• We examined expression levels of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1B7, and organic anion transporter (OAT)1 as solute carrier transporters and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)1 and MRP2 as ATP-binding cassette transporters, using real-time polymerase chain reaction and accumulation of 3 H-MTX in cancer cells after 10-Gy irradiation, assuming stereotactic body radiotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2.3) Tabulate the similarities and differences between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. (assignmentexpert.com)
  • The replisome contains activities that separate the strands and hold them apart for synthesis by the replisome version of DNA polymerase, called DNA polymerase III in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recall that the replisome contains a DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dimer with two core complexes that can catalyze polymerization. (blogspot.com)
  • Each primer is extended from its 3′ end by DNA polymerase I to form an Okazaki fragment, as shown in the Figure. (blogspot.com)
  • The use of short RNA primers gets around the limitation imposed by the mechanism of DNA polymerase, namely, that it cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo . (blogspot.com)
  • The primers are synthesized by a DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme called primase-the product of the dna G gene in E. coli . (blogspot.com)
  • The primosome, along with DNA polymerase III, is part of the replisome. (blogspot.com)
  • DNA polymerase III catalyzes synthesis of DNA in the 5′ → 3′ direction by extending each short RNA primer. (blogspot.com)
  • The steps are carried out by the combined action of DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase. (blogspot.com)
  • In today's research laboratory, two common ways that gene expression is assessed is by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques (QTPCR) for monitoring expression of smaller numbers of genes, and by employing DNA microarrays for the highly parallel monitoring of thousands of genes (or the whole transcriptome). (ddw-online.com)
  • Characterization (polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing) and mutagenisis of cloned DNA fragments. (up.ac.za)
  • DNA is a nucleic acid which is capable of duplicating itself via the enzyme known as DNA polymerase. (wikibooks.org)
  • Association of DNA sequence variation in mitochondrial DNA polymerase with mitochondrial DNA synthesis and risk of oral cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Gene expression consists in the synthesis of proteins from the information encoded on DNA. (lirmm.fr)
  • It stimulates the expression of immediate early genes (c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc), of the tumor suppressor gene p53, and of genes coding for the syntheses of protective molecules, including metallothioneins, glutathione, and stress (heat shock) proteins. (nih.gov)
  • In living organisms, gene expression is a complex process that results in the production of proteins from the genome in a time- and space-regulated manner. (cea.fr)
  • This expression is strictly dependent on the synthesis of messenger RNAs transcripts from the DNA molecule and their subsequent translation into proteins by the ribosomes. (cea.fr)
  • VES supplementation also decreases the expression of anti-apoptotic XIAP and Bcl-X(L) proteins and sensitizes androgen-dependent LNCaP cells to androgen deprivation. (positivehealth.com)
  • Genes are small blocks of DNA that tell the cell which proteins it should create. (wikibooks.org)
  • THFA plays a key role in the transfer of 1-carbon units (such as methyl, methylene, and formyl groups) to the essential substrates involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. (medscape.com)
  • The program collects whole-genome sequence and other -omics data (In biology, -omics refers to measurable differences or changes in biological molecules, such as genes, metabolites, proteins, and RNA. (cdc.gov)
  • This process is mediated by a complex molecular machinery known as the spliceosome, which enables the production of multiple and functionally distinct proteins from single genes. (lu.se)
  • These vectors have a number of appealing features including the expression by using the machinery of the host cell instead of depending abilities to ef®ciently transduce cells in the central nervous system, on recombinant regulatory proteins. (lu.se)
  • citation needed] The genome is a supercoiled, circular double stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule ranging in size from 120 to 190 kilobases with 108-174 putative non-overlapping genes that are equally distributed over the genome in unidirectional clusters. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. (medscape.com)
  • The completion of the sequencing of the human genome has uncovered 32,000 to 35,000 predicted genes, offering the prospect for many more drugable targets. (ddw-online.com)
  • Analysis of gene expression can include measuring expression levels of a small set of genes to whole genome expression monitoring. (ddw-online.com)
  • This is mediated by two interactions: LANA binds to specific sequences (LBS1 and 2) on viral DNA, and also engages host histones, tethering the viral genome to host chromosomes in mitosis. (nih.gov)
  • Here we have examined LANA interactions with host chromatin on a genome-wide scale using ChIP-seq, and show that LANA predominantly targets human genes near their transcriptional start sites (TSSs). (nih.gov)
  • Profiling of KSHV LANA positioning on the host genome and examination of gene expression from promoters bound by KSHV LANA. (nih.gov)
  • Increasingly, whole genome sequencing is being used with other analytic measures (DNA methylation, RNA expression, metabolite profiles) in large-scale collaborative initiatives. (cdc.gov)
  • This is one of the first projects to identify crucial tumour-specific DNA methylation events in ESCC development based on genome-wide approaches. (who.int)
  • These results were published in the article "Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from global high-incidence regions identifies crucial genes and potential cancer markers" in the journal Cancer Research . (who.int)
  • The mineral has an important role in immune function, inflammatory response, and collagen synthesis, so it helps for fast and proper healing. (eurasc.org)
  • Your skin holds a relatively high percentage of the body's zinc content (approximately 5%) and zinc plays a critical role in collagen synthesis and inflammatory response, which are important for healing. (naturalcalm.ca)
  • The viral DNA synthesis and transcription occurs within the nuclear replication complexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Replication involved temporal expression of immediate early, early and late genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
  • During DNA replication, a molecular machine called a replisome forms at the replication fork where the two strands of DNA are separating. (blogspot.com)
  • The complex has two sliding clamps that bind the complex to the strands of DNA so that DNA replication is highly processive. (blogspot.com)
  • The overall mechanism of DNA replication is called semidiscontinuous to emphasize the different mechanisms for replicating each strand. (blogspot.com)
  • As the replication fork progresses, the parental DNA is unwound, and more and more single-stranded DNA becomes exposed. (blogspot.com)
  • This method was used to measure the number of copies of repeated genes such as rRNA genes (2) and to measure whether specific genes were under-replicated during the replication process used in forming polytene chromosomes (3). (ddw-online.com)
  • This disruption can be prevented by the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis, suggesting the existence of novel and potent regulatory mechanisms linked to either viral DNA replication or late gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • It inhibited HSV-1 E and L gene expressions as well as viral DNA replication but did not affect the RNA synthesis of IE gene in our study. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This is a fast, easy, and direct approach for expression in cell-free protein synthesis systems using linear DNA templates. (jove.com)
  • Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has recently become very popular in the field of synthetic biology due to its numerous advantages. (jove.com)
  • Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are increasingly being used as a fast, simple, and efficient method for biosensor engineering, decentralized manufacturing, and prototyping of genetic circuits 1 . (jove.com)
  • I was fascinated with topics such as the central dogma of molecular biology and protein synthesis, which are about the mechanisms of gene expression. (who.int)
  • I was intrigued to learn more about the regulation of gene expression (protein synthesis) and how this is altered in disease conditions. (who.int)
  • Perform cDNA synthesis Reverse transcription reactions involve three main steps: primer annealing, DNA polymerization, and enzyme deactivation. (handlebar-online.com)
  • B mRNA preparation cDNA synthesis using reverse transcriptase second strand synthesis using terminal transferase, ligation to vector. (handlebar-online.com)
  • therefore, cDNA synthesis is the first step for many protocols in molecular biology. (handlebar-online.com)
  • Isolation of clonable DNA (genomic libraries, cDNA synthesis) cloning vectors (plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids) plasmid incompatibility and control of copy number. (up.ac.za)
  • About 1 microM cadmium stimulates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in various cell lines, whereas more elevated concentrations are inhibitory. (nih.gov)
  • 8 It stimulates DNA synthesis of rat calvarial cells and increases the production of osteopontin but decreases bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization in bone cells. (allenpress.com)
  • The sequence analysis of the 32-35,000 predicted genes indicates the there may be as many as 1,000 kinase or kinase-like genes. (ddw-online.com)
  • DNA microarrays take advantage of the major feature of the DNA double helix, the sequence complementarity of the two-paired strands, by using DNA capture probes which are the complement of the expressed target sequence (mRNA, cRNA or cDNA made from the mRNA). (ddw-online.com)
  • Early studies of DNA melting and reformation were carried out in aqueous solutions and yielded important information about the dependence of melting temperature (Tm) on the G+C composition and salt concentration, as well as information on the dependence of the rate of reassociation on the sequence complexity of the nucleic acid. (ddw-online.com)
  • optimize the sequence of my DNA to get maximum expression levels. (bio.net)
  • amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the DNA. (bio.net)
  • These host LANA-binding sites are generally found within transcriptionally active promoters and display striking overrepresentation of a consensus DNA sequence virtually identical to the LBS1 motif in KSHV DNA. (nih.gov)
  • DNA sequence analysis revealed that two major open reading frames (ORFs) are in the LR gene. (unl.edu)
  • In DNA a sequence of three bases, which is called a codon, is responsible for the encoding of a single amino acid. (wikibooks.org)
  • Thus in order to define gene expression in a single cell, we isolate the RNA from the cell, sequence it to identify it and quantify it. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Although it may seem counterintuitive that it is difficult to make DNA in cells, the production of short ssDNAs with precisely defined length and sequence has proven challenging. (nature.com)
  • Sequence and expression variations in 23 genes involved in mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and risk of oral leukoplakia and cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • In the new era of genomics, the ticks and mammals, which in turn suggests biological func- complete DNA sequence of two spirochetes, Borrelia burg- tions for a few surface-exposed lipoproteins. (cdc.gov)
  • The introduction of solid supports for DNA hybridisation/reassociations greatly broadened the range of applications of nucleic acid hybridisations, and provided the basis for solid-based methods being used today. (ddw-online.com)
  • These nucleic acid polymers encode for the all of the materials an organism needs to live in the form of genes. (wikibooks.org)
  • Since the two strands of DNA are antiparallel, synthesis using one template strand occurs in the same direction as fork movement, but synthesis using the other template strand occurs in the direction opposite fork movement. (blogspot.com)
  • Gillespie and Spiegelman (1) observed that single stranded DNA binds strongly to nitrocellulose membranes in a manner that minimises the two strands reassociating with each other, but allows the hybridisation to complementary RNA. (ddw-online.com)
  • When DNA is not self-replicating it exists in the cell as a double stranded helical molecule with the strands lined up anti-parallel to each other. (wikibooks.org)
  • The connection between the strands of double-stranded DNA is tighter than double-stranded RNA . (wikibooks.org)
  • Manifestations of folate deficiency thereafter, not surprisingly, would involve impairment of cell division, accumulation of possibly toxic metabolites such as homocysteine, and impairment of methylation reactions involved in the regulation of gene expression, thus increasing neoplastic risks. (medscape.com)
  • Whereas with microscopy, we can observe only a limited number of parameters per cell, sequencing allows us to observe the expression of thousands of genes per cell. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Through these associations, the lamins may have more expanded roles at the cellular level and control diverse functions such as DNA synthesis, gene expression, and apoptosis. (bmj.com)
  • NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcriptional factors contribute to the development and progression of prostate malignancy by regulating the expression of genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. (positivehealth.com)
  • The above studies shows how Vitamin E succinate interacts in different ways with the complex array of genes involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer - genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesia and metastasis. (positivehealth.com)
  • Hytrosaviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the Herpesviridae family. (medscape.com)
  • In other words, it's much easier to unzip double-stranded RNA than it is to unzip double-stranded DNA. (wikibooks.org)
  • Dynamic light scattering, cryogenic TEM and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy are utilized to investigate the interaction between cationic poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers and double stranded DNA. (lu.se)
  • Comparison of the ChIP-seq profile with whole transcriptome (RNA-seq) data reveals that few of the genes that are differentially regulated in latent infection are occupied by LANA at their promoters. (nih.gov)
  • This gene encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
  • The deoxyribose sugars form the structural backbone for DNA via a phosphodiester bond between the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the 5' carbon of the next. (wikibooks.org)
  • DNA sequencing is the technology that determines the nucleotide order of a given DNA fragment (for example: ATTTCGAGCCGT). (eurostemcell.org)
  • These fermentation inhibitors damage cell growth, reduce enzymatic and biological activities, break down DNA, and inhibit protein and RNA synthesis. (usda.gov)
  • More specifically, THFA is involved with the enzymatic reactions necessary to synthesis of purine, thymidine, and amino acid. (medscape.com)
  • The mechanisms underlying the modulation of gene activity by cadmium are discussed in terms of interference with cellular signalling at the levels of cell surface receptors, cellular calcium and zinc homeostases, protein phosphorylation, and modification of transcription factors. (nih.gov)
  • Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was done to evaluate the gene expression of E2F1, TS , and Survivin . (aacrjournals.org)
  • A reverse transcription of Mrna second strand synthesis cDNA end modification ligation to vector. (handlebar-online.com)
  • The synthesis of DNA from an RNA template, via reverse transcription, results in complementary DNA (cDNA). (handlebar-online.com)
  • In agreement with these observations, the Pcif1 protein is distributed all along the polytene chromosomes at the level of active transcription sites and interferes with chromatin-dependent gene expression regulation. (cea.fr)
  • Transcription inducer for use in inducible gene expression systems. (tocris.com)
  • PNA provides a powerful tool to study the mechanism of transcription and an innovative strategy to regulate target gene expression, antisense, antigen agents, molecular probes, and biosensors. (pr.com)
  • The mechanisms responsible for the increased adiposity are changes in gene expression of multiple enzymes and transcription factors by the virus ( 8 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Because levels of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and lipoprotein lipase are also increased, lipid transport into cells and fatty acid synthesis within cells is increased ( 8 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • First strand synthesis: First, one anneals an oligo dT primer onto the 3′ polyA tail of a population of mRNAs. (handlebar-online.com)
  • It is clear that lagging-strand synthesis is discontinuous, but it is not obvious how synthesis of each Okazaki fragment is initiated. (blogspot.com)
  • This limitation presents no difficulty for leading-strand synthesis since once DNA synthesis is under way nucleotides are continuously added to a growing chain. (blogspot.com)
  • the synthesis of a polype-ptide using the genetic inform-ation encoded in mRNA. (cheatography.com)
  • Genetic analysis of IMPDH2 gene in Taiwanese patients with isolated or combined dystonia. (nih.gov)
  • Two of the most common uses of the DNA microarrays are genetic analysis and the analysis of gene expression. (ddw-online.com)
  • In the middle of the 20th century, accumulating data suggested that DNA carries life's genetic information. (acs.org)
  • One of the major functions of the DNA is storage of the genetic information. (wikibooks.org)
  • It is significant to note the reasons why DNA is the primary method through which all cells pass along genetic information. (wikibooks.org)
  • X-Linked Recessive Genetic disorders determined by a single gene (Mendelian disorders) are easiest to analyze and the most well understood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A combination of de novo transcriptome assembly and DGE analysis was shown to be a powerful method for identifying genes encoding enzymes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in a non-model plant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study revealed that E2F1 gene expression correlates with TS and Survivin gene expressions and tumor proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The encoded protein is thought to play a role in many cellular processes including response to nucleolar stress, tumor suppression and synthesis of ribosomal DNA. (nih.gov)
  • The prognostic and treatment predictive markers currently in use for breast cancer are commonly based on the protein levels of individual genes (e.g. steroid receptors), or aspects of the tumor phenotype such as histological grade and percent of cells in the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle. (lu.se)
  • To test whether the properties and specific values of conventional prognostic markers are encoded within tumor gene expression profiles, we have analyzed 48 well-characterized primary tumors from lymph node-negative breast cancer patients using 6728-element cDNA microarrays. (lu.se)
  • In the present study we show that artificial neural networks fed with tumor gene expression data can be used to predict the ER protein values on a continuous scale. (lu.se)
  • I am delighted about our recent publication related to the ESCC project, where we identified crucial tumour-specific molecular (DNA methylation) events and proposed a novel early detection marker panel. (who.int)
  • That is to say why has evolution favored a DNA world over an RNA world given that the two molecules are so similar structurally? (wikibooks.org)
  • The more RNA molecules there are coding for a specific protein, the higher the expression for the corresponding gene is. (eurostemcell.org)
  • HTBS recruits HIV reverse transcriptase, which nucleates DNA synthesis and is aided in elongation by murine leukemia reverse transcriptase. (nature.com)
  • DNA polymerases catalyze chain elongation exclusively in the 5′ → 3′ direction. (blogspot.com)
  • On the other hand, PCR amplification from a plasmid, or a synthesized DNA template, can be used to simply prepare CFPS templates within a few hours 2 , 3 . (jove.com)
  • About once every second, primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA primer using this single-stranded DNA as a template. (blogspot.com)
  • The field of DNA nanotechnology has harnessed the programmability of DNA base pairing to direct single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) to assemble into desired 3D structures. (nature.com)
  • In our 2011 blog, " A million hearts, a thousand genes and your family history," we wondered what the emerging tools of genomics can do to help reduce the burden of heart disease and stroke. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the two main steps of gene expression is the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide sequences of amino acids. (lirmm.fr)
  • Deletion of DNA sequences containing ORF 2 blocked synthesis of the 41-kDa protein in COS-7 cells. (unl.edu)
  • Sequences for all of the known enzymes involved in TIAs synthesis were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We therefore quantified the Reg1, Reg2, and Reg3δ (INGAP) mRNA expression in isolated pre-diabetic NOD islets treated with IL-22. (bepress.com)
  • We measured IL-22, and IL-22 receptor(R)-α mRNA expression in the pancreas and spleen of pre-diabetic and diabetic NOD mice. (bepress.com)
  • Construction of cDNA clones involves the synthesis of complementary DNA from mRNA and then inserting a duplex copy of that into a cloning vector, followed by transformation of bacteria (Figure 3.6. (handlebar-online.com)
  • The principle of cDNA cloning is that it involves the copying of mRNA transcripts into DNA, which are then inserted into bacterial plasmids and then placed into bacteria by transformation. (handlebar-online.com)
  • After my master's degree, I was sure I wanted to pursue research as a career, and while selecting my PhD research topic I came across the field of epigenetics, which is the branch of molecular biology that deals with gene regulation. (who.int)
  • Our discovery of critical genes and molecular events presents interesting avenues for mechanistic studies and biomarker development for early diagnosis in low-resource settings. (who.int)
  • and 5) an increased islet β- cell DNA synthesis in vitro in the presence of IL-22. (bepress.com)
  • When the open reading frame 1 early region 4 gene was transferred to a retrovirus and inserted into preadipocytes in vitro, the gene was capable of inducing the enzymes and enhancing fat accumulation ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 2003). The therapeutic effects of different genes delivered by ment of the hGFAP promoter used here has been extensively studied and lentiviral vectors have been documented in a number of animal found to be up-regulated after several different stimuli both in vitro and models, both in rodents and primates, and examples include delivery in vivo in transgenic mice (Brenner et al. (lu.se)
  • Since folate is involved in DNA synthesis which is crucial for cell growth and cancer cells have more folate receptors on their surfaces and produce more folate-dependent enzymes than normal cells, excess circulating folic acid could feed into this process and allow cancer cells to proliferate. (drfuhrman.com)
  • Furthermore, double-strand DNA has relatively small grooves where damaging enzymes can't attach, making it more difficult for them to 'attack' the DNA. (wikibooks.org)
  • Additionally, 193 cytochrome P450 (CYP450), 280 methyltransferase and 144 isomerase genes were identified, that are potential candidates for enzymes involved in RIN and IRN synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene encodes a nucleolar transcriptional regulator that was first identified by its ability to bind specifically to the Myb proto-oncogene protein. (nih.gov)
  • Analyzing 5′-upstream non-protein-encoding regions of the human mitochondrial function-associated genes, we speculate that mitochondrial functions could be recovered or improved at a transcriptional level. (intechopen.com)
  • Gene expression in Gram negative (E.coli) Gram positive (B.subtilis) and yeast cells (S.cerevisea). (up.ac.za)
  • in gcg that has worked well for gene expression in E. coli? (bio.net)
  • We present the preparation steps of cell lysate from Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta2 ΔrecBCD strain by sonication lysis and buffer calibration for Mg-glutamate (Mg-glu) and K-glutamate (K-glu) specifically for linear DNA. (jove.com)
  • This method is able to achieve protein expression levels comparable to that from plasmid DNA in E. coli CFPS. (jove.com)
  • This was associated with increased islet Regenerating (Reg) genes expression, and elevated IL-22-producing Th17 T-cells in the pancreas. (bepress.com)
  • We conclude that IL-22 may contribute to the regeneration of β-cells by up-regulating Regenerating Reg1 and Reg2 genes in the islets. (bepress.com)
  • This study investigated relationships between accumulation of methotrexate and gene expression levels of solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette transporters in cancer cells after a single and high-dose X-ray irradiation. (frontiersin.org)
  • In control, gene expression levels of OAT1 in all cells was below the limit of measurement. (frontiersin.org)
  • Irradiation of cancer cells thus alters gene expression levels of both solute carrier transporters (OATP1B1/1B3/1B7) and ABC transporters (MRP1/2) and decreases accumulation of 3 H-MTX in cancer cells over time due to elevated expression of MRP1/2. (frontiersin.org)
  • This allows us to generate the first biologically-informed gene expression map of this leaf, with the entire developmental gradient from meristematic to fully differentiated cells captured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer research-from exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. (mskcc.org)
  • Treatment with alpha-tocopherol succinate (VES) inhibits NF-kappaB but augments AP-1 activity, reduces expression of IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF, suppresses cell adhesion, ICAM-1 and gp130 expression in androgen-independent PC-3, DU-145, and CA-HPV-10 cells. (positivehealth.com)
  • Use of Agrobacterium and baculoviruses for gene expression in plant and insect cells respectively. (up.ac.za)
  • In the near future, novel chemo-/gene-therapies might be applied to treat cancer patient converting cancerous cells into normal differentiated cells. (intechopen.com)
  • When the LR gene was inserted into a mammalian expression vector and subsequently transfected into COS-7 cells, a 41-kDa protein was detected by use of silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and by the P2 antibody. (unl.edu)
  • The type of genes that a given cell receives depends entirely on the parent cells. (wikibooks.org)
  • In recent years, the rapid progress in sequencing technology has propelled this technique to the front stage and it is now widely used to study gene expression in single cells. (eurostemcell.org)
  • From this heatmap, Brunskill and colleagues observed that the gene expression pattern in the renal vesicle is highly polarized with very distinct gene expression profile in the proximal cells (left portion of the heatmap) versus the distal cells (right portion of the heatmap). (eurostemcell.org)
  • Does not cause significant changes in endogenous gene expression in HEK cells. (tocris.com)
  • Genetically encoding DNA nanostructures provides a route for their production as well as applications in living cells. (nature.com)
  • The ability to create nanostructures within living cells using DNA has the potential to be a powerful tool for basic biology, biomedical engineering and medicine ( Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • With a similar approach, we studied the prediction of other prognostic parameters such as percent cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle, histological grade, DNA ploidy status, and progesterone receptor status. (lu.se)
  • By using cell extracts from exonuclease-deficient knockout cells, linear DNA templates remain intact without requiring any end-modifications. (jove.com)
  • Recently, we showed that linear DNA can be much better protected in lysates from cells knocked out for exonuclease genes ( recBCD ) 10 . (jove.com)
  • In muscle cells, gene expression of glucose transporters Glut 1 and Glut 4 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase is increased, which results in noninsulin-mediated increases in glucose transport ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The vast majority of these cells did not divide, suggesting that the transgene was indeed regulated in a similar fashion as the endogenous GFAP gene. (lu.se)
  • There are a number of hypothesized that regulating the transgene with a GFAP promoter in a different vectors that transduce cells in the brain in a slightly different viral vector would give rise to a high transgenic expression in the manner (for a review see, e.g. (lu.se)
  • Gefitinib and erlotinib would be effective for tumors with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations or increased EGFR gene copy numbers ( 6 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Mutations in these genes result in diverse diseases collectively referred to as the laminopathies. (bmj.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a disease of the elderly mostly because its development from preneoplastic lesions depends on the accumulation of gene mutations and epigenetic alterations over time. (bvsalud.org)
  • Effects of the carcinogenic metal cadmium on the regulation of mammalian gene expression are reviewed and discussed in the light of observations on interference with cellular signal transduction pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Studies carried out by scientists at IRIG, in collaboration with the University of Geneva, on the fruit fly model Drosophila melanogaster have revealed the role of Pcif1 in the control of gene expression, despite the fact that this protein has completely lost its RNA methyltransferase activity compared to its mammalian counterpart PCIF1. (cea.fr)
  • The lack of catalytic activity of Pcif1 in Drosophila reveals a new mechanism of gene expression regulation. (cea.fr)
  • LANA has also been suggested to affect host gene expression, but both the mechanism(s) and role of this dysregulation in KSHV biology remain unclear. (nih.gov)
  • The bases of each strand bind very specifically, A binds with T and C binds with G no other combination exists at least in DNA. (wikibooks.org)
  • It is thus involved in maintaining cellular guanine deoxy- and ribonucleotide pools needed for DNA and RNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • Characterization of the impact of the MYBBP1A gene and rs3809849 on asparaginase sensitivity and cellular functions. (nih.gov)
  • However, linear DNA is rapidly degraded by exonucleases naturally present in cellular extracts 4 . (jove.com)
  • RNA splicing is a major nexus of gene expression regulation, shaping cellular identity during development, frequently altered in human cancers. (lu.se)
  • Complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning is termed for the gene cloning (cloning of DNA fragments) obtained from cDNA. (handlebar-online.com)
  • How are foreign DNA fragments used in DNA cloning? (handlebar-online.com)
  • The short pieces of lagging-strand DNA are named Okazaki fragments in honor of their discoverer, Reiji Okazaki. (blogspot.com)
  • Okazaki fragments are eventually joined to produce a continuous strand of DNA. (blogspot.com)
  • The reaction proceeds in three steps: removal of the RNA primer, synthesis of replacement DNA, and sealing of the adjacent DNA fragments. (blogspot.com)
  • Ligation of DNA fragments, modification of DNA end and different ligation strategies. (up.ac.za)
  • However, on the lagging strand, the synthesis of each Okazaki fragment requires a new initiation event. (blogspot.com)
  • Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The absence of this Hydroxyl group is fundamental in determining the way in which DNA is able to condense itself within the nucleus of a cell. (wikibooks.org)
  • genomes may elucidate genes that are unique to those species of spirochetes associated with ticks. (cdc.gov)
  • Once inside the cell, folic acid could then compete with natural folates for other binding sites, preventing them from functioning properly and potentially causing changes in normal gene expression or cell growth rates. (drfuhrman.com)
  • 15 Excess folic acid may also lead to cancer development by producing changes in gene expression. (drfuhrman.com)
  • Both folic acid and vitamin B-12 participate in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. (medscape.com)
  • While recombinant DNA technology has significantly contributed to our understanding of plant viruses, new findings are being accumulated every day as reported in various publications. (routledge.com)
  • The ability to regulate transgene expression will be crucial for development of gene therapy to the brain. (lu.se)
  • In gene therapy one often utilizes vehicles with the ability to condense DNA and thereby protect DNA against degradation, transport DNA across membranes as well as regulate gene expression. (lu.se)
  • An aspect of gene delivery to the brain that is currently being regulate the endogenous GFAP expression in a lesioned brain. (lu.se)
  • We, developed is the ability to regulate transgene expression. (lu.se)
  • Materials and methods approach to regulate transgenic expression. (lu.se)
  • This study highlights an important contribution for Pcif1 in gene expression and physiology of the organism independently of any catalytic activity. (cea.fr)
  • The work of the scientists shows that mutation of Pcif1 gene in Drosophila results in a deregulation of the expression of a set of genes, reduced body weight and a significant drop in fertility which indicates an important role for this protein in the physiology of the organism. (cea.fr)
  • Expression of latency-related (LR) gene products is controlled by a 980-bp fragment (LR promoter). (unl.edu)
  • Jakobsson expression under a human GFAP (hGFAP) promoter. (lu.se)
  • from DNA synthesis and gene expression to immune function, growth and development. (perque.com)
  • However, cadmium at noncytotoxic doses interferes with DNA repair processes and enhances the genotoxicity of directly acting mutagens. (nih.gov)
  • The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We constructed a lentiviral vector that directs transgene expression to astrocytes. (lu.se)
  • 2000). We of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in models of have recently reported that this vector directs transgene expression to Parkinson's disease (Georgievska et al. (lu.se)
  • There are solutions that address this problem, such as using the λ-phage GamS protein 5 or DNA containing Chi sites 6 as protective agents, or directly protecting the linear DNA by chemical modification of its ends 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 . (jove.com)
  • Melanogenesis: a photo- epidemiological study on sunbed use and cuta- protective response to DNA damage? (who.int)
  • This report will focus in using DNA microarrays for the analysis of gene expression or expression profiling, and how DNA chips are used for drug discovery and development. (ddw-online.com)
  • Included topics are (i) absolute and relative quantification of DNA/RNA, (ii) limit of detection, (iii) optimization of PCR, (iv) primer/probe design, (v) contamination and quality control, (vi) validation of PCR methods (vii) sample preparation (DNA/RNA), (viii) understanding and relieving PCR inhibition (pre-PCR processing), and (ix) forensic DNA analysis. (lu.se)
  • DNA is a long chain of linear polymers containing deoxyribose sugars and their covalently bonded bases known as nucleic acids. (wikibooks.org)
  • Using toxin-induced lesions we investigated to what extent transgene expression could be regulated in accordance with the activation of the endogenous GFAP gene. (lu.se)
  • Synthesis of the leading strand also begins with an RNA primer, but only one primer is required to initiate synthesis of the entire strand. (blogspot.com)
  • Preparing plasmid DNA depends on many time-consuming steps during cloning and large amounts of DNA isolation. (jove.com)