Dolly mammal cloned adult mammalian cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Viable Offspring Derived from Petal and Adult Mammalian Cells', Nature (1997), 385 , 810. (todayinsci.com)
General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)
When Professor Wilmut introduced the sheep in 1997, it paved the way for potential stem cell treatments to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease, a degenerative disease that affects more than 150,000 people in the UK. (worldtimetodays.com)

When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. (wptv.com)
But there was no way to easily know all the characteristics of the animal that would result from a cloned embryo or fetus. (wptv.com)
Fertilization of mammalian eggs is followed by successive cell divisions and progressive differentiation, first into the early embryo and subsequently into all of the cell types that make up the adult animal. (todayinsci.com)
The first offspring to develop from a differentiated cell were born after nuclear transfer from an embryo-derived cell line that had been induced to became quiescent. (todayinsci.com)
Using the same procedure, we now report the birth of live lambs from three new cell populations established from adult mammary gland, fetus and embryo. (todayinsci.com)
During the development of vertebrates, including humans, the fertilized egg develops into the embryo, and the cells in the embryo then proceed to differentiate to form somatic cells of different tissues and organs. (shawprize.org)
The fertilized egg is considered totipotent, as it can develop into a whole organism, while the cells in the embryo are pluripotent because they are capable of differentiating into somatic cells that make up all the organs. (shawprize.org)
They pioneered a new technique of starving embryo cells before transferring their nucleus to fertilized egg cells. (shawprize.org)
Among the factors thought to contribute to the greater success in cloning cattle are the relatively late embryonic genome activation speciﬁc for this species [16 -18] and the optimization of reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer, brought about by the cattle industry [19]. (sibi.org)
The early mammalian embryo consists of the extra-embryonic cell layers-the trophoblast and a body of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM), which eventually become the embryo proper. (thefutureofthings.com)
Dolly is not the first reported mammalian clone, but the first one which involved neither forced 'twinning' of an embryo, or implanting an embryonic nucleus. (creation.com)
An electric shock was used to stimulate the hybrid cell to divide and create an embryo, which was then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. (worldtimetodays.com)
The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
Mouse naive embryonic stem cells have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation structured stem-cell-based embryo models with spatially organized morphogenesis (called SEMs) 3 . (nature.com)
increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
Staehelin suggested that an animal could be protected against viral infection by inserting a gene encoding the Mx protein into that animal, preferably at the single cell embryo stage. (justia.com)
The first position is that of those who consider that the human embryo, in its first days of life, is a cell cluster with no biological structure, i.e. an unorganised cluster of cells and, accordingly, with no biological or ontological value. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
In other words, this law accepts the obsolete theory that identifies the human embryo as a cluster of cells. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
The third position is that of those who consider that the single-cell, polarised, asymmetrical human embryo, the zygote, obtained naturally or artificially, is a living being of our species, bearer therefore of the dignity that all human beings intrinsically possess, and consequently worthy of being treated in accordance with that dignity. (bioethicsobservatory.org)

Professor Campbell was instrumental in the creation of Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, a breakthrough which paved the way for the successful cloning of many other mammal species. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult derived somatic cell, was born in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Professor Sir Ian Wilmut, who worked with Professor Campbell on the creation of Dolly the Sheep, said: "Always cheerful and friendly, Keith will be greatly missed by all of his friends and colleagues. (nottingham.ac.uk)
He then moved to PPLTherapeutics, the company that was spun out from Roslin Institute, where that procedure and his expertise led to the birth of cloned and genetically modified sheep, pigs and cattle. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Dolly the sheep. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Inevitably most people will remember him for Dolly the sheep although his recent work was focused on fundamental and applied stem cell research as a tool for the study of human disease. (nottingham.ac.uk)
It's been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep , the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. (wptv.com)
Dolly was an exact genetic copy of that sheep - a clone. (wptv.com)
Dolly was a perfectly normal sheep who became the mother of numerous normal lambs. (wptv.com)
She lived to six and a half years, when she was eventually put down after a contagious disease spread through her flock, infecting cloned and normally reproduced sheep alike. (wptv.com)
Then in '97 the paper by Ian Wilmut came out on the cloning of Dolly the sheep. (rupress.org)
They performed nuclear transfer experiments in which nuclei from embryonic, foetal and adult cells of the sheep were transplanted into fertilized eggs derived from ewes. (shawprize.org)
They further created a sheep called Polly in which they showed that it was possible to incorporate a human gene into the donor's DNA before cloning, thus indicating that it may be possible to use animals to produce human proteins for the benefit of mankind. (shawprize.org)
Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
Dolly the sheep has been preserved through taxidermy and is on display at the National Museum of Scotland. (creation.com)
Each cell in a sheep (or a human) - bone cells, liver cells, and so on, contains all the DNA information required to 'spell out' the development of the complete adult organism. (creation.com)
They put the nucleus of one (mammary) cell from an adult sheep, A, containing its DNA information, into an egg cell from another sheep, B, which first had its nucleus (with its DNA) removed. (creation.com)
This one cell could then start to grow and divide in the womb of another sheep, C, as if it were a fertilized egg. (creation.com)
Notice that you need the machinery in the egg cell from B to express the information from sheep A. Thus, Jurassic Park's becoming a reality would require not just a complete, uncorrupted batch of dino DNA, but also a live egg from a female dinosaur! (creation.com)
Professor Sir Ian Wilmut, the scientist who led the team that cloned Dolly the sheep, has died aged 79. (worldtimetodays.com)
He was a giant of the scientific world and led the Roslin Institute team that cloned Dolly the sheep - the first mammal cloned from an adult cell - which changed scientific thinking at the time. (worldtimetodays.com)
How did DOLLY THE SHEEP come about? (worldtimetodays.com)
Dolly was the only surviving lamb from 277 cloning attempts and was created from a milk cell from a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep. (worldtimetodays.com)
Dolly the sheep made history 20 years ago after being cloned at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. (worldtimetodays.com)
is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)

The technique synchronized the cell cycles of both cells and the results led Wilmut and Campbell to believe that any type of cell could be used to produce a clone. (shawprize.org)
Since then, the work of Wilmut and Campbell has been duplicated in many other animal species and has provided approaches to produce useful therapeutic products with cloned animals and to improve agricultural practices. (shawprize.org)

In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
By my calculations, Dolly was the single success from 277 tries at somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
Sometimes the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer still produces abnormal embryos, most of which die. (wptv.com)
True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)
Despite immense promise, somatic cell reprogramming still faces a critical challenge. (sibi.org)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
It was created in a laboratory in Edinburgh in 1996 using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (worldtimetodays.com)
The second position is that of those who believe that the human zygote obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (cloning) is a different biological entity to the zygote obtained naturally (see our ethical assessment HERE ). (bioethicsobservatory.org)

What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. (wptv.com)
One of the live-born lambs, Dolly, was derived from the transplantation of the nucleus of an adult mammary cell. (shawprize.org)

In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. (wptv.com)
Transferring a terminally differentiated cell nucleus into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed wipes away the epigenetic marks of differentiation and allows the nucleus once again to code for any cell type. (rupress.org)
I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
The breakthrough technique involved transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an unfertilized egg whose own nucleus had been removed. (worldtimetodays.com)
Dolly's creation showed that genes in the nucleus of a mature cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state - that is, the cell can divide to produce all of an animal's differential cells. (worldtimetodays.com)
Although the notion that malaria has helped shape the human genome is well- accepted, the lack of a nucleus in human erythrocytes has hindered our ability to study genetic interactions between these unusual host cells and P. falciparum parasites. (stanford.edu)

His research blossomed after he came to Roslin Institute where in a series of papers he put the intellectual framework into the method of mammalian cloning that ultimately led to the birth of Dolly in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
English embryologist who in 1996 supervised the team of scientists that produced a lamb named Dolly, the first mammal cloned from a cell from an adult. (todayinsci.com)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)

Following two postdoctoral positions he joined the Roslin Institute in Scotland in 1991, where he applied his previous experience to the production of mammalian embryos by nuclear transfer. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Nuclear transfer is one of the most sophisticated, fickle, and challenging techniques in cell biology. (rupress.org)
Before that, nuclear reprogramming hadn't been shown in mammals. (rupress.org)
Despite the technological advances in SCNT during the last decade, and its scientiﬁc and medical importance, the molecular processes involved in nuclear reprogramming remain largely unknown and the overall efﬁciency of SCNT in mammals remains very low. (sibi.org)

Developed a new method that induces the reprogramming of the mammalian genome, including wild/endangered species, and induces the activation of genes that are specifically expressed in early embryos. (mynewsdesk.com)
The work reviewed above suggest that the spiny mouse ( Acomys cahirinus ) is an emerging model organism with potential to identify mechanisms of tissue and organ regenerative repair that operate in the context of mammalian physiology directed by a mammalian genome. (koucif.online)

I've been working with mammalian embryos for over 40 years, with some work in my lab specifically focusing on various methods of cloning cattle and other livestock species. (wptv.com)
it's highly variable, though, depending on the cell type used and the species. (wptv.com)
The efﬁciency of cloning, deﬁned as the proportion of transferred embryos that result in viable offspring, is approximately 2 to 3% for all species. (sibi.org)
However, in cattle, average cloning efﬁciency is higher than in other species, ranging from 5 to 20% [10 -15]. (sibi.org)
Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
Not just bacteria, but also some of the plant, amphibian and reptile species reproduce in this way, by 'cloning' themselves without the need for both a mother and father. (creation.com)
Various cloned animals have been created with the reprogramming technology that restores cells to the undifferentiated state by transplanting differentiated adult somatic cells into oocytes, and it has been also expected to revive endangered or extinct species. (mynewsdesk.com)
By this technique, the team established primary cultured cells using tissues collected from postmortem Oryx dammah, a species extinct in the wild, and succeeded in activating embryonic genes from their cell nuclei. (mynewsdesk.com)
Abcepta's portfolio of cell lines, tissues and lysates are drawn from a range of species and immortalized cell lines. (abcepta.com)
Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)

On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
At the top of the list comes the zygote-a fertilized egg, which of course has the ability to divide and differentiate into all cell types in the body and create a new organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
The first three divisions of the zygote give birth to eight totipotent cells, each of which also has the ability to become an entire organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
Such 'adult' cloning means one can first see what the adult organism is like before cloning. (creation.com)
1 Reprogramming: Reprogramming is the process that adult somatic cells acquire the ability to differentiate into all cell types of an organism. (mynewsdesk.com)
Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)

Dolly was the culmination of hundreds of cloning experiments that, for example, showed diploid embryonic and fetal cells could be parents of offspring. (wptv.com)
The birth of lambs from differentiated fetal and adult cells also reinforces previous speculation that by inducing donor cells to became quiescent it will be possible to obtain normal development from a wide variety of differentiated cells. (todayinsci.com)

2 Cloning technology: Development of reconstructed embryos produced by transplanting cell nuclei into pre-fertilized eggs is induced by activation stimulation, and then the reconstructed embryos are to be implanted in oocytes to generate cloned animals that share identical genomes as the donor cells. (mynewsdesk.com)
Finally, this threat also extends to embryos produced by cloning and parthenogenesis , which can then be used for presumably therapeutic and, in particular, experimental ends, mainly to obtain embryonic cell lines that can then be used for biomedical experiments, leading to the inevitable destruction of the embryos created. (bioethicsobservatory.org)

This pioneering study has helped pave the way for others to develop gene and stem-cell based strategies for therapeutic purposes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
At just 31 years old, Hochedlinger has already worked on therapeutic cloning in a mouse model ( 2 ), reprogramming cancer nuclei ( 3 ), and the molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell pluripotency ( 4 ). (rupress.org)
A number of large biotech companies and scientists are looking toward stem cells as the basis for a therapeutic solution to cure such illnesses as blindness, diabetes and spinal cord injuries. (thefutureofthings.com)
In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
demonstrate through studies on induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons that miR-33a is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of SPG4-related hereditary spastic paraplegia. (portlandpress.com)

These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. (nature.com)
Much of this process relies on the morphogenesis of the extra-embryonic tissues and the effect this has on the organization of embryonic cells. (nature.com)

February 12, 1987) observed inhibition of influenza virus in NIH 3T3 mouse cells genetically modified to express the mouse protein Mx. (justia.com)

In addition to their ability to supply cells at the turnover rate of their respective tissues, they can be stimulated to repair injured tissue caused by liver damage, skin abrasions and blood loss. (thefutureofthings.com)
The ability of our body to regenerate some of its tissues is largely owed to the reserves of adult stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
These properties include lack of pathogenicity and pathology, ease of preparation and purification, long term expression in many tissues including the muscle, and lack of a detrimental cell-mediated immune response. (justia.com)
The chimeric virus can also have a reduced transduction capability with respect to one or more cells or tissues (e.g., liver), which can be desirable in terms of targeting the vector to the target tissue of interest and reducing dosage of vector to be administered. (justia.com)
Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
Crown antibodies pass additional stringent quality requirements, including extended control sets, uniform results against multiple biologically relevant cell lines and tissues, and function in multiple applications. (abcepta.com)

When investigating the causes of this failure via cellular and molecular analysis of 2-cell zygotes and the successive cell divisions (blastomeres), all kinds of abnormalities were found. (sibi.org)

Professor Campbell was a cell biologist/embryologist with a research career spanning more than 30 years, the majority of which was in the field of cell growth and differentiation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
His pioneering studies into cell-cycle control and cellular differentiation led to the programme of work at Roslin that gave birth to the first mammal to be cloned from adult cells - ie. (nottingham.ac.uk)
The fact that a lamb was derived from an adult cell confirms that differentiation of that cell did not involve the irreversible modification of genetic material required far development to term. (todayinsci.com)
The term stem cell can be defined by two very important qualities: the cell has the ability to self-renew and, in a more general sense, the cell has not completed differentiation into its final state. (thefutureofthings.com)
This general definition includes a wide variety of cells with varying degrees of differentiation potential. (thefutureofthings.com)
Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
Model simulations demonstrate that the low-Nanog state benefits cell differentiation through serving as an intermediate state to reduce the barrier of transition. (biomedcentral.com)
Our modeling results quantitatively show a dual role of Nanog during stem cell differentiation and reprogramming, and the importance of the intermediate state during cell state transitions. (biomedcentral.com)
Our approach offers a general method for analyzing key regulatory factors controlling cell differentiation and reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)
Very few studies have addressed the functional roles of the bimodal heterogeneity of Nanog expression in the differentiation and specification process of stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
One hypothesis based on these results is: During the stem cell differentiation process, the low-Nanog state of stem cell functions as the "gate-keeper" state. (biomedcentral.com)

Before the decades of experiments that led to Dolly, it was thought that normal animals could be produced only by fertilization of an egg by a sperm. (wptv.com)
I got interested in cloning during my undergraduate course, when I learned about John Gurdon's classic frog cloning experiments. (rupress.org)
What were the limitations of experiments such as Dolly? (rupress.org)

Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. (wptv.com)
While regarded by many top scientists as the Holy Grail of medicine, others consider embryonic stem-cell research sacrilegious. (thefutureofthings.com)
Recent advances in the field of stem-cell research are giving hope to millions. (thefutureofthings.com)
A particular field encouraged by the foundation is stem-cell research, with the great hope that it will result in the ability to get cells to differentiate into neurons and support cells to bridge the gap of a spinal cord injury. (thefutureofthings.com)
In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
In 2009, in a major reversal of U.S. policy, President Obama signed an executive order pledging to "vigorously support" embryonic stem cell research. (jcpa.org)

As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)
Asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) generate two daughter cells with identical genetic information but distinct cell fates through epigenetic mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)

However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
Attempts were then made to show that mammalian cells - and human cells in particular - could also be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state, because it is believed that such knowledge may advance our understanding of developmental mechanisms, and yield new approaches for disease treatment. (shawprize.org)
Though not understanding all the mechanisms involved, the Scottish researchers managed to 'trick' the information in one of a full-grown sheep's cells to 'switch on' again. (creation.com)
Nevertheless, it remains largely unexplored how gut microbiota and their metabolic products influence mammalian epigenetic mechanisms in early-life programming," says Ayele Argaw Denboba. (mpg.de)
Although hypoxic or ischemia tolerance in AGS involves physiological adaptations, little is known about the critical cellular mechanisms underlying intrinsic AGS cell resilience to metabolic stress. (elifesciences.org)
Both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms determine distinct daughter cell fates after ACD. (elifesciences.org)
Caenorhabditis elegans represents a valuable model for investigating ACD, given its invariant cell lineage and conserved mechanisms of ACD. (elifesciences.org)

The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
When the genetic material within the living cells, i.e. genes are working properly, the human body can develop and function smoothly. (faqs.org)
The research team succeeded in inducing the activation of embryonic genes*4, which is an essential reprogramming phenomenon, with various animal somatic nuclei in mouse embryos arrested at the early stage, which has not been used in conventional cloning techniques. (mynewsdesk.com)
In terms of the gene regulatory network defining cellular potency, Nanog has direct mutual interactions with two other core stem cell specific genes Oct4 and Sox2. (biomedcentral.com)

These adult stem cells are considered multipotent, having the ability to differentiate into different cell types, albeit with a more limited repertoire than embryonic stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)

When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the four-cell stage is genetically identical. (wptv.com)
Even while clones are genetically identical, their phenotypes - the characteristics they express - will be different. (wptv.com)
The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)
Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
However, identical twins (whether occurring naturally, or as in the recent media report of 'human cloning', from manipulation during in vitro fertilization procedures) result from a 'doubling up' of the DNA information at a very early stage of development in the womb. (creation.com)
Whereas, cloning à la Dolly means using the DNA information from an adult creature to direct the development through to birth of a genetically identical, though younger, individual. (creation.com)
Thus, if John Wesley had had a cloned offspring, there is no reason that the child would necessarily become a Christian, let alone a great evangelist - any more than an identical twin of Wesley would. (creation.com)

A technological 'world first' happened when Scottish scientists recently performed the world's first true 'cloning' of a mammal. (creation.com)
This technique was developed by modifying the conventional cloning technology*2 and is the world's first successful induction of gene activation*3, which is specifically expressed in early embryos from genomes of Oryx dammah, now extinct in the wild. (mynewsdesk.com)

More than 10 different cell types have been used successfully as "parents" for cloning. (wptv.com)
They used adult cells, but it was possible that the cells that gave rise to successfully cloned animals were derived from rare adult stem cells. (rupress.org)
Dolly was the first successfully created clone from an adult mammalian cell. (worldtimetodays.com)

Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. (bioone.org)

That way when these so-called haploid cells come together at fertilization, they produce one cell with the full complement of DNA. (wptv.com)

Aquatic cultures include the use of molluscan, crustacean, fish, amphibian, avian, and mammalian hosts for a wide diversity of para- sites (Table 1). (ap24534inhibitor.com)

Through cell survival-based cDNA expression screens in neural progenitor cells, we identify a genetic variant of AGS Atp5g1 that confers cell resilience to metabolic stress. (elifesciences.org)
Our results identify a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 from a mammalian hibernator that critically contributes to intrinsic cytoprotection against metabolic stress. (elifesciences.org)
But, it is unclear how their cells are able to endure this metabolic stress. (elifesciences.org)
This protein is found in a cellular compartment called the mitochondria, which is responsible for supplying energy to the rest of the cell and therefore plays an important role in metabolic processes. (elifesciences.org)
These findings provide the first evidence of a protein variant that is responsible for protecting cells during the metabolic stress conditions caused by hibernation. (elifesciences.org)
We describe the bacterial community composition of ten digestive tract sites from more than 200 normal adults enrolled in the Human Microbiome Project, and metagenomically determined metabolic potentials of four representative sites. (biomedcentral.com)

Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)

Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
However, by the time the fertilized egg divides into 8 or 16 cells something changes and each respective cell, if separated, no longer has the potential to create a fetus. (jcpa.org)
The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)

The scientists honoured by the 2008 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine used different approaches to reprogramme an adult cell into the totipotent or pluripotent state, and in doing so made important contributions to potential new approaches to improve agriculture practices and to treat human diseases. (shawprize.org)
Scientists use immortal human cell lines in their research to investigate how cells function in humans. (asu.edu)
This policy is similar to that of other countries, including Israel, where scientists are funded by Government to study embryonic stem cells despite the aforementioned bioethical issue. (jcpa.org)

The present report gives an overview of the terms and methods used in cloning and summarizes the debates in the General Assembly. (who.int)
This allows induction of reprogramming of various animal cell nuclei, which was difficult with conventional cloning methods. (mynewsdesk.com)
At large, shop Manual del Parrillero Criollo Spanish 2004 methods do compared the clinical residuals to be the human orientations of survival cells. (scoutconnection.com)
The antiviral activity of various mammalian interferons is reviewed in Colowick, S. P. and Kaplan, N. O. Interferons, S. Pestka (Ed.), Methods in Enzymology. (justia.com)

To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
The reason I then was drawn into epigenetics and stem cell biology was a lecture at the IMP by Rudolf Jaenisch. (rupress.org)
A research team lead by Associate Professor Kei Miyamoto of Kindai University (Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinokawa city, Wakayama, Japan) and Cambridge University (UK) jointly developed a new technique to induce reprogramming*1 of genomes in mammals. (mynewsdesk.com)
Beyond a better mechanistic understanding of the associations between microbiota composition and epigenetic modifications for regulating germ cells, the research enriches the field of reproductive biology. (mpg.de)

Hochedlinger pushes cells' developmental rewind buttons to examine their epigenetic history. (rupress.org)
In particular, genomic reprogramming resets the epigenetic information accumulated in the adult somatic cells, and the cells revert back to an early embryonic state. (mynewsdesk.com)
However, whether these microbiota-epigenetic interactions can extend to germ cells or are even transmitted across generations remains an open question. (mpg.de)
However, the process of partitioning different epigenetic information into daughter cells remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
We suggest that asymmetric segregation of V-ATPase may cause distinct acidification levels in the two daughter cells, enabling asymmetric epigenetic inheritance that specifies their respective life-versus-death fates. (elifesciences.org)
The opposing cell fates of daughter cells, i.e., to live or die, offer a compelling experimental system for investigating how epigenetic inheritance determines life versus death decisions during ACD. (elifesciences.org)

In 1995, they produced a pair of lambs called Megan and Morag from embryonic cells. (shawprize.org)

These germ cells are the only ones in the body that have their genetic material all jumbled up and in half the quantity of every other kind of cell. (wptv.com)
The ICM continues to differentiate into three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, each of which follows a specific developmental destiny that takes them along an ever-specifying path at which end the daughter cells will make up the different organs of the human body. (thefutureofthings.com)

Olfactory receptors are supposed to act not only as molecular sensors for odorants but also as cell recognition molecules guiding the axons of olfactory neurons to their appropriate glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
QL or QR neuroblast each generates three neurons and two apoptotic cells (Q.aa/Q.pp, X). QL produces PQR, PVM, and SDQL. (elifesciences.org)

Adult stem cells can be used to accelerate bone or tendon healing , and they can induce cartilage progenitor cells to produce a better matrix and repair cartilage damage . (thefutureofthings.com)

The HeLa cell line was the first immortal human cell line that George Otto Gey, Margaret Gey, and Mary Kucibek first isolated from Henrietta Lacks and developed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1951. (asu.edu)
An immortal human cell line is a cluster of cells that continuously multiply on their own outside of the human from which they originated. (asu.edu)
Why Cloning in Non-Human Mammalians Fail? (sibi.org)
In rodents, and even in some preliminary trials in humans, human embryonic stem cells have been shown to bridge gaps in spinal cord injuries , allowing restoration of motor functions. (thefutureofthings.com)
To date, some 35 countries have adopted laws forbidding human cloning. (who.int)
Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)
Here we extend those findings to humans using only genetically unmodified human naive embryonic stem cells (cultured in human enhanced naive stem cell medium conditions) 4 . (nature.com)
Preferably, the human beta interferon gene is introduced into the cells of a mouse. (justia.com)
The present invention provides a simple and robust human liver cell-based system in which persistent hepatitis C infection, persistent hepatitis B infection or ethanol exposure induces a clinical Prognostic Liver Signature (PLS) high-risk gene signature. (sumobrain.com)

In fact, one of the coauthors of the paper announcing Dolly worked in our laboratory for three years prior to going to Scotland to help create the famous clone. (wptv.com)
This copy can be obtained from a natural source (like DNA in islets of Langerhans cells), or it can be manufactured artificially in the laboratory. (faqs.org)
However, most cloning techniques are limited to lab animals that can be reproductively controlled in the laboratory, and thus it is considered difficult to induce reprogramming in wild animals. (mynewsdesk.com)
In addition, specific proteins or biological substances can be added to these stem cell cultures to transform them in the laboratory into a large variety of specialized cell types, such as nerve, liver, muscle, bone, and blood cells. (jcpa.org)

Half a century ago, it was found by John Gurdon that this developmental clock can be reversed, and that differentiated somatic cells in a frog model could regain their pluripotency or totipotency. (shawprize.org)

J Cell Biol (2007) 178 (7): 1098-1099. (rupress.org)
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , Art. (mpi-cbg.de)

Further in vitro assays revealed that Sf9 cells expressing phospho-deficient AK mutants displayed the lower ATP/ADP ratio and cell viability under paraquat-induced oxidative stress conditions when compared with Sf9 cells expressing wild-type AKs. (bvsalud.org)
Both in vitro and in vivo assays suggested that SRPK1 reduced the ability of gefitinib to induce apoptosis in sensitive NSCLC cells independently of its kinase activity. (bvsalud.org)

if a desirable animal was produced, they could thaw the frozen cells and make more copies. (wptv.com)
Thus, one could know the characteristics of the animal being cloned. (wptv.com)
I asked whether a terminally differentiated cell is still amenable to reprogramming and able to give rise to a cloned animal. (rupress.org)
The new cloning technology developed in this research will make it possible to analyze the functions of the endangered or extinct animal genomes. (mynewsdesk.com)
One such animal is the Arctic ground squirrel, an extreme hibernator that can drop its body temperatures to below 0°C. This hibernation ability means the cells of Arctic ground squirrels can survive severe shortages of blood and oxygen. (elifesciences.org)
R.I. FRESHNEY: "Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique", 1987, ALAN R. LISS, INC. (sumobrain.com)

Clone' means a creature which is an exact genetic 'carbon copy' of another. (creation.com)

Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)

So far the reprogramming of somatic cells shows very low rates of efficiency (~0.0006-1%) that have not improved in the last two decades of continuous research. (sibi.org)

Heterogeneous gene expressions of cells are widely observed in self-renewing pluripotent stem cells, suggesting possible coexistence of multiple cellular states with distinct characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)

instead of half the genetic material coming from a sperm and half from an egg, it all comes from a single cell. (wptv.com)
Genetic engineering is the altering of the genetic material of living cells in order to make them capable of producing new substances or performing new functions. (faqs.org)

A more macabre scenario is that of wealthy people contracting to have brain-dead clones 'grown' in order to be able to have a supply of perfectly matched replacement 'parts' for transplanting as their own organs wear out. (creation.com)

Anatomy61

Organisms32

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes75

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care2

19973

Embryo21

Sheep25

Wilmut2

Somatic cell12

Mammary2

Nucleus8

19963

Nuclear4

Genome2

Species10

Organism6

Fetal2

Embryos produced2

Therapeutic5

Extra-embryonic2

Genetically modified1

Tissues7

Successive cell divisions1

Differentiation11

Experiments3

Stem cell res7

Generate2

Mechanisms7

Genes4

Ability to differentiate1

Identical8

World's2

Successfully3

Cattle1

Fertilization1

Amphibian1

Metabolic6

Reproductive purposes2

Fetus3

Scientists3

Methods4

Biology4

Epigenetic6

Lambs1

Germ2

Neurons2

Progenitor cells1

Human10

Laboratory4

Developmental1

Biol2

Vitro2

Animal6

Exact genetic1

Obtain embryonic1

Reprogramming of somatic1

Distinct1

Genetic material2

Organs1