• The data include dose coefficients for intakes of radionuclides, exposure to radionuclides distributed in the environment, and for exposures to photon and neutron radiation fields. (ornl.gov)
  • DCAL is a comprehensive software system for the calculation of tissue dose and subsequent health risk from intakes of radionuclides or exposure to radionuclides present in environmental media. (ornl.gov)
  • These MS-DOS codes look up the dose coefficient from intakes of radionuclides from Federal Guidance Report 11 (ICRP Publication 30) and those for external exposure are from Federal Guidance Report 12 . (ornl.gov)
  • 1999) Assessment of Occupational Exposure Due to Intakes of Radionuclides, Safety Guide No. RS-G-1.2 . (idea-system.com)
  • 2000) Indirect Methods for Assessing Intakes of Radionuclides Causing Occupational Exposure, Safety Series No. 18 . (idea-system.com)
  • Committed effective dose is a radiation dose assuming that the dose that is to be received over a committed period of 50 years after intake is received in the first year, which is used as a standard for evaluating the long-term impact of internal exposure by food. (go.jp)
  • In the case of internal exposure where tissues and organs of our bodies are irradiated by radiation due to decay of radionuclides taken into the body, the dose to the tissues and organs changes with time. (go.jp)
  • Therefore, once a radionuclide is taken into our bodies, the effect (dose rate distribution and future cumulative dose) of the radionuclide in internal exposure is determined at the time of intake. (go.jp)
  • In the formula above, h(t) is the dose rate the tissue or organ, T, receives at time t, and the committed period, τ, is set to be 50 years for occupational exposure and for adults and 70 years for children and infants. (go.jp)
  • That is because calculation of the internal exposure dose requires measuring the amount of the radioactive material remaining in the tissues and organs and tracking the temporal change of the amount. (go.jp)
  • To simplify the calculation, in the case of internal exposure, the relationship between the amount of radioactive materials taken and the amount of dose a tissue or organ receives is predetermined. (go.jp)
  • The association between non-malignant respiratory disease and radiation dose observed in previous studies was not apparent, possibly due to improved exposure assessment, different outcome groupings, and extended follow-up. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the rarity of nuclear disasters limits opportunities to undertake rigorous research of evidence-based interventions and strategies, identification of lessons learned and development of an effective plan to protect the public, minimise negative effects, and protect emergency workers from exposure to high-dose radiation is important. (bvsalud.org)
  • The age-dependent annual effective doses due to the ingestion of tap water or exposure to the outdoor ambient environment are lower than the reference dose of 0.1 mSv/y. (researchsquare.com)
  • The annual effective dose ( AED ), which is a radiation protection quantity, has been considered a useful tool for radiation exposure risk assessment and policy-making on radioactive pollution 19 . (researchsquare.com)
  • Estimated dose rates that may result from exposure to patients who had been administered iodine-131 ( 131 I) as part of medical therapy were calculated. (wiley.com)
  • Acute Exposure, Radiation-The absorption of a relatively large amount of radiation (or intake of a radioactive material) over a short period of time. (docslib.org)
  • To characterize exposure, intake estimates from environmental media, food, drinking water and uses of certain product types were derived. (canada.ca)
  • Introduction 1 Situations such as prolonged exposure to naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., radon), improper operation of radioactive sources, and leakage of nuclear materials may considerably increase the risk of radioactive substances entering the body through inhalation, ingestion, and absorption, thereby resulting in internal radiation exposure. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • Age-dependent doses to the members of the public from intake of radionuclides: Part 5, Compilation of ingestion and inhalation dose coefficients, Ann. (radioprotection.org)
  • These age-dependent SAF values are currently being utilized by Task Group 96 in the preparation of age-dependent dose coefficients for radionuclide ingestion and inhalation as part of the forthcoming EIR (Environmental Intakes of Radionuclide) publication series which updates the dose coefficients of ICRP Publications 56, 67, 71, and 72. (icrp.org)
  • Compilations of Ingestion and inhalation dose coefficients. (radioprotection.org)
  • Carini F. (2000) Uptakes of Radionuclides by Fruits, Radiat. (radioprotection.org)
  • Farai I.P., Jibiri N.N. (2000) Baseline studies of terrestrial outdoor gamma dose rate evels in Nigeria, Rad. (radioprotection.org)
  • 2000). Investigation of silicon detectors to improve in vivo monitoring of 239 Pu after accidental intakes. (idea-system.com)
  • The Tc-99 release in the liquid effluent from TRP during 1999-2000 were measured and the normalized release of Tc-99, which were normalized by annual energy generated (GWa) derived from the treated spent fuels, were compared with that of other radionuclides. (go.jp)
  • High doses can cause visually dramatic radiation burns, and/or rapid fatality through acute radiation syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • there have been many major national only at high doses. (who.int)
  • The most recent concept as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is to extrapolate existing epidemiological data at high doses and dose rates down to low doses and low dose rates relevant to radiological protection, using the so-called dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). (bvsalud.org)
  • Yes, high doses of ionizing radiation are harmful and potentially lethal to living beings, but these doses must be high. (nuclear-power.com)
  • Moreover, what is not harmful in high doses? (nuclear-power.com)
  • The dose coefficients for inhalation and ingestion intakes are those of ICRP Publication 30. (ornl.gov)
  • ICRP Publication 72 (1996) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: Part 5. (radioprotection.org)
  • Usually, our bodies cannot selectively control the metabolism or the speed of excretion for radionuclides. (go.jp)
  • These effective dose rate estimates were compared with simplified assumptions under United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 8.39, which does not consider body tissue attenuation nor time-dependent redistribution and excretion of the administered 131 I. (wiley.com)
  • These paediatric phantoms have been used by Task Group 90 of ICRP Committee 2 in the development of age-dependent dose coefficients representing external exposures to contaminated air, water, and soil. (icrp.org)
  • The effects of radiation are radiation have concentrated on low- -particle with an energy of 2 MeV directly related to the dose received has an LET of about 180 keV/m. dose exposures, typical y of 0.1 Gy by individual cel s or organs, and All types of ionizing radiation in- (= 0.1 J/kg) and below. (who.int)
  • The biological effects on humans of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation have always been of major interest. (bvsalud.org)
  • This report describes activities performed by the Savannah River Site (SRS) related to the burning of radioactive solvent waste with the objective of determining the feasibility of reconstructing internal doses potentially received from exposures to fission product and alpha radionuclides. (cdc.gov)
  • Nuclide intake per year (Bq)] = [Annual average nuclide concentration in environmental samples] × [Annual intake of the food, drink, etc. (go.jp)
  • Granites, in particular, exhibit an enhanced elemental concentration of natural radionuclides in comparison to the very low abundance of these elements observed in the mantle and the crust of the Earth. (scirp.org)
  • Adsorption Coefficient (Koc)-The ratio of the amount of a chemical adsorbed per unit surface area or per unit weight of organic carbon of a specific particle size in the soil or sediment to the concentration of the chemical in solution at equilibrium. (docslib.org)
  • The recognition of temporal variability of Rn-222 and selected meteorological variables in the urban and rural areas served to create two statistical models for estimation of this radionuclide concentration at 2 m a.g.l. (sciendo.com)
  • Other supportive data include interaction coefficients for alpha, electron, photon and neutron radiations, nuclear decay data, biological and physiological data, and supplemental information on various topics. (ornl.gov)
  • The DexRax utility extracts from the master files, the decay data for user specified radionuclides. (ornl.gov)
  • Figure 1 shows examples of h(t) in the formula above for radioactive materials with a long and short effective half-life (half-life that takes into account both the natural decay and discharge of radionuclides from the body) in a tissue or organ. (go.jp)
  • This information may be used to correct for physical decay of the radionuclide. (globalrph.com)
  • This is a Windows help file detailing the age-specific biokinetic models and elemental data used in the calculations of the risk coefficients of Federal Guidance Report 13 . (ornl.gov)
  • This project (acronym "RADNOR") includes model and monitoring assessments and improvements, assessment of current and novel abiotic and biotic dose parameters and dose calculations and use of realistic climatic background scenarios in order to assess corresponding consequences for transport of radioactive pollutants. (amap.no)
  • This document describes the emissions of radionuclides from LANL and the dose calculations resulting from these emissions for calendar year 2009. (unt.edu)
  • This is a viewer of the risk coefficients tabulated in Federal Guidance Report 13 and the age-specific dose coefficients calculated during the course of preparing Report 13. (ornl.gov)
  • ionizing radiation from natural sources, such as terrestrial radiation due to radionuclides in the soil or cosmic radiation originating in outer space. (cdc.gov)
  • Carini F.Carini F. (2001) Radionuclide transfer from soil to fruit, J. Env. (radioprotection.org)
  • Jibiri N.N., Bankole O.S. (2006) Soil radioactivity and radiation absorbed dose rates at roadsides in high-traffic density area in Ibadan Metropolis, southwestern, Nigeria, Rad. (radioprotection.org)
  • Some of these studies focus on radioactive levels of environmental samples, such as drinking water, food, soil and air, and radiation doses of people living around NPPs, while other studies focus on population health risk and cancer incidence. (researchsquare.com)
  • 1999) Biokinetics and radiation doses for 14C-urea in adults and children undergoing the Helicobacter pylori breath test . (idea-system.com)
  • Hernandez F., Hernandez-Armas J., Catalan A., Fernandez-Aldecoa J.C., Landeras M.I. (2004) Activity concentrations and mean effective dose of foodstuffs on the Island of Tenerife, Spain, Rad. (radioprotection.org)
  • This work aims to measure the activity concentrations of gross beta and alpha in bottled drinking water to evaluate its quality and annual effective dose as well as the lifetime risk. (ac.ir)
  • The infant's total nutrient intake is determined by nutrient concentrations in human milk and by the volume of milk consumed. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Downloaded from The ICRP Task Group on Internal Dosimetry is developing new Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides (OIR) documents. (cdc.gov)
  • Selected coefficients of attenuation are listed in Table 2 as a function of lead shield thickness. (globalrph.com)
  • In addition, the calculation of dose needs to take into account other factors such as density, thickness of the material as well as factors relating to the type of building and the intended use of the material (bulk or superficial). (scirp.org)
  • Absorption Coefficient-Fractional absorption of the energy of an unscattered beam of x- or gamma- radiation per unit thickness (linear absorption coefficient), per unit mass (mass absorption coefficient), or per atom (atomic absorption coefficient) of absorber, due to transfer of energy to the absorber. (docslib.org)
  • Absorption Coefficient, Linear-A factor expressing the fraction of a beam of x- or gamma radiation -μx absorbed in a unit thickness of material. (docslib.org)
  • In the expression I=Ioe , Io is the initial intensity, I the intensity of the beam after passage through a thickness of the material x, and μ is the linear absorption coefficient. (docslib.org)
  • 1998. Induction of mammary tumors in rats by single- dose gamma irradiation at different ages. (cdc.gov)
  • The coefficients for external irradiation are from FGR-12 . (ornl.gov)
  • Dose rates were estimated for members of the public potentially exposed to external irradiation from patients recently treated with 131 I. Tissue attenuation and iodine biokinetics were considered in the patient in a larger comprehensive effort to improve external dose rate estimates. (wiley.com)
  • ICRP routinely solicits comments on most draft documents prior to publication, with the exception of those that are basically compilations of computed values such as specific absorbed fraction values or dose conversion factors. (icrp.org)
  • To quantitatively evaluate the radiation dosages for individual organs and tissues under such circumstances, it is critical to accurately determine the distribution of radionuclides in the body and the corresponding radioactivity. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • The most widely accepted model posits that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate of 5.5% per sievert. (wikipedia.org)
  • High radiation dose gives rise to deterministic effects which reliably occur above a threshold, and their severity increases with dose. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 - 5 These studies suggest increased risk of chronic non-malignant respiratory disease (NMRD) in relation to internal, and possibly external, radiation dose, and present equivocal results with respect to the relations between radiation dose and mortality from cancers of the lung, kidney, bladder and digestive tract. (cdc.gov)
  • However, if a radioactive material taken into our bodies adsorbs and remains in a tissue or organ, it is not easy to calculate the cumulative dose the tissue or organ receives. (go.jp)
  • Using this relationship, the dose a human body receives is calculated based on the intake amount of radioactive materials. (go.jp)
  • The results of ambient environment accumulated dose monitored by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) indicated that the ambient environment radioactive level around Qinshan NPP is consistently at natural background radiation levels. (researchsquare.com)
  • Enhanced or elevated levels of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in building materials for the construction of dwelling may cause effective doses, which exceeds the dose criterion of 1 mSv・y − 1 [1] should be taken into account in terms of radiation protection. (scirp.org)
  • Annual Limit on Intake (ALI)-The derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. (docslib.org)
  • Radiological Issues for Fukushima's Revitalized Future Chapter 19, Monte Carlo Evaluation of Internal Dose and Distribution Imaging Due to Insoluble Radioactive Cs-Bearing Particles of Water Deposited Inside Lungs via Pulmonary Inhalation Using PHITS Code Combined with Voxel Phantom Data , Editors: Tomoyuki Takahashi, Springer, 209-220. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
  • The dose coefficient files and source code (FORTRAN) illustrating how to use the use the data files within an assessment code. (ornl.gov)
  • Canu et al 1 , in an extensive literature review, found limited evidence of increased mortality from respiratory, lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers in workers occupationally exposed to uranium at a variety of facilities, including FMPC, and cited inadequate assessment of internal dose from uranium as a limitation of these studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Monitoring and Dose Assessment for Children Following a Radiation Emergency-Part II: Calibration Factors for Thyroid Monitoring. (cdc.gov)
  • PCBs : cancer dose-response assessment and application to environmental mixtures. (epa.gov)
  • Psychometric assessment demonstrated that Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology-Hemodialysis is internally consistent (Cronbach α =0.81 0.86) and stable over a 1-week period (intraclass correlation coefficient =0.68 0.74). (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Platford R.F., Joshi, S.R. (1986) The chemistry of uranium and related radionuclides in Lake Ontario (USA, Canada) waters, J. Radioanal. (radioprotection.org)
  • To examine mortality patterns and dose-response relations between ionising radiation and mortality outcomes of a priori interest in 6409 uranium workers employed for at least 30 days (1951-1985), and followed through 2004. (cdc.gov)
  • A positive dose-response relation was observed for intestinal cancer, with a significant elevation in the highest internal organ dose category and a significant dose-response with organ dose from internal uranium deposition (ERR=1.5 per 100 µGy, 95% CI 0.12 to 4.1). (cdc.gov)
  • Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, Ann. (radioprotection.org)
  • Hourly workers had excess cancer mortality compared with the US population, although there was little evidence of a dose-response trend for any cancer evaluated except intestinal cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • The current study expanded the FMPC cohort to include all workers, added 15 years of vital status follow-up, and recalculated internal organ dose. (cdc.gov)
  • For inhalation of radionuclides by workers, the reference subject is taken to be a normal nose-breathing adult male at light work. (idea-system.com)
  • Analyzes Savannah River gross alpha air sampling data as a method of thoron intake bounding between 1972 and 1994. (cdc.gov)
  • The ratio of committed effective dose (mSv) of acute intake (or single dose intake) of 1 Bq of a radionuclide to 1 Bq of the radionuclide is called effective dose coefficient (mSv/Bq), which is used to calculate committed effective doses. (go.jp)
  • This collection includes the models, elemental and radionuclide data, and supporting documentation necessary to describe the behavior of inhaled or ingested radionuclides. (ornl.gov)
  • It is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rem or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rem to any organ or tissue. (docslib.org)
  • We explored the association between radiation doses and selected cancers in RUL mineworkers. (allenpress.com)
  • Use of Transportable Radiation Detection Instruments to Assess Internal Contamination from Intakes of Radionuclides Part II: Calibration Factors and ICAT Computer Program. (cdc.gov)
  • X-rays and -rays are both gy X-rays, -rays, and neutrons are transfer (the dose rate) but also to the electro magnetic radiations. (who.int)
  • Furthermore, Annual effective doses ranged from 30.11 to 48.3 µSv y -1 with an average value of 38.54 µSv y -1 , which is below the 0.1 mSv y −1 as reference dose limit. (ac.ir)
  • Ionizing radia- distribution of internal radionuclides per unit mass (the absorbed dose, tions are usual y classified as either that emit short-range -particles or expressed in units of gray, where electro magnetic or particulate. (who.int)
  • Relationship of air sampling measurements to internal dose: a review. (idea-system.com)
  • Use of Transportable Radiation Detection Instruments to Assess Internal Contamination From Intakes of Radionuclides Part I: Field Tests and Monte Carlo Simulations. (cdc.gov)
  • Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated to assess internal consistency, and Spearman rho was used to assess convergent validity. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • What is Committed Effective Dose? (go.jp)
  • Table 1 shows examples of effective dose coefficients. (go.jp)
  • Arogunjo A.M (2003) Natural radionuclides content of some local cereals in Akure, Southwestern Nigeria, Nig. (radioprotection.org)
  • a serious illness caused by receiving a dose greater than 75 rads of penetrating radiation to the body in a short time (usually minutes). (cdc.gov)
  • This package is the ORNL numerical solver (Windows version) for the coupled set of differential equations describing the kinetics of a radionuclide in the body. (ornl.gov)
  • The nature of ionizing these effects can vary significant- fects, including DNA damage, chro- radiation ly, depending on the resulting dose mosomal aberrations, mutations, cell distribution or distribution of radionu- transformation, and cell killing (NRC, Ionizing radiation is a term used for clides throughout the body. (who.int)
  • Absorbed Dose, Chemical-The amount of a substance that is either absorbed into the body or placed in contact with the skin. (docslib.org)
  • For oral or inhalation routes, this is normally the product of the intake quantity and the uptake fraction divided by the body weight and, if appropriate, the time, expressed as mg/kg for a single intake or mg/kg/ day for multiple intakes. (docslib.org)
  • 2 International Atomic Energy Agency , Direct Methods for Measuring Radionuclides in Man . (idea-system.com)
  • 2004) Methods for Assessing Occupational Radiation Doses Due to Intakes of Radionuclides, Safety Series No. 37 . (idea-system.com)
  • 1 (the front of the nose), which is cleared by nose blowing at a rate documents(2,4) to produce a new set of documents of 1 d21, and the rest deposits in ET on Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides (OIR). (cdc.gov)
  • This temporal change in dose rate depends on the type, physical and chemical nature of the radionuclide, how the radionuclide was taken in, and the tissues or organs the nuclide is mostly taken into. (go.jp)
  • This paper describes the historical development of the DDREF concept in light of emerging scientific evidence on dose and dose-rate effects, summarizes the conclusions recently drawn by a number of international organizations (e.g. (bvsalud.org)
  • BEIR VII, ICRP, SSK, UNSCEAR, and WHO), mentions current scientific efforts to obtain more data on low-dose and low-dose-rate effects at molecular, cellular, animal and human levels, and discusses future options that could be useful to improve and optimize the DDREF concept for the purpose of radiological protection. (bvsalud.org)
  • The external dose rate estimates are based on Monte Carlo simulations using the Phantom with Movable Arms and Legs (PIMAL), previously developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (wiley.com)
  • Implementation of ICRP 116 Dose Conversion Coefficients for Reconstructing Organ Dose in a Radiation Compensation Program. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence of increased cancer risk in humans is available at doses above 100 mSv 3 . (researchsquare.com)
  • Absorption Coefficient, Mass-The linear absorption coefficient per cm divided by the density of the absorber in grams per cubic centimeter. (docslib.org)
  • It is frequently expressed as μ/ρ, where μ is the linear absorption coefficient and ρ the absorber density. (docslib.org)
  • The risk for developing radiation-induced cancer at some point in life is greater when exposing a fetus than an adult, both because the cells are more vulnerable when they are growing, and because there is much longer lifespan after the dose to develop cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some effects of ionizing radiation on human health are stochastic, meaning that their probability of occurrence increases with dose, while the severity is independent of dose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deterministic effects are those that reliably occur above a threshold dose, and their severity increases with dose. (wikipedia.org)
  • The truth about low-dose radiation health effects still needs to be found. (nuclear-power.com)
  • Food (including breast milk and beverages), and to a lesser extent, drinking water are the primary sources of daily intake for the general population. (canada.ca)