jointly by the Safety Office and AFSCME Local 2910 at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. The request covered possible exposure to ultraviolet radiation from mercury vapor lights and electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from both electrical vaults and anti-theft devices. (cdc.gov)

NIOSH created DCAS in 2001 to estimate work related radiation exposure (dose reconstruction) for certain workers with cancer who filed claims under Part B of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 (the Act/EEOICPA) . (cdc.gov)

Five high-dose radiation treatments targeting uterine cancer rather than the current standard 25 treatments are safe and well-tolerated by patients, a new study published today in JAMA Oncology has found. (sunnybrook.ca)

Furthermore, some tumors were said to be resistant to radiation, often because of dose limitations of the surrounding or adjacent tissues. (medscape.com)
Today, through the use of sophisticated imaging devices and 3-dimensional treatmentplanning computers, stereotactic radiotherapy allows much more specific targeting of a lesion, with significantly less radiation delivered to surrounding healthy tissues. (medscape.com)

Effective dose is a dose quantity in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection. (wikipedia.org)
Since 1977 it has been the central quantity for dose limitation in the ICRP international system of radiological protection. (wikipedia.org)
According to the ICRP, the main uses of effective dose are the prospective dose assessment for planning and optimisation in radiological protection, and demonstration of compliance with dose limits for regulatory purposes. (wikipedia.org)
At high radiological doses, the precursor cells of the cells on the intestinal villi, which cover the inside of the intestine (see figure), are affected. (ensi.ch)
Gastrointestinal: If the radiological dose continues to increase, the reaction of the digestive system mimics the reaction to radiation of the haematopoietic system. (ensi.ch)

SPARTACUS (Stereotactic Pelvic Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Cancers of the Uterus) - a multi-institutional non-randomized controlled trial of women - looked to assess the feasibility and safety of using a specialized technique called stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for women with uterine cancer where instead of 25 treatments over five weeks, five treatments can be delivered over 1.5 weeks. (sunnybrook.ca)
It uses a higher dose of radiation in a smaller number of treatments. (sunnybrook.ca)
It can be done on a standard linear accelerator, the machine that delivers radiation treatments. (sunnybrook.ca)
Recent studies are reviewed on the consequences of the radioactive releases and on benefits of medical treatments with low doses of radiation that were carried out until the 1950s, before the radiation scare was created. (atomicinsights.com)
Children who receive radiation treatments or who are accidentally exposed to radiation will be treated based on their symptoms and their blood cell counts. (medlineplus.gov)
Exposure to excessive radiation for medical treatments. (medlineplus.gov)

The risk of thyroid cancer rises with increasing radiation dose, according to the most thorough risk analysis for thyroid cancer to date among people who grew up in the shadow of the 1986 Chernobyl power-plant disaster. (scienceblog.com)
This is the first study of its kind to establish a dose-response relationship between radiation dose from Chernobyl and thyroid cancer. (scienceblog.com)
This is the first study of its kind to establish a dose-response relationship between radiation dose from Chernobyl and thyroid cancer," said Davis, referring to the observation that as radiation doses increase, so does the risk of thyroid cancer. (scienceblog.com)
We found a significant increased risk of thyroid cancer among people exposed as children to radiation from Chernobyl, and that the risk increased as a function of radiation dose. (scienceblog.com)
The doses were reconstructed in the framework of the Ukrainian-American project on the investigation of Post-Chernobyl thyroid cancers in Ukraine, and the underlying subpolulation was artificially enlarged in order to increase the statistical power. (degruyter.com)
While the chances of survival up to a certain radiation exposure remain intact, very high doses, such as those measured on the Chernobyl site after the reactor accident, will lead to death within a very short time period. (ensi.ch)
Radiation protection is at a cross-road after radiation incidents and unacceptable tragedies such as those at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island. (tfljournal.org)

Finally, we will describe the more important types of radiation to which you may be exposed. (cdc.gov)
There are two main types of radiation: nonionizing and ionizing. (medlineplus.gov)

The main objective of INPs contribution to the project was to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of TL-based methods of assessing environmental dose rates. (europa.eu)
ISO 11137-2:2011 specifies methods of determining the minimum dose needed to achieve a specified requirement for sterility and methods to substantiate the use of 25 kGy or 15 kGy as the sterilization dose to achieve a sterility assurance level, SAL, of 10 -6 . (iso.org)
ISO 11137-2:2011 also specifies methods of sterilization dose audit used to demonstrate the continued effectiveness of the sterilization dose. (iso.org)
The few reported methods aimed at denoising low-dose CTP images lack practicality by considering only small sections of the brain or being computationally expensive. (physiciansweekly.com)

The first one is from Acute Radiation Syndrome . (convert-me.com)
One possible consequence of high radiation doses is acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness). (ensi.ch)
An example of radiation exposure leading to acute radiation syndrome was a criticality accident in Tokaimura (Japan) in 1999. (ensi.ch)

The effective dose is not intended as a measure of deterministic health effects, which is the severity of acute tissue damage that is certain to happen, that is measured by the quantity absorbed dose. (wikipedia.org)
The effective dose is thus a central dose quantity for regulatory purposes. (wikipedia.org)
To take this into account, the effective doses to the component parts of the body which have been irradiated are calculated and summed. (wikipedia.org)
This becomes the effective dose for the whole body, dose quantity E. It is a "protection" dose quantity which can be calculated, but cannot be measured in practice. (wikipedia.org)
Effective dose can be calculated for committed dose which is the internal dose resulting from inhaling, ingesting, or injecting radioactive materials. (wikipedia.org)
If only part of the body is irradiated, then only those regions are used to calculate the effective dose. (wikipedia.org)
This is an idea for a novel clinical trial using radiation to make trastuzumab more effective based upon that discussion. (slideshare.net)
To ensure compliance with its new radiation dose-specific metrics, radiology departments are encouraged to build an effective radiation safety program to make this transition easier. (dotmed.com)
As per the findings from the study, depending on the place and procedural constraints of the individual CT scanner, the effective dose given to a patient could considerably surpass the median. (healthjockey.com)
According to Smith-Bindman, as opposed to other imaging processes, the median effective dose provided through one CT scan appeared to be as high as 74 mammograms or 442 chest x-rays. (healthjockey.com)
However, facts will not help anyone if they are not put to effective use by people demanding radiation regulations based on science. (atomicinsights.com)
Plants and their products are well known to have an advantage over the synthetic compounds in terms of their potential low/no toxicity at the effective dose with minimum or no side effects (3,9,33,34,41). (tfljournal.org)
Estimates of whole-body effective dose are based on the assumptions that the radiation is incident from the front and in a uniform beam. (snmjournals.org)
The assumption of anterior irradiation correctly estimates whole-body effective dose. (snmjournals.org)
However, if the dose to a particular technologist needs to be minimized (e.g., for a pregnant worker), the most effective strategy is for the technologist to be assigned patients requiring little contact or assistance and, in particular, to avoid administering injections. (snmjournals.org)
Misdaq M.A., Bourzik W. (2002) Determination of committed effective doses from annual intakes of 238 U and 232 Th from the ingestion of cereals, fruits and vegetables by using CR-39 and LR-115 II SSNTD, J. Radioanal. (radioprotection.org)
Misdaq M.A., Bourzik W. (2004) Evaluation of annual committed effective doses of the public in Morocco due to 238 U and 232 Th in various food materials, J. Radiol. (radioprotection.org)

Another advantage to dose tracking software, as is the case with MACRA: radiology departments who already understand and use similar metrics for improved patient care will have a much smoother adjustment to new compliance standards based on fixed radiation dose management metrics. (dotmed.com)
As the understanding of radiation dose management continues to grow, the radiology industry will need to work together to address the challenges that MACRA brings, while individual health systems must take care to ensure their radiology departments are outfitted with solutions to address the new requirements. (dotmed.com)
By setting fixed metrics that effectively hinge the clinical justification of radiology exams on patient dose data, MACRA's final ruling presents radiologists with an exciting opportunity to demonstrate the essential role radiology plays in patient care like never before. (dotmed.com)
However, they noted that such damage from low-dose radiation in other radiology workers has been associated with malignancies in previous research. (auntminnie.com)
In this research work, leakage and scattered radiations were measured from X-ray machine in the radiology department of Cape Coast Teaching hospital in the Cape Coast Municipality of Ghana. (scirp.org)
The radiation doses rates measured in the various locations in the Radiology Department of Cape Coast Teaching Hospital of Ghana were in the range of 0.10 μ Sv/hr to 0.12 μ Sv/hr. (scirp.org)
The Image Gently ® and Image Wisely ® awareness campaigns, radiology and industry collaboration to advance low-dose technologies, growing use of the ACR Dose Index Registry , and mandatory accreditation of imaging facilities under Medicare are among the primary factors that produced a 15-20 percent reduction in medical radiation dose that Americans receive. (acr.org)
The radiology community continues to evaluate additional opportunities to further reduce both collective and individual doses while advancing the contribution of imaging to high-quality care. (acr.org)
Radiation dose indices for single-phase noncontrast head CT examinations in patients 18 years of age and younger were retrospectively reviewed between July 2011 and June 2016 using the American College of Radiology CT Dose Index Registry. (ajnr.org)
1 , 2 A more recent study using the American College of Radiology Dose Index Registry (DIR) reported that approximately 6% of CT scans performed in participating facilities the United States were performed on children. (ajnr.org)

Using advanced genetic imaging techniques, the researchers analyzed blood samples from 12 interventional radiologists working in six various hospitals in Slovakia and 14 controls who worked in other hospital departments without radiation exposure. (auntminnie.com)

Little Forest Burial Ground biota dose modelling assessment). (nerc.ac.uk)

An increasing number of CBCT units and a wide variability of radiation doses have been reported in dentistry lately. (bvsalud.org)

These absorbed dose estimates can be used to evaluate the risk associated with the use of different radiopharmaceuticals so that a more informed evaluation of the risks and benefits of the different procedures may be made. (nih.gov)
But ours is the first report that provides quantitative estimates of thyroid-cancer risk in relation to individual estimates of radiation dose," said Davis, also chairman of the Department of Epidemiology at the University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine in Seattle. (scienceblog.com)
Our estimates of radiation-related risk are uncertain, reflecting statistical variation and our imperfect understanding of crucial assumptions that must be made if we are to apply existing epidemiological data to particular situations. (nih.gov)
By means of Parametric Full Maximum Likelihood and Regression Calibration (under the assumption that the data set of true doses has lognormal distribution), Nonparametric Full Maximum Likelihood, Nonparametric Regression Calibration, and by properly tuned SIMEX method we study the influence of measurement errors in thyroid dose on the estimates of λ0 and EAR. (degruyter.com)

A high dose also leads to shorter time intervals between irradiation, prodromal symptoms and the actual effects. (ensi.ch)
Treatment of mice with rosemary extract prior to irradiation is reported herein to prolong life and reduce the symptoms of radiation sickness. (tfljournal.org)
To check the assumption of anterior irradiation, we compared doses measured at the front waist and back waist. (snmjournals.org)
Comparing doses measured at the waist and collar tested the uniformity of irradiation. (snmjournals.org)

Moreover, there were no risks of high radiation doses to patients, staffs and people visiting the X-ray department. (scirp.org)
Previous attempts to characterise cardiovascular risks in cohorts suggests ionising radiation increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. (bmj.com)
Communicators can become familiar with the radiation hazard scale and radiation thermometer to better understand and communicate the specific risks associated with different doses of radiation. (cdc.gov)

Measurement data obtained from experiments carried out at the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Station in the UK with the aim of comparing the responses from different types of dose rate meters and TL dosemeters were further evaluated and analysed. (europa.eu)
Nuclear medicine technologists rely on a single dosimeter to measure their work-related dose. (snmjournals.org)
Because it is difficult to determine the amount of radiation exposure from nuclear accidents, the best signs of the severity of the exposure are: the length of time between the exposure and the onset of symptoms, the severity of symptoms, and severity of changes in white blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Accidental exposure to high doses of radiation, such as radiation from a nuclear power plant accident. (medlineplus.gov)
Prior to the operation of the first Belarussian nuclear power plant (BelNPP), the baseline of the radiation environment was determined within a radius of about 30 km from BelNPP. (lu.se)

In traditional EBRT, the field or treatment area is defined by the size and shape of the collimator, and several portals or fields are used to direct the radiation beam to the tumor and the surrounding tissue. (medscape.com)
The biologically important characteristics of low-LET radiation are that its energy is carried through tissue by high-speed electrons, and that the transfers of this energy occur along paths (tracks) in extremely localized or concentrated fashion. (ratical.org)
At very low doses, when a gram of tissue is irradiated, not every nucleus is "hit" by a track. (ratical.org)
The nuclei which receive no track at all actually receive no dose at all, even though the tissue as a whole is called "exposed" at the macroscopic level. (ratical.org)
As we examine what is going on at the cellular level when tissue is exposed to low-LET exposure, it will become evident that the biologically important question for settling the threshold issue is not "What human studies exist at the lowest conceivable doses? (ratical.org)
Depending on the magnitude of the dose, symptoms typical of the tissue may occur. (ensi.ch)
The effects of the so-called prodromal system occur between the radiation event and the onset of symptoms that are typical for the tissue concerned. (ensi.ch)
The absorbed dose of energy is expressed in grays or milligrays and corresponds to the energy absorbed per kilogram of body tissue. (ensi.ch)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review of the predictive ability of various dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters (V(dose), mean lung dose (MLD), and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP)) in the incidence of radiation pneumonitis (RP) caused by external-beam radiation therapy. (uwo.ca)

from cosmic radiation (from the sun and adapted from (NCRP1987a) stars), another 8% from terrestrial sources (radioactive material in rocks and soil), and 11% from internal sources (radioactive materials, primarily potassium-40, from food and water consumed in the daily diet). (cdc.gov)

There also appeared to be a 13-fold variation between the maximum and lowest radiation dose for every kind of CT procedure. (healthjockey.com)

For ophthalmol-ogists, this stricter standard suggests that a new level of vigilance should be employed for certain patients, notably medical colleagues whose work involves radiation, said the panel's cochair, Lawrence T. Dauer, PhD, at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. (aao.org)
In high doses it is certainly lethal and chronic exposure is linked to the development of cancer. (scienceblog.com)
Today, radioactivity is used in targeted therapies for certain forms of cancer, however, the use of radiation sources for treating other diseases is not currently recognized by the medical profession. (scienceblog.com)
His own research suggests that radiation exposure can minimize infectious disease, reduce the incidence of cancer in the young, and substantially increase average lifespan. (scienceblog.com)
Most interesthasbeeninstereotacticradiation(Muranoetal) butfocal therapy maynot apply well forbreastCNScarcinomatosis inpatientsoftenpreviouslytreated  Low-dose radiationhasbeenusedtopotentiate systemicchemotherapyinheadandneck cancer (Arnoldetal) Hypothesis: Low-dose radiationpriortointrathecal trastuzumabmayinduce HER2expressionand improve treatmentefficacyinwomenwithHER2+CNScarcinomatosis. (slideshare.net)
The incidence of thyroid cancer was 45 times greater among those who received the highest radiation dose as compared to those in the lowest-dose group. (scienceblog.com)
The incidence of thyroid cancer was 45 times greater among those who received the highest radiation dose as compared to those in the lowest-dose group, according to a team of American and Russian researchers led by Scott Davis, Ph.D., and colleagues at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. (scienceblog.com)
The study team supposedly concentrated on approximated radiation exposure linked to the 11 most general kinds of CT procedures in clinical practice in the U.S. and the possible cancer danger related to each type. (healthjockey.com)
Now I'm feeling that I (almost) know what I'm doing, I can start to answer the question: what risk of cancer does a particular exposure to radiation carry? (bmj.com)
Lifetime attributable risk" means those cancers attributable to radiation over and above the normal cancer incidence. (bmj.com)
1 mSv per year throughout life, the expectation is that there will be 550 cases of cancer and 290 deaths per 100,000 males, 970 cases and 460 deaths per 100,000 females, due to this incremental radiation exposure. (bmj.com)
Delivering radiation over the course of five days rather than five weeks for patients facing uterine cancer would open up healthcare resources by reducing visits and usage of the linear accelerators. (sunnybrook.ca)
The standard approach to treat solid tumor cancer that has metastasized to the brain is with whole brain radiation therapy. (froedtert.com)
The risk for cancer depends on the dose and begins to build up, even with very low doses. (medlineplus.gov)
Last week, the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force made a draft recommendation that people who are at a high risk for developing lung cancer should receive annual low-dose CT screenings. (radiationsafety.ca)

Stereotactic radiotherapy is the term used to define the method of delivery of a precise dose of high-energy radiation through stereotactically directed narrow beams. (medscape.com)
Stereotactic radiotherapy allows dynamic beam shaping and intensity modulation, providing flexibility and optimal tumor dosing. (medscape.com)

The panel noted that there has been a gradual realization in recent years that radi-ation-induced cataracts can occur at much lower, chronic dose levels than was previously thought. (aao.org)
Those studies would be exceedingly expensive, and it would take probably a million or more participants to tease out the im-pacts at these low-dose levels," he said. (aao.org)
In the present phase emphasis has been put on 1) Accurate determination of background dose-rate levels, 2) Experimental determination of the scattered radiation from different calibration set-ups, 3) Investigation of the inherent background and of the linearity of newly developed electronic dosemeters and dose rate meters, 4) Determination of the inherent radioactivity of the construction materials, e.g. batteries, of electronic dosemeters. (europa.eu)
cost-averse and concerned with lower limits on risk (can you prove there is a nontrivial risk at current dose levels? (nih.gov)
INFINITT DoseM can also automatically collect dose information and manage doses efficiently by using Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRL) information. (24x7mag.com)
Please help Dr. Cuttler and his colleagues referenced in the paper spread the word that there is no reason to fear the health effects of low levels of radiation. (atomicinsights.com)
These correspond to 1.4 mSv/y and 3.2 mSv/y, respectively, which are comparable to naturally occurring radiation levels and are much lower than regulatory limits. (snmjournals.org)
Here's a chart that shows the relative doses of radiation and the levels of external dose that is fatal. (machinerysafety101.com)

Fourteen and 10 studies reporting external radiation doses were included in meta-analyses using SMR and ERR/Sv, respectively. (bmj.com)

In most instances, traditional external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is generated by a photon unit or a Cobalt-60 unit. (medscape.com)
As a side note, meningiomas and acoustic neuromas were not treated with traditional radiation therapy because they were thought to be radiation resistant and because of their proximity to vital neurovascular structures and contact with the brain stem. (medscape.com)
PRDR) whole brain radiation therapy in combination with the drug Memantine to reduce the neurocognitive effects of treating brain metastases. (froedtert.com)
Even for high activities, such as patients who had already received therapy, the dose to the technologist was low for patients requiring little assistance. (snmjournals.org)
For 131 I therapy, patients are released (and scanned) when the external dose rate at 1 m is 20 μSv/h (2 mrem/h). (snmjournals.org)
Exposure may be accidental or intentional (as in radiation therapy for disease treatment). (medlineplus.gov)

The goal: to reduce the incidence of radiation-induced cataracts. (aao.org)
Evidence suggests that low dose exposure increases the number and activity of the immune system's white blood cells, boosts cytocrine and enzyme activity, and increases antibody production and so reduces the incidence of infection, assists in wound healing, and protects us from exposure to high doses of radiation. (scienceblog.com)

When considering the relationship between ionising radiation and the probability of cell mutation, and thus of sickness, a distinction must be made between stochastic and deterministic effects reflecting the magnitude of the radiation dose . (ensi.ch)
Even at low doses, there is a relationship between the magnitude of the radiation dose and the probability of sickness, however, it is less clear. (ensi.ch)
The simple rule is: the higher the dose, the greater the severity of any sickness. (ensi.ch)
The patient who received 20 gray developed pronounced radiation sickness and died after 82 days of palliative treatment. (ensi.ch)
Radiation sickness is generally associated with acute exposure and has a characteristic set of symptoms that appear in an orderly fashion. (medlineplus.gov)
Total body exposure of 50 to100 roentgens/rad or 0.5 to1 Gray unit (Gy), equal to 500 to1,000 mSv causes radiation sickness. (medlineplus.gov)
Total body exposure of 400 roentgens/rad (or 4 Gy) causes radiation sickness and death in half of the individuals who are exposed. (medlineplus.gov)
The severity of symptoms and illness (acute radiation sickness) depends on the type and amount of radiation, how long you were exposed, and which part of the body was exposed. (medlineplus.gov)
Symptoms of radiation sickness may occur right after exposure, or over the next few days, weeks, or months. (medlineplus.gov)

On this page we provide conversion for radiation of electrons, muons and photons. (convert-me.com)

We thought that a reduction in the limit for the eye could wake up some of the radiation protection community to recognize the lens as a potential issue, about which we should be more con-cerned than we have been in the past. (aao.org)
National Council for Radiation Protection and Measure-ments, www.ncrppublications.org/Commentaries . (aao.org)
In the future, the hospitals should continue to raise awareness of radiation protection principles, introduction of more frequent preventive examinations or stricter exposure limits among medicine workers exposed to radiation," the group concluded. (auntminnie.com)
Radiation protection is ultimately a political process that involves consent by stakeholders, a diverse group that includes people who might be expected to be risk-averse and concerned with plausible upper limits on risk (how bad could it be? (nih.gov)
The study authors apparently recognized three main practices essential to develop the protection of CT procedures and the linked radiation doses. (healthjockey.com)
As space agencies make tiny steps to gear up for a full-blown human expedition to Mars, they are all investing in radiation protection. (theregister.com)

On average, Americans receive a radiation dose of about 0.62 rem (620 millirem) each year. (medlineplus.gov)

Shiraishi K., Yamamoto M. (1995) Dietery 232 Th and 238 U intakes for Japanese as obtained in a market basket study and contributions of imported foods to internal doses, J. Radioanal. (radioprotection.org)

At CIEMAT the main achievement of the project has been the demonstration of practical measurement capabilities of new hypersensitive TL materials, especially LiF:Mg,Cu,P, for environmental radiation dosimetry. (europa.eu)
Passive solid-state dosimeters can be used for direct dose measurement on a patient and in a phantom for a specific medical examination. (scirp.org)

With a median follow-up of nine months, the patients enrolled in SPARTACUS reported an acceptable level of side effects from the radiation that resolved, and also reported a reasonable quality of life during treatment, Dr. Leung said. (sunnybrook.ca)
The median volume CT dose index was 33 mGy (interquartile range = 22-47 mGy). (ajnr.org)
The volume CT dose index was lower in children's hospitals (median, 26 mGy) versus academic hospitals (median, 32 mGy) and community hospitals (median, 40 mGy). (ajnr.org)
There was a lower volume CT dose index in level I and II trauma centers (median, 27 and 32 mGy, respectively) versus nontrauma centers (median, 40 mGy) and facilities in metropolitan locations (median, 30 mGy) versus those in suburban and rural locations (median, 41 mGy). (ajnr.org)

I also like to know what goes into the numbers, so I've taken some time working through Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation (BEIR) VII. (bmj.com)

Decrease of needless studies and as studies are believed to not sway clinical decisions much, consistency and use of low-dose and lower-dose protocols for each CT scanner ought to be followed. (healthjockey.com)

INFINITT Healthcare, of Seoul, South Korea, and Virtual Phantoms Inc., of Albany, NY, has entered into a partnership to bring the VirtualDose CT organ dose tool to the INFINITT radiation dose monitoring solution, DoseM. (24x7mag.com)
We are very happy INFINITT Healthcare has selected the VirtualDose technology to provide organ dose data and improve patient safety and information," says George Xu, founder and CEO of Virtual Phantoms Inc. "With this, our first partnership with an Asia-based company, we are growing the global impact of VirtualDoseCT. (24x7mag.com)
Even higher radiation doses can cause cells to die and the organ concerned to stop functioning. (ensi.ch)

Anatomy12

Organisms9

Diseases37

Chemicals and Drugs36

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment94

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Humanities1

Information Science12

Named Groups1

Health Care46

Geographicals3

Radionuclides4

Sievert2

Measurements13

Exposures6

Background radiation2

Effects of radiation6

Exposure to low-dose radiation2

Lower doses2

Higher doses2

Equivalent13

Organs6

Humans6

Quantify3

Type of radiation3

Estimation4

Mortality1

Cumulative6

Extrapolation2

Ionizing Radiation38

Pediatric6

Oncologist3

Ultraviolet radiation2

Related radiation exposure1

Oncology1

Tissues2

Radiological5

Treatments6

Chernobyl7

Types of radiation2

Methods4

Acute Radiatio3

Effective17

Radiology10

Radiologists1

Assessment1

Variability1

Estimates4

Irradiation4

Risks3

Nuclear5

Tissue9

Radioactive materials1

Lowest radiation dose1

Cancer15

Radiotherapy2

Levels8

External radiation1

Therapy6

Incidence2

Sickness9

Electrons1

Protection6

Millirem1

Internal1

Measurement2

Median4

Biological Effects1

Decrease1

Organ3