TransportersReceptorsReceptorNeuronsHumansCocaineUptakeLevels of dopamineRelease of dopamineConcentrations of dopamineGeneDopaminergicVesicularPredictsVMAT2Sodium ChlorideExtracellularInhibitionAltersBasalNorepinephrineNeurotransmittersCELL MEMBRANEAmphetamineMetabolitesStriatumSelectiveMRNAExonPolymorphismsSerotonergicGeneticAbstractSubstrateMicrodialysisFunctionalMiceIntracellularATPaseCorrelationEndogenous
Transporters8
- LCRs have higher basal numbers of striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) than HCRs and exhibit marginal cocaine inhibition of in vivo DAT activity and cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA. (elsevierpure.com)
- Objective: The authors examined whether striatal dopamine transporters were altered in acutely (96 hours or less) abstinent cocaine-abusing subjects, as suggested by postmortem studies. (elsevierpure.com)
- Conclusions: These findings indicate more modest elevations in striatal dopamine transporters in cocaine- abusing subjects than noted in previous postmortem reports and suggest a possible relationship between cocaine-related depression and dopamine transporter binding. (elsevierpure.com)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of scatter correction (SC) and attenuation correction (AC) on the quantification of dopamine transporters using 123 I-β-CIT brain SPET images. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
- abstract = "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of scatter correction (SC) and attenuation correction (AC) on the quantification of dopamine transporters using 123I-β-CIT brain SPET images. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
- PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase 1) contains a single PDZ domain known to mediate interaction with the C termini of several receptors, transporters, ion channels, and kinases. (huji.ac.il)
- This suggests that amphetamine may be an atypical substrate with little to no ability to prevent dopamine reuptake via binding to the dopamine transporter but, instead, uses it to enter a neuron where it then interacts with SLC18A2 to induce efflux of dopamine from their vesicles into the cytoplasm whereupon dopamine transporters with amphetamine substrates attached move this recently liberated dopamine into the synaptic cleft. (wikipedia.org)
- Literature review: The plasma membrane DA transporter (DAT) belongs to the family of Na+/Cl􀃭 dependent neurotransmitter transporters. (helsinki.fi)
Receptors3
- In rodent macrophages and human T-cells, dopamine was shown to modulate cellular functions through activation of dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
- Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed Students' T-tests or Wilcoxen Signed Rank tests.Results: These data show that MDM express mRNA for all five subtypes of dopamine receptors, and that dopamine receptors 3 and 4 are expressed on the plasma membrane. (elsevierpure.com)
- Macrophages treated with LPS show increased IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8 and IL-10 and decreased TNF-α.Conclusions: Monocyte derived macrophages express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins through which dopamine may modulate macrophage functions. (elsevierpure.com)
Receptor6
- Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor, clinical outcome, and cortical structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (ox.ac.uk)
- CONTEXT: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most heritable neuropsychiatric disorders, and a polymorphism within the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene has been frequently implicated in its pathogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
- We drew comparisons with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) gene, which was associated with ADHD within our cohort, and a polymorphism within the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene, reported to have additive effects with the DRD4 7-repeat allele. (ox.ac.uk)
- 100-fold higher affinity than the type I sequences presented by protein kinase Cα (-QSAV) and the β 2 -adrenergic receptor (-DSLL), respectively. (huji.ac.il)
- Dopamine D4 receptor and serotonin transporter gene effects on the longitudinal development of infant temperament. (ox.ac.uk)
- Existing studies of the effect on infant temperament of the 48 base pair variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor gene, DRD4 VNTR, and the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region, 5-HTTLPR, have provided contradictory results, and age seems to be an important factor. (ox.ac.uk)
Neurons4
- In nigrostriatal pathway and mesolimbic pathway dopamine-releasing neurons, SLC18A2 function is also necessary for the vesicular release of the neurotransmitter GABA. (wikipedia.org)
- Although many substituted amphetamines induce the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles through SLC18A2 while inhibiting uptake through SLC18A2, they may facilitate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by simultaneously reversing the direction of transport through the primary plasma membrane transport proteins for monoamines (i.e., the dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and serotonin transporter) in monoamine neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of serotonergic neurons. (musc.edu)
- In presynaptic axonal varicosities of ventral midbrain neurons in postnatal culture, VMAT2 overexpression in small synaptic vesicles increased both quantal size and frequency, consistent with the recruitment of synaptic vesicles that do not normally release dopamine. (bvsalud.org)
Humans1
- The solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) also known as vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Cocaine4
- The dopamine transporter, the molecule responsible for presynaptic reuptake of dopamine and a major site of action of psychostimulant drugs, including cocaine, is encoded by locus SLC6A3 (alias DAT1). (johnshopkins.edu)
- 123 I]β-CIT and single photon emission computed tomography were used to assess striatal dopamine transporter levels in 28 cocaine-abusing subjects and 24 comparison subjects matched as a group for age and gender. (elsevierpure.com)
- Method: [123I]β-CIT and single photon emission computed tomography were used to assess striatal dopamine transporter levels in 28 cocaine-abusing subjects and 24 comparison subjects matched as a group for age and gender. (elsevierpure.com)
- while, in another experiment, observing that disabling SLC18A2 (but not the dopamine transporter) prevents any notable action in test animals after amphetamine administration yet not cocaine administration. (wikipedia.org)
Uptake4
- Examining the complex regulation and drug-induced plasticity of dopamine release and uptake using voltammetry in brain slices. (wakehealth.edu)
- Striatal synaptosomes from ovariectomized rats were prepared to examine the effect of 17beta-estradiol on [3H]dopamine uptake. (omeka.net)
- Estradiol inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 7.2 microM. (omeka.net)
- Drosophila transmembrane protein 214 (dTMEM214) regulates midgut glucose uptake and systemic glucose homeostasis. (ouhsc.edu)
Levels of dopamine2
- Effects of a short-course MDMA binge on dopamine transporter binding and on levels of dopamine and its metabolites in adult male rats. (umassmed.edu)
- Drugs of abuse increase extracellular dopamine in the CNS, exposing these cells to elevated levels of dopamine. (elsevierpure.com)
Release of dopamine1
- This was confirmed using noncatecholaminergic AtT-20 cells, in which VMAT2 expression induced the quantal release of dopamine. (bvsalud.org)
Concentrations of dopamine2
- The concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA and also 5-HIAA were determined from the samples by highperformance liquid chromatography. (helsinki.fi)
- To characterize dopamine-mediated changes in cytokine production in basal and inflammatory conditions, macrophages were treated with different concentrations of dopamine in the presence or absence of LPS and cytokine production was assayed by ELISA. (elsevierpure.com)
Gene3
- Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 protein and gene expression in rats: implications for MDMA neurotoxicity. (umassmed.edu)
- The expression of these proteins and the effects of dopamine on human macrophage functions had not been studied.Methods: To study dopaminergic gene expression, qRT-PCR was performed on mRNA from primary human monocyte derived macrophages (MDM). (elsevierpure.com)
- Evidence that the gene encodes a highly conserved copper-transporting adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) has stimulated investigation of the molecule's normal function in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. (medscape.com)
Dopaminergic4
- RNA interference-mediated knockdown of alpha-synuclein protects human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells from MPP(+) toxicity and reduces dopamine transport. (ox.ac.uk)
- With selective transport DAT limits the intensity and the duration of dopaminergic signal. (helsinki.fi)
- The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the key regulator of dopaminergic transmission and is a target of several xenobiotics, including pesticides and pharmacological agents. (omeka.net)
- Expression and localization of dopaminergic proteins was examined by immunoblotting isolated plasma membrane, total membrane and cytosolic proteins from MDM. (elsevierpure.com)
Vesicular2
- MDM also express mRNA for the dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). (elsevierpure.com)
- Vesicular transport proteins package classical neurotransmitters for regulated exocytotic release, and localize to at least two distinct types of secretory vesicles. (bvsalud.org)
Predicts2
- This difference reflects cocaine's ability to inhibit the striatal dopamine transporter and predicts development of sensitization. (illinois.edu)
- Imaging of the dopamine transporter predicts pattern of disease progression and response to levodopa in patients with schizophrenia and parkinsonism: a 2-year follow-up multicenter study. (ox.ac.uk)
VMAT22
- DAT is expressed on the plasma membrane, VMAT2 on cellular membranes and TH and AADC are in the cytosol. (elsevierpure.com)
- The ability to increase quantal size in vesicles that were already competent for dopamine release was shown in PC12 cells, in which VMAT2 expression increased the quantal size but not the number of release events. (bvsalud.org)
Sodium Chloride2
- A subclass of symporters that specifically transport SODIUM CHLORIDE and/or POTASSIUM CHLORIDE across cellular membranes in a tightly coupled process. (nih.gov)
- A family of sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters that transport the amino acid GLYCINE. (childrensmercy.org)
Extracellular1
- DAT is the primary mechanism for clearance of dopamine from the extracellular space and transporting it back to the presynaptic nerve terminals. (helsinki.fi)
Alters2
- These results show that RNAi-mediated alpha-synuclein knockdown alters cellular dopamine homeostasis in human cells and may suggest a mechanism for the increased survival in the presence of MPP(+), a toxin used extensively to model Parkinson's disease. (ox.ac.uk)
- Dopamine also alters macrophage cytokine production in both untreated and LPS-treated cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Basal2
- His primary areas of study are Neuroscience, Dopamine, Basal ganglia, Parkinson's disease and MPTP. (research.com)
- The scientist's investigation covers issues in Neuroscience, Basal ganglia, Dopamine, Striatum and Parkinson's disease. (research.com)
Norepinephrine2
- SLC18A2 is an integral membrane protein that transports monoamines-particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine-from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
- In animals, lead has been shown to alter a number of neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and gamma- aminobutyric acid systems (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)
Neurotransmitters1
- If SLC18A2 function is inhibited or compromised, monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine cannot be released into the synapse via typical release mechanisms (i.e., exocytosis resulting from action potentials). (wikipedia.org)
CELL MEMBRANE1
- They facilitate passive diffusion of GLUCOSE across the CELL MEMBRANE. (ouhsc.edu)
Amphetamine1
- Amphetamine increased the dopamine output in both mouse lines, but there were no statistically significant differences in striatal dopamine concentrations between genotypes neither after acute nor chronic administration. (helsinki.fi)
Metabolites1
- Effects of (R)-ketamine, (S)-ketamine, and their metabolites on MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced reduction of dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the mouse striatum and substantia nigra (SNr) were examined. (unboundmedicine.com)
Striatum1
- this might reflect damage to dopamine axon terminals in the striatum. (wikipedia.org)
Selective1
MRNA1
- Hardman et al found that insulin and estrogen increased the level of MNK mRNA and protein levels in the placenta. (medscape.com)
Exon1
Polymorphisms1
- The present study was aimed to explore the relationship between functional polymorphisms in serotonin and dopamine-related genes and pain modulation. (haifa.ac.il)
Serotonergic2
- His research investigates the connection between Dopamine and topics such as Serotonergic that intersect with problems in Neurochemical and Hippocampus. (research.com)
- His work carried out in the field of Dopamine brings together such families of science as Prefrontal cortex, Serotonergic and Macaque. (research.com)
Genetic1
- Clinical examination, dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging, and molecular genetic analysis of GCH1 and the commonest known familial PD-related genes were performed. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Abstract1
- abstract = "PURPOSE: Serotonin transporter (SERT) and dopamine transporter (DAT) levels differ in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who are in a depressed state in comparison with healthy controls. (ncku.edu.tw)
Substrate1
- There's a great interest in the DAT and its regulation as its substrate, dopamine, mediates a wide array of physiological functions e.g. locomotor activity, cognition and the control of motivated behaviors. (helsinki.fi)
Microdialysis1
- However, there was a difference between the dopamine outputs in days 1 and 4 in both MEN2B and GDNF-cKO mice: The striatal dopamine concentrations were significantly lower on the second microdialysis day. (helsinki.fi)
Functional2
- Functional imaging of the dopamine transporter can be helpful to select this patient sub-group that might benefit from levodopa therapy. (ox.ac.uk)
- In the interaction with proteins, lead binds with virtually every available functional group, including sulfhydryl, amine, phosphate, and carboxyl groups, with sulfhydryl having the highest affinity. (cdc.gov)
Mice1
- We chose two different mouse lines: MEN2B mice with constitutive active Ret-signaling and elevated striatal dopamine concentrations, and GDND-cKO mice that lack GDND in the central nervous system. (helsinki.fi)
Intracellular2
- An increase in intracellular copper causes ATP7A to move to the plasma membrane. (medscape.com)
- The Niemann-Pick group of diseases can be subclassified into two categories: (1) those with a primary deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity (ie, types A and B) and (2) those with defective intracellular processing and transporting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol (ie, type C). (medscape.com)
ATPase1
- His conclusion was that the MNK protein delivers copper to the fetus and Wilson disease ATPase returns excess copper to the maternal circulation. (medscape.com)
Correlation1
- An inverse correlation between dopamine transporter level and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was also observed. (elsevierpure.com)
Endogenous1
- By using small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules targeted to endogenous alpha-synuclein, we achieved 80% protein knockdown. (ox.ac.uk)