Dna replication and recombination. Medical search. Frequent questions

We find that this type of non-canonical fork convergence in fission yeast is prone to trigger deletions between repetitive DNA sequences via a mechanism we call Inter-Fork Strand Annealing (IFSA) that depends on the recombination proteins Rad52, Exo1 and Mus81, and is countered by the FANCM-related DNA helicase Fml1. (elifesciences.org)
Nucleolytic resection of this end generates the requisite ssDNA tail onto which the recombination proteins can load and drive the restart process ( Berti and Vindigni, 2016 ). (elifesciences.org)
Reference: In vivo interactions of genes and proteins in DNA replication and recombination of phage T4. (neb.com)
Gp32 interacts with both enzymes acting on DNA and enzymes acting on membrane proteins. (neb.com)
Graduate students and research mathematicians interested in applications of topology and DNA proteins. (ams.org)
The duplication of chromosomes and the regulation of their replication and repair requires dozens of proteins acting together to maintain the duplex DNA genome. (rockefeller.edu)
Additional links to NCBI resources are provided for human noncoding RNAs and repeated DNA elements and for proteins of interest from other species. (cshlpress.com)
DNA replication origins retain mobile licensing proteins. (yeastgenome.org)
and the contribution of chromatin-modifying proteins to replication and repair. (usc.edu)
This is accompanied by DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and recruitment of the DNA repair proteins replication protein A, Rad51, and 53BP1 to damaged regions. (rupress.org)
The communication between molecular motors and double-stranded DNA binding proteins is a common feature in DNA replication, repair, recombination and transcription and also in instances where conflict occurs between these processes. (sciencedaily.com)
all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes regarding shortening length, protection, and replication. (medscape.com)

Orthologous to human MCM8 (minichromosome maintenance 8 homologous recombination repair factor). (nih.gov)
Finally, codepletion of Rad51, an important homologous recombination repair protein, abrogates the DNA damage after SET8 depletion. (rupress.org)
[ 7 , 8 ] Sister chromatid exchanges are considered a sensitive indicator for cell genome instability, as they are thought to be the outcome of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from homologous recombination repair. (medscape.com)

Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at multiple origin sites along each chromosome and terminates when replication forks (RFs) from adjacent origins converge. (elifesciences.org)
Eukaryotic replisomes must deal with histones, which organize the DNA in eukaryotic cells. (rockefeller.edu)
These studies can be expected to provide new insights into eukaryotic replication, repair, and epigenetic inheritance. (rockefeller.edu)
Tunability of DNA polymerase stability during eukaryotic DNA replication. (rockefeller.edu)
EXO1 codes for a Rad2p family member nuclease that has been implicated in a multitude of eukaryotic DNA metabolic pathways that include DNA repair, recombination, replication, and telomere integrity. (yeastgenome.org)
Eukaryotic, archaebacterial, viral and some eubacterial DNA ligases are ATP-dependent. (embl.de)
eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzymes are primarily responsible for relaxing positively and/or negatively supercoiled DNA, except for reverse gyrase, which can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. (embl.de)
2022. Ribonucleotide incorporation by eukaryotic B-family DNA replicases and its consequences. (nih.gov)

Many mutations that interfere with recombination also interfere with initiation of secondary replication. (neb.com)
Heredity materials Nucleic acids and their structures Mutations and gene functions DNA replication DNA recombination Mutation mechanisms. (slideserve.com)
This study reveals a new mechanism for the fluid gain of beneficial mutations in genetic regions undergoing active recombination in viruses and illustrates the value of long read sequencing technologies for investigating complex genome dynamics in diverse biological systems. (elifesciences.org)
Exchange of DNA between chromosomes derived from the individual's mother and father are also increased in people with BLM gene mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
BML mutations thus result in defects in DNA repair and genomic instability in the somatic cells, predisposing the patients to cancer development. (medscape.com)
In the presence of functional DNA replication, RTEL1 mutations produce a large amount of extrachromosomal T-circles. (medscape.com)
In addition to the mutations that directly effect telomere length, recent studies also indicate that a DKC diagnosis should not be based solely on the length of the telomere, but also the fact that there are defects in telomere replication and protection. (medscape.com)

WRN protein is thought to be involved in optimization of various aspects of DNA metabolism, including DNA repair, recombination, replication, and transcription. (amrita.edu)
This book, written by James Wang, the discoverer of the first topoisomerase and a leader in the field since, presents ten chapters covering the historical backdrop of the DNA entanglement problem and the discovery of the DNA topoisomerases, how DNA topoisomerases perform their magic in DNA replication, transcription, genetic recombination and chromosome condensation, and how they are targets of therapeutic agents. (cshlpress.com)
The genome atlases allowed for distinguishing distinct DNA structures and highlighted suspicious high transcription zones. (mdpi.com)
This function is vital for the processes of replication, transcription, and recombination. (embl.de)
It inhibits bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase (topoisomerases type II), enzymes required for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. (medscape.com)

Dr. Zou and his team postulated that such cancer cell lines were those without active telomerase, relying instead on the ALT pathway, which lengthens telomeres through recombination with telomeric DNA sequences from the same or other chromosomes. (massgeneral.org)
When a cell prepares to divide to form two cells, the DNA that makes up the chromosomes is copied so that each new cell will have two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. (medlineplus.gov)

Cdc45 might be able to bind single-stranded DNA, which suggests that the lagging strand is channeled through Cdc45, whereas the leading strand passes through the center of the MCM ring. (biomedcentral.com)
Stephen Kowalczykowski (University of California, Davis, USA) described for the first time the purification of this impressive 3,418-amino-acid protein and reported that it binds RAD51 (the human homolog of bacterial RecA) and promotes RAD51 assembly onto single-stranded DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
and single-stranded DNA binding activity. (nih.gov)
Predicted to contribute to single-stranded DNA helicase activity. (nih.gov)
Replication fork activation is enabled by a single-stranded DNA gate in CMG helicase. (rockefeller.edu)
The processes that maintain telomeres employ replication protein A (RPA), a single-stranded DNA binding protein. (massgeneral.org)
Unlike Topo IA enzymes, Topo IB enzymes do not require a single-stranded region of DNA or metal ions for their function. (embl.de)

Katharina Schlacher (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA), presented elegant single-molecule DNA fiber analysis demonstrating that BRCA2 protects newly synthesized DNA from degradation by the nuclease MRE11 when replication forks are stalled by hydroxyurea. (biomedcentral.com)
Collapsed forks can be rescued by homologous recombination, which restarts replication. (elifesciences.org)
His lab studies how the replisome interacts with DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint machinery, how initiation of replication is directed by nucleosomes, and how replication forks perform nucleosome inheritance, the process by which nucleosomes (the fundamental structural unit of chromosomal DNA) are passed down from parental to daughter DNA during replication. (rockefeller.edu)
Replication forks stall at DNA lesions or as a result of an unfavorable replicative environment. (yeastgenome.org)
Recombination and fork bypass pathways are the mechanisms accountable for restart of stalled forks. (yeastgenome.org)
To ensure the process is well regulated, the bacterium has set a number of "roadblocks," or termination sites on the DNA, to ensure the permanent stoppage of replication forks, Y-shaped structures formed between the strands as the DNA molecule splits. (sciencedaily.com)
Tus−Ter is unusual in that it acts like the ratcheting knot on a climbing rope by allowing progression of replication forks from one direction but not the other. (sciencedaily.com)
They used single-molecule imaging to record molecular movies that zoomed in with high temporal and spatial resolution on the fate of Escherichia coli replication forks as they approached a termination site from either direction. (sciencedaily.com)

Poxvirus adaptation can involve combinations of recombination-driven gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same loci. (elifesciences.org)
Following duplication events, the resulting stretches of homologous sequence can promote recombination between gene copies. (elifesciences.org)
In order to expand our understanding of how recombination might influence virus variation during the course of adaptation, we focused on large DNA viruses, in which rapidly evolving populations can simultaneously harbor both adaptive gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same locus. (elifesciences.org)
One family pedigree was described with X-linked ichthyosis associated with normal levels of STS and a normal molecular pattern, as detectable with a complementary DNA (cDNA) probe for the STS gene. (medscape.com)
Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)

Thus, BRCA2 maintains genomic integrity both through homologous recombination and by the protection of nascent strands during DNA replication. (biomedcentral.com)
O'Donnell's laboratory studies these DNA metabolic mechanisms with the goal of understanding how the protein gears of DNA duplication act together with signal processes that function with repair and recombination factors to ensure genomic integrity. (rockefeller.edu)
Because RecQ helicases help maintain the structure and integrity of DNA, they are known as the "caretakers of the genome. (medlineplus.gov)

In contrast to the RNA-directed DNA synthesis by telomerase, ALT relies on recombination and replication of telomere DNA to extend telomeres. (massgeneral.org)

2007) A mutation in EXO1 defines separable roles in DNA mismatch repair and post-replication repair. (yeastgenome.org)

For this, we focus on the three main groups of CIEs: mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, and symbiont genomes. (nature.com)
3)We investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial DNA recombination, replication and repair in healthy cells and mtDNA instability in human diseases. (upstate.edu)
Chen, X.J. and Clark-Walker (2018) Unveiling the mystery of mitochondrial DNA replication in yeasts. (upstate.edu)

This book is a comprehensive review of the detailed molecular mechanisms of and functional crosstalk among the replication, recombination, and repair of DNA (collectively called the "3Rs") and the related processes, with special consciousness of their biological and clinical consequences. (uchicago.edu)
2022. Probing the mechanisms of two exonuclease domain mutators of DNA polymerase ε. (nih.gov)

results from their study show the importance of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament conformation for stimulating DNA pairing by BLM . (medscape.com)

Problems that arise during DNA replication can drive genomic alterations that are instrumental in the development of cancers and many human genetic disorders. (elifesciences.org)
Before a bacterium can divide, it must make a copy of its genetic material, the circular DNA molecules that resemble bunched rubber bands, through a process called DNA replication. (sciencedaily.com)

For the future, a more detailed understanding of the paths of the leading and lagging DNA strands running through the CMG helicase complex towards the DNA polymerases is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
The problem of unraveling two intertwined strands during the duplication of DNA was recognized shortly after the proposal of the DNA double helix structure in 1953. (cshlpress.com)
A group of enzymes called DNA topoisomerases solve this problem by breaking and rejoining DNA molecules in a controlled manner, thereby allowing strands to be passed through each other and thus untangled not just during DNA replication, but also during many other basic cellular processes. (cshlpress.com)
In this process, the two strands of DNA making up the circular DNA molecule unwind and separate to become templates for generating new strands. (sciencedaily.com)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , DNA polymerase ε (Pol ε) synthesizes primarily the leading strand, while DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) synthesizes primarily the lagging strand and the genes encoding the catalytic subunits of these two polymerases are essential for life. (biomedcentral.com)
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a 36-kd auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase delta that correlates with cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. (bvsalud.org)

This entry represents the C-terminal region of DNA topoisomerase I enzymes from eukaryotes (type IB enzymes). (embl.de)

Mutational analysis of BRCA2 by Schlacher and her colleagues enabled the separation of functions required for homologous recombination and for fork protection. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication fork barriers are a commonly encountered problem, which can cause fork collapse and act as hotspots for replication termination. (elifesciences.org)
However, replication restart is relatively slow and, therefore, replication termination may frequently occur by an active fork converging on a collapsed fork. (elifesciences.org)
Regardless of its precise form, collapse renders the fork incompetent for further DNA synthesis. (elifesciences.org)
RDR can initiate from a collapsed fork where the DNA is either broken or remains intact. (elifesciences.org)
These fork stalling events have been associated with recombination and gross chromosomal rearrangements. (yeastgenome.org)
Recently, the group identified the centromere as a natural fragile site in the genome, particularly when the replication fork is disrupted. (usc.edu)
Furthermore, we find that SET8 interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen through a conserved motif, and SET8 is required for DNA replication fork progression. (rupress.org)
Their results showed that efficiency of fork arrest is weakened by kinetic competition between the rate of strand separation by the helicase motor at the fork and the rate of rearrangement of Tus−Ter interactions that maintain Tus's strong grip on the DNA. (sciencedaily.com)

The breast cancer suppressor protein BRCA2 has an important role in double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. (biomedcentral.com)

Structural changes in Mcm5 protein bypass Cdc7-Dbf4 function and reduce replication origin efficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (yeastgenome.org)
In human DNA ligase I ( P18858 ), and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) ( P04819 ), this region was necessary for catalysis, and separated from the amino terminus by targeting elements. (embl.de)

Haldar and Kamakaka 2008), K56-acetylated H3 substances integrated into chromatin retain their acetylation until DNA harm has been fixed (Masumoto 2005). (wwec2012.net)

The MCM2-7 protein complex is the precursor of the replicative helicase that unwinds DNA in front of the active replication complex. (biomedcentral.com)
During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the helicase is loaded in an inactive form onto DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
This activation requires the assembly of a large number of replication factors, culminating in the formation of the Cdc45-GINS-MCM2-7 (CMG) complex, which has strong helicase activity in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the two labs agree that the model in which the double-stranded DNA passes through the central channel of the helicase and becomes separated by a 'plough share' is not feasible. (biomedcentral.com)
Recombination and Pol ζ Rescue Defective DNA Replication upon Impaired CMG Helicase-Pol ε Interaction. (yeastgenome.org)
Crystal structure of the Bloom syndrome helicase BLM in complex with DNA (PDB ID: 4CGZ). (medscape.com)

Dukaj L and Rhind N (2021) The capacity of origins to load MCM establishes replication timing patterns. (yeastgenome.org)

MCM8- and MCM9-deficient mice reveal gametogenesis defects and genome instability due to impaired homologous recombination. (nih.gov)
The Forsburg lab uses a mixture of classical genetics, molecular biology, and state-of-the-art microscopy to investigate how defects in replication contribute to genome instability during normal cell growth and during the differentiation process of meiosis. (usc.edu)

Replication genes were not identified in some plasmids, a situation that has led to the possibility of host interaction involvement. (frontiersin.org)
The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)

A clear trend of this exciting meeting was a further shift from 'ovals and arrows' models to a more mechanistic understanding of the processes underlying DNA replication and recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
The BLM protein helps to prevent excess sister chromatid exchanges and is also involved in other processes that help maintain the stability of the DNA during the copying process. (medlineplus.gov)

DDK regulates replication initiation by controlling the multiplicity of Cdc45-GINS binding to Mcm2-7. (yeastgenome.org)
Bryant JA and Aves SJ (2011) Initiation of DNA replication: functional and evolutionary aspects. (yeastgenome.org)

Research from O'Donnell's lab has provided an overview of how the replication machine, or replisome, functions in Escherichia coli , yeast, and humans. (rockefeller.edu)

Miller CLW and Winston F (2023) The conserved histone chaperone Spt6 is strongly required for DNA replication and genome stability. (yeastgenome.org)
Forsburg takes a holistic approach to studying how DNA replication stress contributes to genome stability. (usc.edu)

In this report, we show EXO1 functions in the MMS2 error-free branch of the PRR pathway independent of the role of EXO1 in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). (yeastgenome.org)
RPA functions as a DNA repair protein that promotes DNA recombination, and the ALT pathway is known to be a process that is dependent on recombination. (massgeneral.org)

This so-called recombination-dependent replication (RDR) helps ensure that DNA is fully replicated prior to sister chromatid segregation, thereby avoiding mitotic catastrophes. (elifesciences.org)

While recombinant DNA technology has significantly contributed to our understanding of plant viruses, new findings are being accumulated every day as reported in various publications. (routledge.com)

Patients with DKC have reduced telomerase activity and abnormally short tracts of telomeric DNA compared with normal controls. (medscape.com)

Heterogeneous recombination among Hepatitis B virus genotypes. (cdc.gov)

The claim is that such structures would display minimal life-like behavior (reproductive and potentially evolutive) if the intravesicle ribozymes catalyze their own replication and the production of membrane molecules at the expenses of certain precursors available in the environment. (frontiersin.org)

This shift has been made possible in part by a growing number of solved protein structures, often in complex with DNA, and elegant single-molecule approaches. (biomedcentral.com)
The crystal structures of human topoisomerase I comprising the core and carboxyl-terminal domains in covalent and noncovalent complexes with 22-base pair DNA duplexes reveal an enzyme that 'clamps' around essentially B-form DNA. (embl.de)

Using mutational data and structural information, Botchan suggested that the leading strand of the DNA passes through the central channel of the CMG complex. (biomedcentral.com)

Plasmids are one of the primary sources for extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria and are capable of self-transmission. (frontiersin.org)

Changing protein-DNA interactions promote ORC binding-site exchange during replication origin licensing. (yeastgenome.org)

Extrachromosomal DNA provides great impact in the evolution of bacteria in adapting to their surroundings. (frontiersin.org)

The lab's findings also provide insights into how replisomes achieve the asymmetric inheritance needed for development, and how they participate in DNA damage checkpoint control pathways. (rockefeller.edu)

Botchan's work further indicates that Cdc45 has a structure similar to the bacterial recombination protein RecJ, linking replication and recombination. (biomedcentral.com)

In Untangling the Double Helix, Wang offers a very accessible and thorough introduction to DNA topoisomerases, from their basic properties to their roles in biology and medicine. (cshlpress.com)

An important lesion bypass mechanism is the highly conserved post-replication repair (PRR) pathway that is composed of error-prone translesion and error-free bypass branches. (yeastgenome.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms25

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes105

Information Science4

Health Care2

Proteins12

Homologous recombination repair3

Eukaryotic8

Mutations7

Transcription5

Chromosomes2

Single-stranded7

Forks8

Gene5

Integrity3

Telomere1

Mutation1

Mitochondrial3

Mechanisms2

RAD511

Genetic2

Strands4

Polymerase2

Enzymes1

Fork9

Double-strand1

Saccharomyces2

Chromatin1

Helicase6

20211

Instability2

Genes2

Processes2

Initiation2

Escherichia1

Genome stability2

Functions2

Mitotic1

Viruses1

Telomeric1

Heterogeneous1

Membrane1

Structures2

Leading strand1

Plasmids1

Interactions1

Bacteria1

Pathways1

Bacterial1

Topoisomerases1

Mechanism1