Dna undergoes deamination. Medical search. Frequent questions

However, treating DNA with bisulfite prior to sequencing leads to deamination of cytosine, but leaves the modified cytosine residues unchanged. (helsinki.fi)
5-formyl cytosine undergoes deamination in bisulfite treatment, which allows distinguishing between the two. (helsinki.fi)
Researchers have previously established that cytidine deamination guided by CRISPR can enable an extremely precise conversion of cytosine into thymine without generating breaks in the DNA. (ajmc.com)
Cytosine methylation of DNA involves a subset of genomic cytosines methylated at the C5 position in some species. (i-sis.org.uk)
Cytosine modifications directly affect the positioning of nucleosomes (the first level of chromatin organization into chromosome involving the DNA chain wound around a core of 8 histone proteins), and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes that modify histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)

In addition, DNA is constantly being subjected to environmental insults that cause the alteration or removal of nucleotide bases. (pharmacy180.com)
Nucleotide excision repair of pyrimidine dimers in E. coli DNA. (pharmacy180.com)
After such deamination the nucleotide is interpreted differently at the ribosome in the translation process which constructs proteins. (blogspot.com)
ATP.E. Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Rebecca S. Wappner PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are important constituents of RNA, DNA, nucleotide sugars, and other high-energy compounds and of cofactors such as adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. (euroasfalti.net)
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence of the gene, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA modifications. (beds.ac.uk)

Despite the elaborate proofreading system employed during DNA synthesis, errors (including incorrect base-pairing or insertion of one to a few extra nucleotides) can occur. (pharmacy180.com)
The gap left by removal of the nucleotides is filled, using the sister strand as a template, by a DNA polymerase, typically DNA pol I. The 3 I -hydroxyl of the newly synthesized DNA is joined to the 5 I -phosphate of the remaining stretch of the original DNA strand by DNA ligase. (pharmacy180.com)
Break down purines that are inhibited by anticancer drugs, may nevertheless be metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides DNA. (euroasfalti.net)
This can be done by deamination, insertion, or deletion of nucleotides. (stemcelldaily.com)
The catabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides, like that of purine nucleotides (Chapter 10), involves dephosphorylation, deamination, and glycosidic bond cleavage. (hotelsunshine.co.in)
â ¢Nucleotides of cell undergo continual turnover. (hotelsunshine.co.in)

ADAR enzymes catalyze the A-to-I hydrolytic deamination reaction, by which an adenosine loses an amine group and is converted to inosine. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the compatibility of these agents should be carefully tested in DNA oligonucleotides and genomic DNA, as well as with available sequencing technologies. (helsinki.fi)
Genomic DNA was extracted using standard DNA purification. (neb.com)
They function as tumor suppressors and are important in the maintenance of genomic stability through their role in DNA damage signalling and DNA repair. (oncotarget.com)
I then characterized the genomic sites, where TET proteins and TDG engage to effect cyclic DNA methylation and demethylation. (unibas.ch)

These ae likely due to incomplete digestion How is DNA that has been wrapped around the histone further packaged? (usadellab.org)
The 10nm fiber is further packaged into a 30nm fiber requiring the linker histone H1 Sometimes "packed" chromosomal DNA needs to be accessed, how is this problem solved? (usadellab.org)
Cross-talk between different histone modifications, as well as DNA methylation, seems complex. (aacrjournals.org)
In mammalian cells, histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) methylation and histone hypoacetylation are usually associated with methylated DNA, heterochromatin, and gene silencing. (aacrjournals.org)
Histone hyperacetylation and H3K4 methylation are associated with unmethylated DNA, euchromatin, and gene expression ( Fig. 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
The effects of DNA methylation and the histone code are due, at least in part, to modification-specific recruitment of factors, such as heterochromatin-associated proteins (HP1) and methyl-binding domain proteins, which establish and maintain higher order of chromatin structure. (aacrjournals.org)
This correlated with an imbalance of histone marks and stochastic accumulation of DNA methylation in CpG island (CGI) promoters of developmental genes in TDG-deficient cells, linking TDG-dependent DNA repair to the establishment and maintenance of an active chromatin state at gene promoters during lineage commitment (Appendix III). (unibas.ch)
There further was a strong correlation particularly of TET1-TET2-TDG co-occupancy with the occurrence of the dynamic histone variants H3.3 and H2A.Z, suggesting that the targeted oxidation and excision of 5-mC by TET-TDG at gene regulatory elements may serve the generation of single-stranded DNA breaks to trigger nucleosomal dynamics and facilitate epigenetic plasticity and transcription at developmental genes (Appendix II). (unibas.ch)

FECR1 binds to the FLI1 promoter in cis and recruits TET1, a demethylase that is actively involved in DNA demethylation. (biomedcentral.com)
It turned out only recently, that TDG indeed is critically involved in DNA demethylation by excising the oxidation products of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins. (unibas.ch)

Remember when evolutionists stated that information flow proceeds from DNA to RNA to proteins? (blogspot.com)
RNA not only stored and propagated genetic information, a role that is almost universally filled by DNA in current life forms, but it also realized and expressed this information, which in current life forms is mostly accomplished by proteins. (heresy.is)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Graduate research activities involving mechanistic studies on xenobiotic toxicity invariably expose students to the field of drug metabolism, particularly in cases where xenobiotics are enzymatically bioactivated to electrophilic reactive metabolites that can covalently adduct to proteins and DNA and cause toxicity. (aspetjournals.org)
You know, the one where DNA codes for RNA, RNA codes for proteins, proteins build new cells complete with their own DNA and the wheel turns round again. (lifeboat.com)
The underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear, but a role for DNA repair proteins has been implicated in this context, the investigation of which was the overall aim of my PhD thesis. (unibas.ch)
The current view of active DNA demethylation is that the TET proteins iteratively oxidize 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5-fC) and 5-carboxycytosine (5-caC) and TDG then excises 5-fC and 5-caC, thereby initiating a repair process that integrates non-methylated C (He et al. (unibas.ch)
Notably, sites of 5-fC enrichment in TDG-deficient cells, CGIs and bivalent chromatin domains showed a preferential co-occupancy with all three proteins, indicating that highly dynamic active DNA demethylation may involve TET1, TET2 and TDG. (unibas.ch)

As DNA polymerase can't copy the ends, one way to maintain the ends is telomerase an enzyme using internal RNA as template. (usadellab.org)
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, especially mRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
Adenosine deamination and the ADAR enzyme family. (biomedcentral.com)
This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for pre-mRNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit B by site-specific deamination of adenosines. (cancerindex.org)
m7G-Seq utilizes chemical reduction and deamination to selectively convert the m7G site into the basic site, and by reverse transcription enzyme to successfully detect the m7G signal within the mRNA (11). (beds.ac.uk)

The by-products of protein deamination can contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation, which are key factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. (chewdigest.com)
This oxidative stress can lead to DNA damage, resulting in transversion mutations that involve the switching of a purine base with a pyrimidine base or vice versa. (nhsjs.com)

The preliminary results suggest that four agents (KRuO4, (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6, TPAP, and BaMnO2) could potentially be used for selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylcytidine in DNA. (helsinki.fi)
In coenzyme A, the business end is the thiol group that becomes bound to the substrate, and in NAD + it is the nicotinamide moiety that undergoes reversible reduction and oxidation. (heresy.is)

As inactivation of BRCA1/2 leads to impaired HR, it has been investigated whether mutation carriers would be sensitive to DNA cross-linking agents, such as platinum salts, as they introduce DSBs. (oncotarget.com)
The cancer DNA (blue) contains a mutation (yellow star). (biomedcentral.com)

Over the years, the fundamentals of sequencing have not changed, but the marked increase in efficiency is reached through massive parallelization of individual polymerase catalyzed DNA extension reactions. (helsinki.fi)
Purine versus Pyrimidine exchange, or vice versa Estimate how often DNA polymerase makes a mistake, put this into perspective to typical plant genome size? (usadellab.org)
Elongation involves the synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase along the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
The RNA polymerase transcribes one strand, the antisense (-) strand, of the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA template and releases the RNA transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)

VLDL binds undergo defined by cell reaction microdomains and created in receptors been nationally. (erik-mill.de)

Methylation of Adenine e.g. for the bacterial restriction system Why is DNA methylation (in eukaryotes) risky? (usadellab.org)
Transcription in eukaryotes is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. (stemcelldaily.com)
The most-extensively studied core promoter element in eukaryotes is a short DNA sequence known as a TATA box, found 25-30 base pairs upstream from the start site of transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)

The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)

This would result in many many mutations as plant genomes are easily in the range of 1,000,000,000 Bases (Gbases) Name some sources of mistakes which could eventually lead to mutations: tautomeric structures of DNA bases cell internal metabolites, e.g. reactive oxygen species external chemicals e.g. alkylation agents radiation e.g. (usadellab.org)
They called it the "Central Dogma" and they envisioned DNA mutations providing the fuel for natural selection to create the species. (blogspot.com)

New developments in sequencing aim for the detection of single DNA molecules in real time during DNA synthesis and replacing the optical detection methods with electronic methods that allow recording of the sequence data in digital format. (helsinki.fi)
Although genetics have played a dominant role in cancer research, epigenetics (heritable changes in gene function that do not involve alterations in DNA sequence) has become equally important in this field. (aacrjournals.org)

Finally, patient 3 is a 15-year-old boy who first presented with mixed-phenotype acute leukemia in 2016 and underwent a first allogeneic stem cell transplantation from a matched unrelated donor. (ajmc.com)

The performance inhibits to care variations and studied inhibitor lipids, also to forms that partially undergo the cyclic review, and over to beta-blockers, thermal characteristics and enzymes of treatment for valid failure assessment, Improving certain testing nephritis. (ajw-service.de)
We observed this also at the very CGI DMRs, implicating an engagement of TDG activity in cyclic DNA methylation and demethylation at CGIs undergoing epigenetic transitions during cell differentiation (Appendix I). (unibas.ch)

Elevated levels of homocysteine, which can result from abnormal protein deamination, are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. (chewdigest.com)
Abnormal protein deamination can lead to the production of substances that are harmful to the endothelial lining of blood vessels. (chewdigest.com)
Liver biopsy, percutaneous or laparoscopic, is the standard procedure to assess the severity of disease in patients with features of chronic active liver disease (ie, abnormal aminotransferase levels and detectable levels of HBV DNA). (medscape.com)

Here, we study gene body DNA methylation (gbM) and gene expression patterns in ecotypes from contrasting thermal environments of two marine plants with contrasting life history strategies in order to explore the potential role epigenetic mechanisms could play in gene plasticity and responsiveness to heat stress. (nature.com)
These three evolutionary regimes, combined with exonic CpG islands and repetitive elements, form a new framework for understanding patterns of DNA methylation in the human genome that the authors believe will become more and more important as more epigenetic profiles continue to be generated. (epigenie.com)
Taken together, my PhD thesis contributes to the understanding of the epigenetic function of TDG-mediated active DNA demethylation with respect to time (during differentiation) and space (at gene regulatory elements). (unibas.ch)

These thymine dimers prevent DNA pol from replicating the DNA strand beyond the site of dimer formation. (pharmacy180.com)
Methylated cytosines are less chemically stable, so more likely to undergo deamination, which changes the base to thymine (as opposed to U) What does a bromo- and what does a chromodomain do, in the context of binding to certain structures? (usadellab.org)

Sometimes replication errors escape the proofreading function during DNA synthesis, causing a mismatch of one to several bases. (pharmacy180.com)
Linear chromosomes pose a problem for replication of the terminal section of the DNA strand with a 5' end. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, the massive parallelization relies on advances in silica surface chemistry that allow DNA fragments to be covalently bound to solid supports, forming the grounds of DNA microarray technology. (helsinki.fi)
micrococal DNAase digestion, the nucleosme protects the DNA, then run the fragments on a gel If you digest chromosomal DNA with micrococal DNA and run them on a gel you get shortish fragments of around 170-200bp but also longer and much longer bands, where are these coming from? (usadellab.org)
Degraded DNA fragments are released into the blood through apoptosis, necrosis, and active secretion from a range of cell types and can be detected as circulating free DNA (cfDNA) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

FECR1 also binds to and downregulates in trans DNMT1, a methyltransferase that is essential for the maintenance of DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)

Most of the repair systems involve recognition of the damage (lesion) on the DNA, removal or excision of the damage, replacement or filling the gap left by excision using the sister strand as a template for DNA synthesis, and ligation. (pharmacy180.com)
Note: Repair synthesis of DNA can occur outside of the S phase. (pharmacy180.com)
This methylation is not done immediately after synthesis, so the newly synthesized DNA is hemimethylated (that is, the parental strand is methylated, but the daughter strand is not). (pharmacy180.com)

MSc Medical Biochemistry, Ph.D,. Next two steps are deamination and pentose residue cleavage (nucleosidation) â different order in adenine and guanosine degradation. (hotelsunshine.co.in)

We also observed a correlation between gbM and gene expression flexibility: genes with low DNA methylation tend to show flexible gene expression and plasticity under changing conditions. (nature.com)
Gene body DNA methylation (gbM) refers to genes with enriched mCG within the transcribed regions and depletion at the transcriptional start and termination sites 16 , 17 . (nature.com)
In fact the RNA copies of more than half of the squid's genes undergo RNA editing. (blogspot.com)
such heart: A cystitis bicycle that undergoes how namely physiologic exposed predictors or major variants pump in genes. (ajw-service.de)
Analyses of TDG-proficient and TDG-deficient cells did not reveal a defect in DNA repair, but instead misregulation of developmental genes in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (unibas.ch)

In addition to the four alternating bases, DNA in living cells undergoes covalent modifications. (helsinki.fi)
Eukaryotic RNA transcripts can undergo a range of post-transcriptional modifications, which increase the diversity of the transcriptome without requiring increases in genome size. (biomedcentral.com)

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)

These regions are typically methylated and may be sequences that were previously protected from methylation or underwent biased gene conversion, but then lost the mechanism stabilizing their CpG content. (epigenie.com)
Drosophila's chromosome ends are capped by arrays of retrotransposons and the adjacent subtelomeric DNA consists of repetitive elements called telomere-associated sequences (TAS) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

An example of Agilent Bioanalyzer® traces of libraries prepared from stomach tumor FFPE DNA that was treated with the FFPE DNA Repair Mix, or was untreated, before library construction. (neb.com)
Circulating tumor DNA detection using next-generation sequencing (NGS) data of plasma DNA is promising for cancer identification and characterization. (biomedcentral.com)
For evaluation, we generate deep targeted NGS data of matching tumor and plasma DNA from 85 colorectal cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
These data suggest that FECR1 circular RNA acts as an upstream regulator to control breast cancer tumor growth by coordinating the regulation of DNA methylating and demethylating enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)

pyrimidine catabolism phosphate synthetase-II undergo breakdown such that useful parts can be triggered by administration of 5-fluorouracil to with! (euroasfalti.net)

Common among these 10 interactions of organic compounds, their power to detect excess cancer agents is the electrophilic nature of or their metabolites, with DNA and R 1 risk at particular sites. (who.int)

The damaging agents can be either chemicals (for example, nitrous acid, which can deaminate bases), or radiation (for example, non-ionizing ultraviolet light, which can fuse two pyrimidines adjacent to each other in the DNA, and high-energy ionizing radiation, which can cause double-strand breaks). (pharmacy180.com)
Bases are also altered or lost spontaneously from mammalian DNA at a rate of many thousands per cell per day. (pharmacy180.com)

Then there was reverse transcriptase, a protein machine that inserted RNA into DNA. (blogspot.com)
How does protein deamination affect atherosclerotic plaque, cardiovascular health, and arterial calcification? (chewdigest.com)
Protein deamination, a process where amino groups are removed from amino acids, can have several implications for cardiovascular health, particularly in the context of atherosclerotic plaque formation and arterial calcification. (chewdigest.com)
Certain by-products of protein deamination can contribute to the calcification process in arteries. (chewdigest.com)
Protein deamination influences the behavior of vascular smooth muscle cells, promoting their transformation into a type that deposits calcium, thus contributing to arterial calcification. (chewdigest.com)
What role do protein deamination and excess circulating phosphorus that results from deamination play in atherosclerosis? (chewdigest.com)
Protein deamination and excess circulating phosphorus, both arising from metabolic processes in the body, can have significant roles in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. (chewdigest.com)
Protein deamination results in the formation of various by-products, such as ammonia and keto acids. (chewdigest.com)
The by-products of protein deamination can also trigger an immune response, leading to chronic inflammation. (chewdigest.com)
The relationship between protein deamination, phosphorus levels, and atherosclerosis highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced diet and proper kidney function, as kidneys play a crucial role in regulating phosphorus levels. (chewdigest.com)

Before undergoing lymphodepletion, 9% blasts were detectable in bone marrow and 0.3% blasts were observed immediately before infusion of 50x106 BE-CAR7 cells. (ajmc.com)

A short oligonucleotide containing the dimer is released, leaving a gap in the DNA strand that formerly contained the dimer. (pharmacy180.com)

Kits for FFPE DNA library prep are now available, with or without enzymatic DNA fragmentation (NEBNext UltraShear™ FFPE DNA Library Prep Kit NEB #E6655 and NEBNext FFPE DNA Library Prep Kit NEB #E6650 ). (neb.com)

This further validates a standard scenario: the deamination preferentially removes 14 N amino group from diet-derived amino acids, leaving behind the 15 N-enriched amino acids in consumer biomass. (springeropen.com)
The Δ δ 15 N AA values thus mirror the activity of amino acid deamination in consumers. (springeropen.com)
Nitrogen isotopes with amino acids undergo varying degrees of isotopic discrimination (Δ δ 15 N AA ) during trophic transfer (e.g. (springeropen.com)

The role of DNA methylation and its interaction with gene expression and transcriptome plasticity is poorly understood, and current insight comes mainly from studies in very few model plant species. (nature.com)

Luckily, cells are remarkably efficient at repairing damage done to their DNA. (pharmacy180.com)
He underwent lymphodepletion and received 1x106 BE-CAR7 T cells per kilogram. (ajmc.com)
Normal cells (gray) and cancer cells (blue) shed DNA into the bloodstream. (biomedcentral.com)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)
We generated genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of TDG-proficient and TDG-deficient ESCs and in vitro differentiated neuronal progenitor cells (NPs). (unibas.ch)

Which chemical modification of DNA do you know? (usadellab.org)
NcRNAs such as those involved in RNA interference can be independently inherited, and can also direct chromatin modification and DNA methylation see [7, 8] RNA Inheritance of Acquired Characters , and Nucleic Acid Invaders from Food Confirmed , SiS 63). (i-sis.org.uk)

CpG stability in these elements can be explained by the neutral effect of slow deamination alone, that goes with the lack of methylation, with no evidence of selection on CpG densities going on. (epigenie.com)

In mammals, the most prevalent form of RNA editing involves the conversion of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) by hydrolytic deamination at the C6 position of adenine (Figure 1 a) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Notably, FECR1 utilizes a positive feedback mechanism to activate FLI1 by inducing DNA hypomethylation in CpG islands of the promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
His DNA displaces myotubes for leading metal and secretion kidney, controlling processive helicases, and limiting the mitochondria that activate the loading activation. (erik-mill.de)

Relatively few of them undergo chemical reduction , because it requires lack of oxygen. (healthknot.com)

Methylated CG (mCG) is the most abundant form of mC in plant genomes and predominantly occurs in noncoding regions such as transposable elements and other repetitive DNA regions 14 , 15 . (nature.com)

Direct and indirect ionization of DNA is ultimately responsible for the DNA alterations that adversely affect the structural and genetic integrity of the system. (cdc.gov)

UV or X-ray deamination base slippage What is a simple mechanism to repair UV induced tymine dimerization? (usadellab.org)

Subsequently, they found that insecticides DDT and permethrin, jet fuel, plastic additives phthalates and bisphenol A, and dioxin can all trigger trans-generational health effects in rats such as obesity and ovarian disease, and each resulted in a different pattern of methylation in sperm DNA, according to Skinner. (i-sis.org.uk)

The primary transcript undergoes various processing steps before becoming a mature mRNA that can be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. (stemcelldaily.com)
RNA polymerases read the codes from specific areas of the DNA and transcribe the information into a mRNA copy of the DNA. (cdc.gov)

However, the methods used for fixation and storage significantly damage and compromise the quality of DNA from these samples. (neb.com)
However, some errors, such as DNA damage introduced prior to UMI labeling, remain and continue to challenge the discrimination of true low-frequency mutational signal from these errors. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA damage occurs by indirect action (mediated through radiolytic products in water) or direct ionization. (cdc.gov)
Hydroxyl radicals, in particular, are responsible for causing approximately 60-70% of total cellular DNA damage. (nhsjs.com)

The empirical basis of the RNA world hypothesis is that RNA can indeed assume the role of DNA, as it still does in RNA viruses and viroids, and that it can also have catalytic activity, as is the case in ribosomes and smaller ribozymes. (heresy.is)
Our studies also reveal silencing functions for DIM-5 and HP1 that appear independent of their role in de novo DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, the empirical determination of global DNA methylation (5-mC) showed patterns of intra and inter-specific divergence that suggests a link between methylation level and the plants' latitude of origin and life history. (nature.com)

While DNA analysis can visualize the biosphere in terms of species through genetic profiles, isotope analysis can visualize the biosphere in terms of the quantitative flux in physical and/or biochemical processes (e.g. (springeropen.com)

Eureka-AI is an intelligent assistant for R&D personnel, combined with Patent DNA, to facilitate innovative research. (patsnap.com)

Silencing in Drosophila is dependent on telomere length, which depends on HP1 and its interaction with both telomere DNA and methylated H3 K9 [ 18 - 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We systematically examined electronic databases in order to identify prospective trials comparing patients who had undergone CO2-LS or RT to treat early glottic cancer. (bvsalud.org)
We included 145 CRC patients who underwent surgery. (preprints.org)

As an outer particle, additional packing How long (in nt) is a stretch of DNA around a nucleosme? (usadellab.org)

Chemicals and Drugs41

Phenomena and Processes9

Information Science2

Cytosine6

Nucleotide5

Nucleotides6

Amine group1

Genomic4

Histone8

Involved in DNA demethylation2

Proteins8

Enzyme6

Oxidative stress2

Oxidation2

Mutation2

Polymerase5

Reaction1

Eukaryotes3

Deoxyribonucleic acid1

Mutations2

Sequence2

20161

Cyclic2

Abnormal3

Epigenetic3

Thymine2

Replication2

Fragments3

Binds1

Synthesis3

Cleavage1

Genes5

Modifications2

Transcription1

Sequences2

Tumor4

Pyrimidine1

Metabolites1

Bases2

Protein10

Detectable1

Strand1

Fragmentation1

Amino3

Gene expression1

Cells5

Modification2

Stability1

Involves1

Activate2

Chemical1

Repetitive1

Alterations1

Mechanism1

Sperm1

MRNA2

Damage4

Role2

Intra1

Genetic1

Facilitate1

Interaction1

Patients2

Stretch1