Dna segment. Medical search. Frequent questions

Nucleic acids are the basic units of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing. (mdpi.com)
PCR), from normal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) donated by another person. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes and Chromosomes Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)

the evidence of such translocation has been seen through the comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequence with the genome sequence of the counterparts. (wikipedia.org)
The RNA molecule produced is an exact replica of a segment of the DNA molecule, and it provides a code that is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids during translation. (atlasbars.com)
This means that any changes or mutations in the DNA sequence can have significant effects on the resulting protein. (atlasbars.com)
For example, a single mutation in the DNA sequence that codes for hemoglobin can result in sickle cell anemia, a genetic disorder that affects the shape and function of red blood cells. (atlasbars.com)
DNA cloning, sequence analysis of segment 7 of rice dwarf virus genome and its high expression in E. coli. (elsevierpure.com)
Information regarding the DNA sequence during the computing process as well as the computing output can be extracted at the same time using the simulation software. (researchgate.net)
An Epoch Times article cited an April study, which has not been peer-reviewed, that found part of a DNA sequence called an "SV40 promoter" in two expired Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine vials. (politifact.com)
Promoters" have long been used in molecular biology to drive gene transcription, the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. (politifact.com)
Promoters " are parts of DNA that drive gene transcription , the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. (politifact.com)
In this case, the "SV40 promoter" is a DNA sequence that was first identified in the SV40 virus. (politifact.com)
The draft Neanderthal sequence contains DNA extracted from the bones of three different Neanderthals found at Vindija Cave in Croatia. (bbc.co.uk)

Moles have multiples of the DNA sequences that activate the gene, leading to a higher testosterone level in the blood of the animals. (charite.de)
segments of DNA from the gene. (medlineplus.gov)
The positive samples were further subjected to PCRs for the amplification of a partial segment of the Usutu virus envelope and nonstructural 5 gene. (cdc.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the CSMD1 gene may play a role in ESCC through complex patterns of DNA alterations and RNA and miRNA expressions. (bvsalud.org)

for instance, it is shown that sequences of mitochondrial origin promote nuclear DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists can now manipulate DNA sequences to produce specific proteins, such as insulin for diabetes treatment. (atlasbars.com)
In the nucleus, genes and their associated control sequences form regulatory domains - relatively isolated "neighborhoods" consisting of large regions where DNA sections interact frequently with each other. (charite.de)
Every organism demonstrates different DNA sequences with specific nucleotides. (mdpi.com)
The legal case is that of the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) v Myriad Genetics, Inc , a Salt Lake City-based biotech company that held patents on isolated DNA sequences associated with breast and ovarian cancer . (medscape.com)
The decision clarified that naturally occurring DNA sequences cannot be patented, which means that researchers are free to use these sequences in their research without fear of patent infringement. (medscape.com)
ROESY, NOE spectroscopy in the operator DNA sequences aimed at removing the rotating frame. (lu.se)
DNA sequences used for studies of uncomplexed and complexed trp operator. (lu.se)
The sequences are aligned by their common d-(ACTAGT)2 segments (boxed). (lu.se)
has been identified as the 2nd most consensus (ERIC) sequences which · 60 environmental samples were tak- frequent organism causing ventilator- are common to Gram-negative enteric en throughout the ICU, including associated pneumonia, the 4th most bacteria [11,12]. (who.int)

More DNA is getting into the nucleus, and that DNA is more stable, so that's why I think it has a higher chance to be integrated into the chromosome. (reachmd.com)
The chromosome segment side (Paternal or Maternal) is determined from the Most Recent Common Ancestor. (gramps-project.org)
Hovering the cursor over a painted chromosome segment will show a tooltip with the name of the associated person, ID, length in cMs (centiMorgans) of the shared segment, and matching SNPs of the segment if provided. (gramps-project.org)
Yes drawing one maternal and paternal row for each chromosome is standard, but the DNA Painter also has an option to expand and collapse these rows, so you can see all overlapping segments. (gramps-project.org)

NUMT, pronounced "new might", is an acronym for "nuclear mitochondrial DNA" segment or genetic locus coined by evolutionary geneticist, Jose V. Lopez, which describes a transposition of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
In fact, NUMTs have often been unintentionally discovered by researchers who were looking for mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). (wikipedia.org)
After the release of the mtDNA to the cytoplasm, due to the mitochondrial alteration and morphological changes, mtDNA is transferred into the nucleus by one of the various predicted methods and are eventually inserted by double-stranded break repair processes into the nuclear DNA (nDNA). (wikipedia.org)
Although, the extended translocation of mtDNA fragments and their co-amplification with free mitochondrial DNA has been problematic in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders, in the study of population genetics, and phylogenetic analyses, scientists have used NUMTs as the genetic markers to figure out the relative rate of nuclear and mitochondrial mutation and recreating the evolutionary tree. (wikipedia.org)
In 2022, scientists reported the discovery of ongoing transfer of mitochondrial DNA into DNA in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the metabolic alterations and functional adaptations in the host eukaryotes, circular mitochondrial DNA is contained within the organelles. (wikipedia.org)
Containing 37 genes, mitochondrial DNA has an essential role in the production of necessary compounds, such as required enzymes for the proper function of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
The integration and recombination of cytoplasmic mtDNA into the nuclear DNA is called nuclear mitochondrial DNA, which is abbreviated as NUMT. (wikipedia.org)
The possible presence of organelle DNA inside the nuclear genome was suggested after the finding of homologous structure to the mitochondrial DNA, which was shortly after the discovery of the presence of an independent DNA within the organelles in 1967. (wikipedia.org)
Initial evidence that DNA could move among cell compartments came when fragments of chloroplast DNA were found in the maize mitochondrial genome with the help of cross-hybridization, between chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, and physical mapping of homologous regions. (wikipedia.org)
Three types of DNA tests can help you find your ancestors: autosomal DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-DNA. (familytreemagazine.com)
Sporadic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and Kearns-Sayre syndrome are usually associated with single large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions in muscle. (nih.gov)
In progressive external ophthalmoplegia with autosomal dominant inheritance, multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions have been reported. (nih.gov)
We studied several members of a Swedish family with autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia and multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions by polymerase chain reaction analysis of single muscle fibers and by in situ hybridization, combined with enzyme histochemical analysis. (nih.gov)
Muscle fiber segments with deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase, which is partially encoded by mitochondrial DNA, had accumulated mitochondrial DNA with deletions and showed reduced levels of wild-type mitochondrial DNA. (nih.gov)
Young, clinically affected individuals of this family without limb muscle symptoms did not show mitochondrial DNA deletions or cytochrome c oxidase-deficient muscle fibers. (nih.gov)
Our results indicate that a nuclear factor predisposes to the development of somatic multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions. (nih.gov)
Mitochondrial DNA with multiple different deletions shows clonal expansion, which leads to mitochondrial myopathy with ragged-red fibers and muscle weakness. (nih.gov)

At the core of protein synthesis is the DNA segment, which plays a crucial role in determining the structure and function of proteins. (atlasbars.com)
This article aims to explore the basics of protein synthesis and emphasize the significance of the DNA segment in this process. (atlasbars.com)
Before delving into the importance of the DNA segment in protein synthesis, it is essential to understand the basics of this process. (atlasbars.com)
The significance of DNA in protein synthesis cannot be overstated. (atlasbars.com)
Moreover, the study of DNA and protein synthesis has led to numerous advancements in medicine and biotechnology. (atlasbars.com)
Thus, the process of DNA transcription and protein synthesis is essential for the proper functioning of all living organisms. (atlasbars.com)
The S RNA segment codes for the nucleocapsid (N) protein, and the M RNA segment codes for the glycoprotein precursor, resulting in the two envelope glycoproteins G1 and G2, while the L segment encodes the putative RNA-dependent polymerase. (cdc.gov)
The M segment of nairoviruses is 30% to 50% larger than the M segments of members of other genera in the Bunyavidae family and has a potential coding capacity of up to 240 kDa of protein ( 12 ) . (cdc.gov)
We defined, using a novel large animal model system, the acute pathologic response to localized pulmonary administration of either naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) or cationic lipid-pDNA complexes (pDNA:GL67) and related such responses to concomitant indicators of transfection efficiency, namely levels of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) protein and mRNA in specific lung tissue compartments. (ox.ac.uk)
Levels of plasmid-derived CAT-specific mRNA and CAT protein in samples derived from segments treated with either pDNA or pDNA:GL67 increased in relation to the administered dose. (ox.ac.uk)
The smallest segment, S, encodes the N protein and a nonstructural protein called NSs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Tumor cell nuclear expulsion results in an extracellular DNA-protein complex that is enriched with receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) ligands. (bvsalud.org)

It enables cells to produce proteins, which are essential for various purposes such as cell signaling, cellular function, and DNA replication. (atlasbars.com)
DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, serves as the blueprint of proteins. (atlasbars.com)
DNA-templated assembly was shown to enable the patterning of proteins and create conductive nanowires ( 2 ), and the complexity of these systems increased with landmark demonstration of structures like the DNA octahedron folded from 1.7-kb single-stranded (ss)DNA ( 3 ). (allenpress.com)
Glass or quartz nanopipettes have found increasing use as tools for studying the biophysical properties of DNA and proteins, and as sensor devices. (imperial.ac.uk)

The experiment correctly modified nearly two-thirds of the embryos and did not cause any other dangerous mutations in the DNA. (wbur.org)

Scientists have successfully used CRISPR, a new technology for engineering genes, to correct a mutation that causes heart disease by editing the DNA of human embryos. (wbur.org)
Many genes are split into segments of coding and non-coding DNA. (newscientist.com)
Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)
Using antisense technology, modified RNA molecules can combine with specific parts of the DNA, preventing the affected genes from functioning. (msdmanuals.com)

During transcription, the double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds, and the RNA polymerases follow one of the DNA strands. (atlasbars.com)
Recently, we have demonstrated high-bandwidth detection of double-stranded (ds) DNA with microsecond time resolution in nanopipettes, using custom-designed electronics. (imperial.ac.uk)

Dynamic and flexible nucleic acid models can provide current and future scientists with physical intuition for the structure of DNA and the ways that DNA and its synthetic mimics can be used to build self-assembling structures and advanced nanomachines. (allenpress.com)
Here, we present a 3D-printable kit for the construction of DNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA). (allenpress.com)
Building on previous research, representative nucleic acid duplexes were split into logical monomer segments, and atomic coordinates were used to create solid models for 3D printing. (allenpress.com)
We herein report on the development of a nucleic acid platform designed to provide fast and portable detection, and demonstrated the utility by detecting MTB DNA from mechanically processed TB patient sputum samples. (cdc.gov)

The full-length S genome segment of these strains has been sequenced and analyzed ( 13 ) . (cdc.gov)

The normal DNA is inserted by a chemical reaction into the virus, which then infects (transfects) the person's cells, thereby transmitting the DNA into the nucleus of those cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Liposomes can be configured to contain DNA that can be absorbed by the person's cells, thereby delivering their DNA to the cell nucleus. (msdmanuals.com)

A geographical outlining of the global DNA sequencing market encompasses the Americas (North America & South America), Asia Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East & Africa (MEA). (medgadget.com)
North America is the bigger regional market segment, compared to South America due to the availability of advanced medical facilities. (medgadget.com)
The Americas segment consists of the United States of America, Canada, Mexico, and South America. (cnn.com)

SNP: optional field of the matching SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in the segment. (gramps-project.org)
ii) In total, 97% of 888 CSMD1 SNPs studied showed somatic DNA alterations, with most located near exons 4-11, 24-25, 39-40, 55-56, and 69-70. (bvsalud.org)

Ideal for classroom demonstration, the model can be used to demonstrate DNA replication as well as complementary base pairing. (labworld.co.uk)

DNA sequencing is useful for determining the order of the precise nucleotides in a DNA molecule. (medgadget.com)
Nucleotides for which water-mediated pro- tein-DNA contacts with the bases were observed in the co-crystal structures are encircled with a continuous line. (lu.se)

Rescue of a segmented negative-strand RNA virus entirely from cloned complementary DNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Regarding end-users, the market has been segmented into forensics, hospitals & clinics, genomics & livestock's academics & research institutes, pharmaceutical & biotechnology industry, and others. (medgadget.com)
Researchers at Medicinal Genomics , a Massachusetts-based company that sells DNA testing kits and other equipment for the cannabis industry, conducted the study, which has not been published in a peer-reviewed academic journal. (politifact.com)

Then, the researchers tested inserting end-modified DNA fragments of varying sizes at multiple points in the genome, using CRISPR-Cas9 to precisely target specific sites for insertion. (reachmd.com)
They found efficiency improved two to five times, even when inserting larger DNA fragments-the most difficult insertion to make. (reachmd.com)
They purposely used off-the-shelf chemicals to modify the DNA fragments so that other research teams could use the same method for their own genetic studies. (reachmd.com)
Material: This paper examines polyacrylamide gel images from Li-Cor DNA Sequencer 4300S resulting from the use of the electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments. (researchgate.net)
The acquired images have a resolution dependent on the length of the analysed DNA fragments and typically it is MGxNG=3806x1027 pixels. (researchgate.net)

DNA Gramplet}} on the bottombar of one of the people category list views. (gramps-project.org)
Added access to test version at [https://github.com/GaryGriffin/addons-source/tree/DNA-gramplet-overhaul DNA]. (gramps-project.org)

Market Research Future (MRFR) recently launched a report on DNA Sequencing Market Research Report - Forecast to 2023, that declares this market could see an expansion at 17.64 % CAGR between 2018 and 2023. (medgadget.com)
An important market driver of the global DNA sequencing market size is a rise in adoption of precision medicine. (medgadget.com)
The global DNA sequencing market segmentation covers DNA sequencing applications , end-users, process, products, and technology. (medgadget.com)
In the context of a process, the market has been segmented into data analysis, sample preparation, sequencing, and others. (medgadget.com)
On the basis of technology, the DNA sequencing market has been segmented into chain terminator DNA Sequencing, next-generation DNA Sequencing, and others. (medgadget.com)
The Americas holds the largest market share as North America alone has the potential to capture the lion's share in the global DNA Sequencing market due to faster adoption of the latest technology, availability of advanced medical facilities, higher disposable income, stronger purchasing power, and presence of key market players. (medgadget.com)
Additionally, DNA sequencing has revolutionized the field of personalized medicine, allowing doctors to tailor treatments to an individual's unique genetic makeup. (atlasbars.com)
Sequencing of the 3′ and 5′ termini of the BUNdelNSs S RNA segment and analysis using a minireplicon system show that the N overexpressing phenotype results from a single nucleotide substitution at position 16 in the 3′ terminus. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Before this image is being captured, DNA computing involves parallel overlap assembly (POA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that is the main of this computing algorithm. (researchgate.net)

The genome of Bunyamwera virus (BUN) consists of three segments of single-stranded RNA of negative polarity. (microbiologyresearch.org)

We know that many small segments are false, and thus that many distant matches are false positives. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
I have written about small segments and distant matches many times. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

The RNA strand produced is a faithful copy, with the exception that where the DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil. (atlasbars.com)

Uhlmann, F. SMC complexes: from DNA to chromosomes. (nature.com)

Transfection efficiency and toxicity following delivery of naked plasmid DNA and cationic lipid-DNA complexes to ovine lung segments. (ox.ac.uk)
2008. Pedro Nunes, NMR studies of local mobilities in DNA-amphiphile complexes. (lu.se)

We propose that these steps result in the interconversion of DNA-binding sites in the catalytic core of condensin, forming the basis of the DNA translocation and loop-extrusion activities. (nature.com)

But how are DNA changes and their manifestations in the appearance of an organism related in concrete terms, and how can we uncover such changes? (charite.de)

The smallest segment is 7.4 cM. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

Mar. 10, 2021 Scientists have uncovered mechanisms underlying the activation of the MRN complex -- the cell's DNA scissors. (sciencedaily.com)
But a new DNA-based study ( ref ) by a European team of scientists appears to have finally uncovered the smoking gun in the Carolina parakeet's tragic story. (forbes.com)

The consumables segment can be sub-segmented into reagents & chemicals, laboratory wares, and others. (medgadget.com)
We've developed quite a few knock-in methods in the past, but we never thought about just using chemicals to increase the stability of the DNA we want to insert," Zhao said. (reachmd.com)

One method is to use a virus because certain viruses have the ability to insert their genetic material into human DNA. (msdmanuals.com)

the ends of the segments are noncovalently linked so that the RNA occurs in a loosely bound circular configuration within the nucleocapsids ( 11 ) . (cdc.gov)

The line probe assay, for instance, colorimetrically detects multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains from PCR-amplified products MTB DNA. (cdc.gov)

This segment aired on August 7, 2017. (wbur.org)
The (most current as of September 2017) definitive article on the nature of false versus true small segments is "Reducing Pervasive False-Positive Identical-by-Descent Segments Detected by Large-Scale Pedigree Analysis. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

File:Addon-DNA-SegmentMap-with-Tooltip. (gramps-project.org)

In the paper, the researchers found that more than 67% of all reported segments shorter than 4 cM are false-positive segments. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

By chemically tweaking the ends of the DNA to be inserted, the new technique is up to five times more efficient than current approaches. (reachmd.com)
The Neanderthal DNA itself had broken down into very short segments and had changed chemically. (bbc.co.uk)

The presented image analysis method was performed on gel images resulting from the analysis of DNA methylome profiling in plants exposed to drought stress, carried out with the MSAP (Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism) technique. (researchgate.net)
The results of DNA polymorphism analysis were obtained in less than one second for the Intel CoreTM 2 Quad CPU [email protected], 8GB RAM. (researchgate.net)
It is possible to carry out this method of DNA polymorphism analysis on distorted images of polyacrylamide gels. (researchgate.net)
Genomic DNA macro-restriction fragment pattern analysis, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with XbaI and SpeI restriction digestions, showed intraspecies variation among the isolates of M. immunogenum and M. chelonae. (cdc.gov)

It operates through the following geographical segments: Americas, EMEA, and APAC. (cnn.com)

High-bandwidth detection of short DNA in nanopipettes. (imperial.ac.uk)

Twist Bioscience Corp. engages in the development of a proprietary semiconductor-based synthetic DNA manufacturing process. (cnn.com)

Take your research to new heights by ordering DNA tests for your relatives. (familytreemagazine.com)

Yet, in 2007, Dr Dov Michaeli described how an American company had claimed ownership of genetic materials and believed that it had the right to commercialize those naturally occurring bits of DNA. (medscape.com)
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court held that naturally occurring DNA segments are products of nature and therefore are not eligible for patent protection. (medscape.com)

The shape, mechanics, and thermodynamics of these structures result from their complex internal architecture, and given the extraordinary utility of structural DNA nanotechnology for advancing the field of biophysics, educational tools are needed for teaching key structural concepts fundamental to the design of DNA-based nanostructures. (allenpress.com)

We propose an encoding method of numerical data in DNA using temperature gradient. (researchgate.net)
with the shared DNA segment data. (gramps-project.org)
Here we present genome-wide ancient DNA data for six individuals from eastern and south-central Africa spanning the past approximately 18,000 years (doubling the time depth of sub-Saharan African ancient DNA), increase the data quality for 15 previously published ancient individuals and analyse these alongside data from 13 other published ancient individuals. (nature.com)

At this point the non-coding segments are spliced out and the important pieces of information are stitched together. (newscientist.com)

CH-8091 ZuÈrich, Switzerland uncomplexed trp operator DNA duplex. (lu.se)

Due to the reasons the same as the Americas, Western Europe is a bigger regional market segment compared to Eastern Europe. (medgadget.com)

Not only has any correlation been found between the fraction of noncoding DNA and NUMT abundance in the genome but NUMTs are also proven to have non-random distribution and a higher likelihood of being inserted in the certain location of genome compare to others. (wikipedia.org)
They found that small changes to the very end of the DNA increased both the speed and efficiency of insertion. (reachmd.com)
The claim comes from a June 11 Epoch Times article headlined, "Monkey virus DNA found in COVID-19 shots. (politifact.com)
The Epoch Times article claims an April study found "massive DNA contamination" in COVID-19 vaccines, including "monkey virus DNA. (politifact.com)

With one exception, each of the small segments has disappeared. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

Molecular biology experts also told PolitiFact there was no evidence of "monkey virus DNA" in the COVID-19 vaccines. (politifact.com)

The process of transcription involves enzymes known as RNA polymerases, which copy the DNA code into RNA. (atlasbars.com)

Create an Association for one person (Person A) with another Person (Person B) of the type DNA. (gramps-project.org)

IP segment witnessed strong quarter driven by robust adoption of the company's PCIe and DDR products. (nasdaq.com)

Unfortunately, the vast majority of people are not using phased kits when analyzing segments, usually because they cannot do so. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
The samples almost always contained only a small amount of Neanderthal DNA amid vast quantities of DNA from bacteria and fungi that colonised the remains after death. (bbc.co.uk)

If the best science we have suggests that a significant percentage of small segments are false, and these small segments are not labeled "FALSE" or "TRUE," is there any way we can use these segments? (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

The Hankook Ventus S1 evo Zâ€™s characteristics underline the motorsport DNA of the M models. (theautochannel.com)

When someone takes their own DNA test, sees their own personal ethnicity results, and and reviews their own personal DNA matches, they'll be more interested in research and invested in its results. (familytreemagazine.com)
To sum up: Your descendants' DNA won't be all that useful in research questions about your ancestors. (familytreemagazine.com)
But if your kids are all grown up, buy them a DNA test, advise them of the potential risks, and (if they choose to test) hope you'll find yourself an additional research partner. (familytreemagazine.com)

Melting temperature is a unique characteristic to ma- nipulate the hybridization and denaturation processes that used in the key steps in DNA computing such as the solution generation step and the amplification step. (researchgate.net)

Anatomy24

Organisms27

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs70

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes117

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science7

Health Care2

Deoxyribonucleic acid3

Sequence11

Gene4

Sequences10

Chromosome4

Mitochondrial18

Protein12

Proteins4

Mutations1

Genes4

Double-stranded2

Nucleic acid4

Genome segment1

Nucleus2

South America3

SNPs2

Replication1

Nucleotides2

Complementary1

Genomics2

Fragments5

Gramplet2

Sequencing8

Polymerase1

Single-stranded1

Distant2

Thymine1

Chromosomes1

Complexes2

Translocation1

Organism1

Smallest segment1

Scientists2

Chemicals2

Genetic material1

Circular1

Strains1

20172

Addon1

Researchers1

Chemically2

Analysis4

Geographical1

Detection1

Synthetic1

Heights1

Naturally2

Biophysics1

Data3

Pieces1

Switzerland1

Americas1

Found4

Exception1

Molecular1

Process1

Type1

Products1

Vast2

Percentage1

Characteristics1

Research3

Steps1