Dolly experiments adult sheep cell derivation of stem cells from cloned human embryos. Medical search. Frequent questions

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. (wikipedia.org)
Pluripotent stem cells have shown promise in treating a number of varying conditions, including but not limited to: spinal cord injuries, age related macular degeneration, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders (such as Parkinson's disease), AIDS, etc. (wikipedia.org)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
In 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. (asu.edu)
They called the pluripotent stem cells that they produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) because they had induced the adult cells, called differentiated cells, to become pluripotent stem cells through genetic manipulation. (asu.edu)

The primary cloning technique is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT). (cbc-network.org)

Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, with clinical use being the goal for many laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos, are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any embryonic cell type and by their ability to self-renew. (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. (wikipedia.org)
Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells, which are multipotent and can only produce a limited number of cell types. (wikipedia.org)
Under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing indefinitely in an undifferentiated state. (wikipedia.org)
Pluripotency factors Oct4 and Nanog play a role in transcriptionally regulating the embryonic stem cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Due to their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to their potential in regenerative medicine, embryonic stem cells provide a possible alternative source of tissue/organs which serves as a possible solution to the donor shortage dilemma. (wikipedia.org)
According to a 2002 article in PNAS, "Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, and, thus, may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering. (wikipedia.org)
It is the policy of Washington state that research involving the derivation and use of human embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germ cells, and human adult stem cells from any source, including somatic cell nuclear transplantation , is permitted upon full consideration of the ethical and medical implications of this research. (cbc-network.org)
Embryonic stem cell technology is still at a preliminary research stage and announcements about its potential may be premature. (edu.au)
Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)

There are now two ways to create new mammalian life, including humans. (cbc-network.org)
Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)

To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)

If it is to be brought to birth, the process is usually called "reproductive cloning. (cbc-network.org)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
and the general public debate about reproductive cloning. (edu.au)

Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4-5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50-150 cells. (wikipedia.org)
Isolating the inner cell mass (embryoblast) using immunosurgery results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development. (wikipedia.org)
In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)

your supposed cloning ban actually authorizes human cloning, implantation, and gestation through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)
That is what New Jersey legislators did when they passed and then Governor James McGreevey signed S-1909 last year, a law that was sold to the public as outlawing human cloning but which actually permits the creation of cloned human life, and its implantation and gestation up to and including the very moment prior to the emergence of the cloned baby from the birth canal. (cbc-network.org)
And now Washington joins the infamous list with Senate Bill 5594, a thoroughly disingenuous piece of legislation that purports to outlaw the cloning of human beings, but by manipulating language and redefining terms, actually permits human cloning and gestation of the resulting cloned embryos through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)

If the cloned human organism is to be experimented upon and destroyed, the process is often called "therapeutic cloning. (cbc-network.org)
In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)

The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)

In the case of asexually creating a human, the biotechnologist removes the nucleus from a mature human egg (an oocyte). (cbc-network.org)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)

While stem-cell research holds enormous potential for treating or even curing some diseases, the cloning of a human being is morally and ethically unacceptable…Any attempt to clone a human being is in direct conflict with the public policies of this state. (cbc-network.org)

Aside from these uses, ESCs can also be used for research on early human development, certain genetic disease, and in vitro toxicology testing. (wikipedia.org)
Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)

These germ layers generate each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult human body. (wikipedia.org)

Cloning of a human being" means asexual reproduction by implanting or attempting to implant the product of nuclear transplantation [e.g., an embryo] into a uterus or substitute for a uterus with the purpose of producing a human being. (cbc-network.org)

Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)

The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies, models of genetic disorders, and cellular/DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)
In his experiments, Sturtevant determined the relative positions of six genetic factors on a fly's chromosome by creating a process called gene mapping. (asu.edu)

It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)
However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)

The nucleus of a body cell from the DNA donor is removed, and put into the place formerly occupied by the egg's nucleus. (cbc-network.org)
However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Retinoblastoma proteins that inhibit the transcription factor E2F until the cell is ready to enter S phase are hyperphosphorylated and inactivated in ESCs, leading to continual expression of proliferation genes. (wikipedia.org)
In 1913, Alfred Henry Sturtevant published the results of experiments in which he showed how genes are arranged along a chromosome. (asu.edu)
From 1913 to 1916, Calvin Bridges performed experiments that indicated genes are found on chromosomes. (asu.edu)

The bill purports to promote stem-cell research, while outlawing the cloning of a human being. (cbc-network.org)
The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)

The second way to reproduce is a strictly human invention - known as "asexual" reproduction - or more commonly, cloning. (cbc-network.org)
This is junk biology since implanting isn't the act of asexual reproduction: SCNT cloning is. (cbc-network.org)
Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)

At that point - and this is important to understand - there is no more cloning to be done since a new human organism now exists. (cbc-network.org)
If the authors of this bill really meant what they appear to have written, their legislation would ban all human cloning, since as we have seen, biologically, a new human organism, that is, a new human being, comes into existence with the completion of SCNT. (cbc-network.org)
Or to put it the other way around, cloning, not implantation, is what produces a new and distinct human organism. (cbc-network.org)
On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)

The ethical and legal controversies that were aroused in the ART debates during the 1980s have been re-ignited with the development of stem cell technology. (edu.au)

The genetically modified egg now has 46 chromosomes, the full human compliment. (cbc-network.org)

Rapid cell division allows the cells to quickly grow in number, but not size, which is important for early embryo development. (wikipedia.org)
Stem cell technology is the latest development in this controversial branch of science. (edu.au)

In his experiments, Bridges studied Drosophila, the common fruit fly, and by doing so showed that a process called nondisjunction caused chromosomes, under some circumstances, to fail to separate when forming sperm and egg cells. (asu.edu)
Nondisjunction, as described by Bridges, caused sperm or egg cells to contain abnormal amounts of chromosomes. (asu.edu)

The researchers conducted the experiment at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California, from October 1957 to January 1958. (asu.edu)

Moreover, while the term "human being" is not defined in the legislation, in this context, it can only mean the birth of a cloned baby. (cbc-network.org)

In this review, we summarize the history of interspecies chimerism in various animal models to find hints for BC application and describe the challenges and prospects of utilizing BC for human organ generation. (frontiersin.org)
In ancient history, humans used the term "chimera" to describe mythical creatures and hybrids. (frontiersin.org)

Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)

The unique properties of human stem cells have aroused considerable optimism about their potential as new pathways for alleviating human suffering caused by disease and injury. (edu.au)

But it is important to understand these are not different types of cloning. (cbc-network.org)

Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)

The following product was used in this experiment: ZO-1 Monoclonal Antibody (ZO1-1A12) from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # 33-9100, RRID AB_2533147. (thermofisher.com)

In tissue engineering, the use of stem cells are known to be of importance. (wikipedia.org)
Drawing upon a history of using tissue interactions to understand differentiation, Kollar and Baird designed their experiments to understand how differentiated structures become specified. (asu.edu)
ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. (thermofisher.com)

This is the technology used to create Dolly the sheep. (cbc-network.org)
Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)

A little shot of electricity comes next, and if all goes well, a new human cloned embryo comes into being and begins to develop in the same way as a sexually created embryo. (cbc-network.org)

Cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK2 that promote cell cycle progression are overactive, in part due to downregulation of their inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)

It defines the term "cloning of a human being" inaccurately. (cbc-network.org)

ESCs divide very frequently due to a shortened G1 phase in their cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Despite this difference in the cell cycle when compared to ESCs grown in media containing serum these cells have similar pluripotent characteristics. (wikipedia.org)

In 1980, Ernesto Ippolito and Ignacio Ponseti published their results on a histological study they performed on congenital club foot in human fetuses. (asu.edu)

Before we begin to blow away the smoke and shatter the mirrors of S-5594, let's recap exactly what cloning is. (cbc-network.org)

Sturtevant performed those experiments as an undergraduate at Columbia University, in New York, New York, under the guidance of Nobel laureate Thomas Hunt Morgan. (asu.edu)
His experiments were a part of his doctoral thesis advised by Thomas Hunt Morgan in New York, New York. (asu.edu)

Self-renewal conditions must prevent the cells from clumping and maintain an environment that supports an unspecialized state. (wikipedia.org)

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