• Amphetamine / dextroamphetamine belongs to a class of drugs known as stimulants. (webmd.com)
  • The combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine is in a class of medications called central nervous system stimulants. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) mediates, in animal models, the reinforcing effects of central nervous system stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine. (nih.gov)
  • The role DA plays in mediating amphetamine-type subjective effects of stimulants in humans remains to be established. (nih.gov)
  • If increases in NE mediate amphetamine-type subjective effects of stimulants in humans, then one would predict that stimulant medications that produce amphetamine-type subjective effects in humans should share the ability to increase NE. (nih.gov)
  • Importantly, the oral dose of these stimulants, which produce amphetamine-type subjective effects in humans, correlated with the their potency in releasing NE, not DA, and did not decrease plasma prolactin, an effect mediated by DA release. (nih.gov)
  • These results suggest that NE may contribute to the amphetamine-type subjective effects of stimulants in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Many amphetamines are Schedule II stimulants, which means they have a high potential for abuse and are legally available only through a prescription. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine, speed up the nervous system. (webmd.com)
  • The quantitative and qualitative features of the behavioral response to amphetamine-like stimulants in rats can be dissociated from the dopamine response. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines. (edocamerica.com)
  • Energy drinks contain high doses of caffeine and other stimulants. (edocamerica.com)
  • Amphetamines or stimulants are medications or illegal drugs that speed up the central nervous system. (arrowpassage.com)
  • These can include stimulants, controlled substances that include methylphenidate or amphetamine , or nonstimulants, such as atomoxetine and bupropion . (medscape.com)
  • Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sida cordifolia contains ephedrine , which is an amphetamine -like stimulant. (webmd.com)
  • Sida cordifolia contains ephedrine, which is an amphetamine-like stimulant that can cause harmful side effects. (webmd.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Higher stimulant doses were associated with reduced sleep duration and later sleep start times, regardless of medication class. (druglib.com)
  • Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate Injection (caffeine alkaloid) may be administered by intramuscular or slow intravenous injection Some clinicians suggest that when used as a mild CNS stimulant to overcome fatigue, oral doses of 100 200 mg of anhydrous caffeine are required. (rxlist.com)
  • To further explore the dynamics of stimulant sensitivity during the acute response, we examined the behavioral and extracellular dopamine responses to a low, nonstereotypy-producing dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) at various times after an acute, priming injection of 4.0 mg/kg when stereotypies had subsided and extracellular dopamine was approaching predrug baseline levels. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Such a mechanism may be significantly implicated during binge patterns of stimulant abuse and may also play a role in the sensitization associated with repeated amphetamine administration. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Sudden death has been reported in association with CNS stimulant treatment at recommended doses in pediatric patients with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems. (nih.gov)
  • To compare and contrast the stimulant effects of adenosine antagonism to direct dopamine stimulation, we administered 150 mg and 300 mg caffeine, 20 mg amphetamine, and placebo to cocaine-dependent vs. healthy control subjects, matched on moderate caffeine use. (omicsonline.org)
  • Amphetamines are stimulant drugs that are used to treat certain medical conditions but are also subject to abuse. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is similar to an amphetamine but has both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The generic name for the drug in both the tablet and the capsule is amphetamine/dextroamphetamine salts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Effect of extended-release dexmethylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts on sleep: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. (druglib.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the dose-response effects of extended-release (ER) dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH) and ER mixed amphetamine salts (MAS) on objective measures of sleep. (druglib.com)
  • According to the American Journal of Public Health , the United States was producing an estimated 80,000 kilograms of amphetamine salts a year in 1962. (arrowpassage.com)
  • It is an extended-release capsule of mixed amphetamine salts, administered each morning. (medscape.com)
  • Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast to METH, which induced pronounced deficits in dopaminergic neuronal markers, repeated doses of MDA or MDMA did not alter striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activities or reduce striatal dopamine concentrations. (erowid.org)
  • This dissociation is particularly evident in the temporal profiles of the extracellular dopamine and stereotypy responses to higher doses of amphetamine. (aspetjournals.org)
  • One possible mechanism contributing to this temporal dissociation is that during the acute response to amphetamine, dopamine receptor mechanisms are enhanced such that stereotyped behaviors can be supported by synaptic concentrations of dopamine which are not sufficient to initiate these behaviors. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The low-dose challenge produced intense stereotypies although the regional dopamine responses were not significantly different from control animals. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Our results suggest that an exposure to amphetamine results in a rapid sensitization of the stereotypy response which does not involve changes in the extracellular dopamine response but requires activation of dopamine receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Amphetamines cause more dopamine to be released in the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • however, while effects of cocaine last for 10-20 minutes, duration of amphetamine action is much longer-as long as 10-12 hours. (medscape.com)
  • Emergency clinics and selected veterinary diagnostic laboratories have quick screening tests that can detect the most commonly abused drugs (including metabolites) in body fluids (e.g., amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates). (vin.com)
  • In the setting of abuse, high-dose bupropion is ground up for snorting and creates a euphoric high similar to cocaine. (medpagetoday.com)
  • We show that neuronal populations expressing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) display a dose-dependent sensitivity to QA. (lu.se)
  • Prescription amphetamines are used frequently in children and adolescents to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and they are the most commonly prescribed medications in children. (medscape.com)
  • Other potentials for amphetamine abuse include prescription medications often used for attention deficit disorder and various over-the-counter diet pills. (medscape.com)
  • Medications include methylphenidate, amphetamine and atomoxetine. (ubc.ca)
  • Before turning to these medications, the FDA has issued a boxed warning indicating that "Misuse of amphetamine may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse reactions. (healthline.com)
  • [ 33 ] Therefore, the use of long-acting medications at once-a-day dosing to treat ADHD has been shown to have advances over the shorter acting drugs. (medscape.com)
  • People try to "exacerbate" the hallucinogenic effect by taking the drug more often or at higher doses. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Assessment principles: Included trials are double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in patients 6 years or older diagnosed with ADHD and comparing OROS formulation of methylphenidate to other long or short acting formulations of MPH or other standard therapy (amphetamine or atomoxetine) available in Canada. (ubc.ca)
  • Amphetamine is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), and obesity, and is sometimes prescribed off-label for its past medical indications, particularly for depression and chronic pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gamma-linolenic acid for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled comparison to D-amphetamine. (fabresearch.org)
  • In a Latin-square double-crossover with random assignment to sequence, 18 boys, aged 6-12 years, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder received 1 month each of placebo, D-amphetamine, and Efamol (evening primrose oil containing gamma-linolenic acid, with vitamin E as preservative). (fabresearch.org)
  • Either prescription or illegally manufactured amphetamines can induce these disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Psychostimulants induce the strongest elevation in 50-kHz USV emission, particularly amphetamine (AMPH), either when applied systemically or locally into the nucleus accumbens (Nacc). (nih.gov)
  • Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fresh leaves and twigs of the khat shrub contain high have shown that khat has a particular propensity to concentrations of cathinone, an amphetamine analogue induce or aggravate psychiatric symptoms in countries that produces euphoric effects ( 3 , 4 ). (who.int)
  • There are a handful of drugs and chemicals that are dangerous after relatively small paediatric ingestions involving 1 or 2 dose units of an available preparation or a mouthful. (rch.org.au)
  • A doctor who prescribed Ozzy Osbourne with 13,000 doses of 32 different drugs in a year turned him into an incoherent, stumbling wreck, according to the singer's family. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • When used for medical purposes, the doses are much lower than those typical among abusers of the drugs. (psychologytoday.com)
  • If concurrent use of codeine and buspirone is imperative, reduce the dose of one or both drugs. (pdr.net)
  • If hydrocodone is used with buspirone, the dose of one or both drugs should be reduced. (pdr.net)
  • Because many college students and executives attempt cognitive enhancement by using similar drugs non-medically, and the U.S. military actually prescribes amphetamines to pilots on some critical missions to combat the effects of sleep-deprivation. (time.com)
  • Treatment is as with amphetamines, but antiserotonergic drugs (e.g., cyproheptadine) may be necessary. (vin.com)
  • Street drugs like speed , for example, are now prescribed as ADHD amphetamines, and they're commonly abused by today's college students. (naturalnews.com)
  • Benzphetamine hydrochloride is a sympathomimetic amine with pharmacologic activity like the prototype drugs of this class used in obesity, the amphetamines. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Because they contain amphetamines, both drugs are sometimes abused. (healthline.com)
  • Americans could first purchase amphetamines in an over-the-counter form in the 1930s when the drugs were marketed as Benzedrine. (arrowpassage.com)
  • This act classified both amphetamines and methamphetamines as Schedule II drugs, meaning they have medical uses but also high potential for abuse. (arrowpassage.com)
  • The leaves of the tree are chewed, extracting the active ingredient, cathinone, and producing the desired effects of euphoria and, unlike other amphetamines, anesthesia. (medscape.com)
  • At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amphetamines increase alertness, enhance physical performance, and produce euphoria and a sense of well-being. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In adults, narcolepsy, ADHD of the adult type, and some depression can be treated with amphetamines. (medscape.com)
  • Reviews of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function in several parts of the brain, such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
  • One review highlighted a nine-month randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in children that found an average increase of 4.5 IQ points, continued increases in attention, and continued decreases in disruptive behaviors and hyperactivity. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLA for ADHD: placebo-controlled comparison to D-amphetamine. (fabresearch.org)
  • Dextroamphetamine and amphetamine (Adderall) is also used to treat narcolepsy (a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep) in adults and children 12 years of age and older. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Doctors also prescribed amphetamines in tablet form to treat medical conditions such as narcolepsy and minor depression based on Alles' work. (arrowpassage.com)
  • A derivative of cathinone, which is an amphetamine analog. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Khat contains the amphetamine-like cathinone, and can trigger onset of schizophrenia and exacerbate pre-existing psychosis. (who.int)
  • Then, the researchers introduced amphetamine, alcohol and caffeine into the equation. (time.com)
  • High doses of caffeine, in contrast, reduced effort in workers, but had no effect on the slackers. (time.com)
  • Recommended doses of caffeine and sodium benzoate injection vary from 65-325 mg 3 times daily, to 250 mg of anhydrous caffeine in an extended-release formulation once daily. (rxlist.com)
  • However, the manufacturer of Caffeine Sodium Benzoate Injection recommends intramuscular, or in emergency respiratory failure, intravenous injection of 500 mg of the drug (about 250 mg of anhydrous caffeine) or a maximum single dose of 1 gram (about 500 mg of anhydrous caffeine) for the treatment of respiratory depression associated with overdosage of CNS depressants, including narcotic analgesics and alcohol, and with electric shock . (rxlist.com)
  • High doses of caffeine can enhance athletic performance during exercise. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Levels of salivary caffeine and the primary caffeine metabolite paraxanthine were obtained on placebo and caffeine dosing days. (omicsonline.org)
  • follow up tests did not show systematic differences between groups with regard to caffeine or d-amphetamine. (omicsonline.org)
  • Large between-group differences in salivary paraxanthine (but not salivary caffeine) levels were obtained under both caffeine doses. (omicsonline.org)
  • The cocainedependent group expressed significantly higher paraxanthine levels than controls under 150 mg and 3-4 fold greater levels under 300 mg at 90 min and 150 min post caffeine dose. (omicsonline.org)
  • The only possible objection that can be raised against banning amphetamines is that, like alcohol prohibition and heroin prohibition, it won't work. (druglibrary.net)
  • Amphetamines also inhibit monoamine oxidase, which degrades biogenic amine neurotransmitters intracellularly. (medscape.com)
  • The routes of amphetamine administration may be oral (ingestion), inhalation (smoke), or injection (intravenous). (medscape.com)
  • the oral lethal dose is generally 2 to 4 times higher. (vin.com)
  • It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prescription records show that he was taking eight doses of amphetamines, nine of tranquillisers, 16 of two different barbiturates, two anti-seizure tablets, two anticonvulsant pills, two painkillers and three sleeping pills. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Chapter 15, "Amphetamines for All" is where Mr. Jackson states that my prescription for amphetamine was one of "8-10 billion 10-mg amphetamine doses" (in 1969). (cyclingutah.com)
  • Amphetamine-related psychiatric disorders are conditions resulting from intoxication or long-term use of amphetamines or amphetamine derivatives. (medscape.com)
  • Dietary amines have been the subject of a novel interest in nutrition since the discovery of trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), especially TAAR-1, which recognizes tyramine, phenethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, N-methyltyramine (NMT), synephrine, amphetamine and related derivatives. (bvsalud.org)
  • Withdrawal is more likely if you have used this medication for a long time or in high doses. (webmd.com)
  • Very high doses can result in psychosis (e.g., delusions and paranoia) which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amphetamine will do the trick, but it will also cause your high achievers to slack off - at least if your employees are rats. (time.com)
  • At low doses, they improve memory consolidation, recall of information, and motivation to perform tasks that require a high degree of attention. (brainblogger.com)
  • Pediatric patients younger than 6 years of age experienced higher plasma exposure than patients 6 years and older at the same dose and high rates of adverse reactions, most notably weight loss. (nih.gov)
  • Users taking high doses of Vyvanse several times daily for extended periods will experience more severe symptoms than those who take smaller doses less frequently. (mentalhelp.net)
  • High doses of amphetamines may raise body temperature to dangerous levels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Among these trace amines, tyramine has recently been described, at high doses, to exhibit an antilipolytic action and activation of glucose transport in human adipocytes, i.e., effects that are facilitating lipid storage rather than mobilization. (bvsalud.org)
  • The symptoms of amphetamine-induced psychiatric disorders can be differentiated from those of related primary psychiatric disorders by time. (medscape.com)
  • If symptoms do not resolve within 2 weeks after the amphetamines are discontinued, a primary psychiatric disorder should be suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Target symptoms are individualized as well as optimal dose and dose interval. (ubc.ca)
  • Since Vyvanse acts as a psychostimulant, withdrawal symptoms will tend to be nearly identical in nature to those of amphetamines . (mentalhelp.net)
  • Amphetamines use causes both immediate and long-term symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Urinary alkalinizing agents increase blood levels and decrease excretion of amphetamines. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • This study evaluates the uncertainty in the quantitative determination of urinary amphetamine (AP) and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (4HA) using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method based on the dilute-and-shoot approach. (bvsalud.org)
  • Teachers' ratings showed a trend of Efamol effect between placebo and D-amphetamine. (fabresearch.org)
  • During each 4-week drug period, children received three dose levels (10, 20, and 25/30 mg) in ascending order, with placebo substituted for active medication in a randomized fashion during 1 week of the study. (druglib.com)
  • The phenylethylamine structure of amphetamines (see the image below) is similar to catecholaminergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic agonists (biogenic amines), which may explain their actions. (medscape.com)
  • In a study of pediatric patients with an anxiety disorder, doses of 5 to 30 mg PO twice daily were safe and well-tolerated in adolescents (n = 12). (pdr.net)
  • Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthetic amphetamine compounds commonly are produced in clandestine laboratories and vary in purity and potency. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical effects of amphetamine abuse are significant and commonly observed in emergency departments (EDs). (medscape.com)
  • IR means the drug is released into your body right away after taking a dose. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like METH, single or multiple doses of either drug caused marked reductions in both tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity and concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in several brain regions. (erowid.org)
  • Most accidental paediatric drug ingestions involve doses that fall well below what would be considered a toxic ingestion. (rch.org.au)
  • On the highest dose of the drug, the groups' choices became similar, with all rats selecting the hard work about 70% of the time. (time.com)
  • The dose may need to be adjusted gradually, as your doctor monitors how well the drug is working. (healthline.com)
  • As an extension of this use of amphetamines, Spitting in the Soup spends a lot of time defining and redefining the morality of what constitutes cheating, legal and illegal drug use, and basically the hypocrisy in our country of sports and performance enhancement. (cyclingutah.com)
  • Tapering, normally occurs under physician supervision, when the patient takes increasingly smaller doses of Vyvanse until they can stop taking the drug altogether. (mentalhelp.net)
  • A Multiple Dose Study in Participants with Severe Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis to Assess the Safety and the Way the Body Absorbs, Distributes, and Eliminates the drug SZN-043. (who.int)
  • Adult doses range from 5 mg to 60 mg per day. (healthline.com)
  • c Trimethoprim 3.5-4 mg/kg/dose every 8-12 hours is suggested (adult doses are higher than typical trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole doses of 1 double-strength orally twice daily). (medscape.com)
  • According to records released by the singer's family, while he was under Dr Kipper's care Osbourne was simultaneously taking opiates, tranquillisers, amphetamines, antidepressants and anti-psychotic pills. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Maximum recommended dose for children and adolescents is 54 mg/day, and adults, 72 mg/day. (ubc.ca)
  • The effects of -phenethylamine (PEA), d-amphetamine and LSD were studied on spinal reflexes, autonomic signs, and behavior in the non-tolerant and LSD tolerant (30 mcg/kg/day) chronic spinal dog. (erowid.org)
  • The single dose effects and the lack of cross tolerance to amphetamine and PEA suggest modes of action different from LSD. (erowid.org)
  • this may be important for understanding effects of amphetamine use on the fetus during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Amphetamines may enhance the effects of tricyclic antidepressants. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Taking a lower dose should help to minimize side effects. (healthline.com)
  • It will also explore how amphetamines are abused recreationally as well as their long-term effects on the body if misused. (arrowpassage.com)
  • Doctors started to realize the addictive effects of amphetamines in the late 1940s. (arrowpassage.com)
  • The increased amount of prescriptions led to the increased awareness of the side effects of amphetamines. (arrowpassage.com)
  • Your doctor will probably decrease your dose gradually and monitor you carefully during this time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People addicted to amphetamines sometimes decrease their use after experiencing paranoia and auditory and visual hallucinations. (medscape.com)
  • Amphetamines may decrease the hypotensive effect of antihypertensives. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • In the 1970s, there was an emergence of newer antidepressants as well as increased laws that restricted prescribing amphetamines. (arrowpassage.com)
  • Phenethylamine is the parent compound of amphetamine, while N-methylphenethylamine is a positional isomer of amphetamine that differs only in the placement of the methyl group. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current rat study found that both slacker and worker rats responded more impulsively on amphetamine. (time.com)
  • The researchers suggested further studies using a different design and treatment doses. (fabresearch.org)