• Chromosome location of the recombination region located upstream of the penicillin-binding protein 2x ( pbp2x ) gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) and antimicrobial drug resistance determinants, capsular loci of the putative donor, recipient, and recombinant strains (B). In the genomic region upstream of pbp2x (SPG_0305), genes have been named as in the G54 genome (ST63) (GenBank accession no. (cdc.gov)
  • We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
  • Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
  • High levels of recombination could confound studies of the gonococcal populations, especially if the studies are based on few genetic loci within strains as compared to the entire genomes. (peerj.com)
  • S. aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The different strains can secrete different enzymes or bring different antibiotic resistances to the group, increasing its pathogenic ability. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of antibiotic resistance, there are now limited options for treating patients. (peerj.com)
  • In developed countries , antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. (alchetron.com)
  • Recently we have discovered that zinc can inhibit the development of resistance to antibiotics in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. (buffalo.edu)
  • With direct and indirect costs for treating these conditions annually exceeding $33 billion in the United States alone, and nearly ubiquitous resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among M. catarrhalis clinical isolates, a greater understanding of this pathogen's genome and its variability among isolates is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, doctors discovered that the use of penicillin could cure S. aureus infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • The estimated ratio of recombination to mutation ( r / m = 2.2) from our data set indicates an appreciable level of recombination occurring in the population. (peerj.com)
  • Unfortunately, by the end of the 1940s, penicillin resistance became widespread amongst this bacterium population and outbreaks of the resistant strain began to occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • The subject's blood can be processed and used to repopulate the destroyed lymphohematopoietic system of a recipient and may in the future be utilized to repair a variety of non-hematopoietic tissues. (justia.com)
  • Here, we substituted exon 7 of porcine CD163 with the corresponding exon of human CD163-like 1 ( hCD163L1 ) using a CRISPR/Cas9 system combined with a donor vector. (ijbs.com)
  • Chromosome location of the recombination region located upstream of the penicillin-binding protein 2x ( pbp2x ) gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) and antimicrobial drug resistance determinants, capsular loci of the putative donor, recipient, and recombinant strains (B). In the genomic region upstream of pbp2x (SPG_0305), genes have been named as in the G54 genome (ST63) (GenBank accession no. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequencing the capsular locus flanking regions of 51 vaccine escape (progeny), recipient, and putative donor pneumococci revealed a 39 kb recombinational fragment, which included the capsular locus, flanking regions, and two adjacent penicillin-binding proteins, and thus resulted in a capsular switch and penicillin nonsusceptibility in a single genetic event. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Based on prior evidence for capsular switching by recombination at the capsular locus, the genetic event that resulted in this novel serotype/genotype combination might be identifiable from the DNA sequence of individual pneumococcal strains. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Vaccine escape by genetic recombination at the capsular locus has the potential to reduce PCV7 effectiveness in the longer term. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The distribution of plasmid entry exclusion genes traS / traT and traY / excA are variable in Salmonella IncF and IncI plasmids, respectively and may account for differences in emergent antimicrobial resistance for some Salmonella serovars. (frontiersin.org)
  • According to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) 2015 Annual Report, 12.4% of S. enterica isolates tested were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics [ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016 ]. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genetic Transduction By JOSHUA LEDERBERG University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Reprinted from AMERICAN SCIENTIST, Vol. 44, No. 3, July 1956 GENETIC TRANSDUCTION* By JOSHUA LEDERBERG University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin HE recombination of genes stands on a par with mutation and selection as a cardinal element of biological variation. (nih.gov)
  • There appear to be other plasmid or chromosomal genes at play in plasmid exclusion that may be responsible for the slow development of antibiotic resistance in certain serovars. (frontiersin.org)
  • Serotype 19A CC271, likely arising through (mosaic PBPs), dual mechanisms for macrolide resis- serotype switch with serotype 19F, emerged as the tance (ErmB rRNA methylase and MefA / MsrD mac- most common cause of IPD in the United States af- rolide effl ux system), clindamycin resistance (ErmB), ter introduction of PCV7 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Whole-genome analysis characterized this PRSP as a recombinant strain derived from PRSP of serotype 23F with the cps locus (20.3 kb) replaced by that of a penicillin-susceptible strain of serotype 3. (nih.gov)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first time a single recombinational event has been documented in vivo that resulted in both a change of serotype and penicillin nonsusceptibility. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the labora- tory, recombination furnishes the experimental test of mutational change in genetic units. (nih.gov)
  • Until recently, genetic recombination has been closely identified with sexual reproduction: indeed geneticists consider it to be the principal biological function of sexuality, but other processes are now recognized as alternative means to the same end. (nih.gov)
  • Unit factors that are subject to mutation, and can be used for genetic studies of bacteria, are related to such diverse traits as pigmentation, resistance to antibiotics and to bacterial viruses, biochemical aspects of nutrition and fermentation enzymes, cellular morphology, and antigenic specificity. (nih.gov)
  • Acquisition of resistance determinants from a resistant strain to a susceptible strain can be achieved in the laboratory by step-wise transformation. (medscape.com)
  • When integrated near an spliced and portrayed gene, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter from the CDBF vector drives constitutive BFP (blue fluorescent proteins) appearance and by virtue from the splice donor (SD) series, an overexpressed FLAG-tagged fusion from the targeted gene. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • I. Complete regression of virus-induced transformation in cultures of seropositive donor leukocytes. (nih.gov)
  • Unfortunately, by the end of the 1940s, penicillin resistance became widespread amongst this bacterium population and outbreaks of the resistant strain began to occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • There has been a marked increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones and β-lactams/cephalosporins, antibiotics commonly used to treat salmonellosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • ponA , encoding an altered form of PBP1, has been demonstrated to be involved in penicillin resistance, but not yet in resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. (medscape.com)
  • All cultures from nine seronegative adult and 12 foetal donors gave rise to cell lines following subculture 4 weeks post infection. (nih.gov)
  • SNPs and were recovered 16 months apart during recombination event. (cdc.gov)
  • The approximate location of the recombination event is indicated by the dotted box. (cdc.gov)
  • We demonstrated that MCs can be loaded into shed microvesicles with greater efficiency than their parental plasmid counterparts and that microvesicle-mediated MC delivery led to significantly higher and more prolonged transgene expression in recipient cells than microvesicles loaded with the parental plasmid. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • In higher plants and animals, the concept of the gene originated from recombination studies, but in bacteria it arose and for some time de- pended exclusively on mutation studies. (nih.gov)
  • He is forced to seek fresh support from donor countries every few months, with the latest "sixth round" recently launched with support from the UK, which is keen to see follow-through from the Gleneagles' G8 summit it hosted last summer. (blogspot.com)
  • The first step in decreased susceptibility/resistance to ESCs is alteration of the penA gene encoding the transpeptidase PBP2 (Figure 2), the lethal target for ESCs and other β-lactam antibiotics. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, seropositive donor cultures seeded at the higher cell concentrations developed foci of proliferating EBNA-positive cells within the first 1--2 weeks but thereafter regressed completely and subcultures made after 4 weeks never gave rise to cell lines. (nih.gov)
  • Out of 18 seropositive donors tested, 15 showed regression in all cultures seeded at 10(6) cells/ml and above, and with the other three donors a proportion of replicate cultures regressed. (nih.gov)
  • T-cell depletion and reconstitution experiments showed that the effect was absolutely dependent upon the presence in the cultures of T cells from these seropositive donors. (nih.gov)
  • initially suggested that three of these alterations, G545S, I312M and V316T, were responsible for the ESC resistance (by altering the β-lactam binding pocket), [ 79 ] especially to cefixime. (medscape.com)