AmplificationAmplifyNucleotidesSequencesGenomicReagentsExtend the primersSingle-strandedStrandsDouble-strandedReplicationSynthesisPairsProbesGenesPolymerasesIncluding DNA fragmentsTemplateBasesAnnealTarget sequenceGeneFragmentsMoleculeMoleculesOligonucleotidesAmpliconMitochondrialSecondary structureReverseEnzymesRDNAStructuresSuitableCloningNucleic acidBiotinSequencingOligosNucleotide sequenceProteinPhosphodiester bondElectrophoresisSpecimensDetectionFactorsDenaturationViralHydroxyl groupSpecificTemperaturesProbeTranscriptionDiscriminationReactionDeoxyribonucleicBLASTGeneticGenerally
Amplification12
- There is a special set of ITS primers specifically for amplification of the ITS region of dermatophytes, especially Trichophyton (Gräser, 2000). (cdc.gov)
- TriLink mitoPrimers™ allow standard amplification of hypervariable region 1 (HV1) and hypervariable region 2 (HV2) within the D-loop region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (trilinkbiotech.com)
- As a result, the DNA polymerase amplifies the PD, leading to competition for PCR reagents, thus potentially inhibiting amplification of the DNA sequence targeted for PCR amplification. (wikipedia.org)
- The unique hairpin loop structure of the NEBNext Adaptor minimizes adaptor-dimer formation, and NEBNext index PCR primers enable index incorporation during library amplification. (neb.com)
- The highly heterogenic characteristic of viruses is the major obstacle to efficient DNA amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
- Taking advantage of the large number of virus DNA sequences in public databases to select conserved sites for primer design is an optimal way to tackle the difficulties in virus genome amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
- Polymerase chain reaction showed that compared with the success rate of the most popular primers for whole genome amplification of HBV, one set of primers for full length genome amplification and four sets of walking primers showed significant improvement. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the partially double stranded characteristic of HBV DNA structure causes the instability of exposed HBV DNA and the low efficiency of whole genome amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
- The considerable number of HBV isolates with rather divergent nucleotide sequences and the partially double-stranded characteristic of HBV impose the need for extreme care in the choice of primers for both full length and fragment amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
- The temperature and length of time required for primer annealing depends upon the base composition, length, and concentration of the amplification primers. (ojp.gov)
- In general, the annealing temperature is 5°C below the true T m of the amplification primers. (ojp.gov)
- Phylogenetic analysis with DNA amplification technologies. (who.int)
Amplify9
- These primers amplify approximately 600 basepairs of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal cistron. (cdc.gov)
- These primers amplify approximately 620 basepairs of the 28S region of the ribosomal cistron. (cdc.gov)
- These primers amplify approximately 717 bp of the coding region of the EF-1α gene. (cdc.gov)
- These primers amplify approximately 495 bp of exons and introns at the 5' end of the β-tubulin gene. (cdc.gov)
- These primers amplify a section of the intergenic spacer in the ribosomal cistron. (cdc.gov)
- Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. (cdc.gov)
- A set of primers is used to amplify each DNA target region identified for the reaction. (ojp.gov)
- In PCR, a thermostable DNA polymerase is used to amplify target DNA 2-fold with each temperature cycle. (medscape.com)
- 7 Primers designed to amplify the partial groEL gene encoding heat-shock protein of Anaplasma phagocytophilum EphplgroELF (5′-ATGGTATGCAGTTTGATCGC-3′) and EphplgroELR (5′-TCTACTCTGTCTTTGCGTTC-3′) were used and expected to yield a 625-bp product for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and for Anaplasma platys , respectively. (who.int)
Nucleotides7
- Affinity Plus DNA & RNA Oligonucleotides are custom, single-stranded, and duplexed sequences that contain 1−20 locked nucleic acid nucleotides. (idtdna.com)
- One approach to prevent PDs consists of physical-chemical optimization of the PCR system, i.e. changing the concentrations of primers, magnesium chloride, nucleotides, ionic strength and temperature of the reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- These settings match those used by the NCBI Blast web site when Blasting short DNA sequences of 30 nucleotides or less. (geneious.com)
- The higher annealing temperatures enhance discrimination against incorrectly annealed primers and reduce mis-extension of incorrect nucleotides at the 3' end of primers. (ojp.gov)
- Primer extensions are usually performed at 72°C. Estimates for the rate of nucleotide incorporation at 72°C vary from 35 to 100 nucleotides per second , depending upon the buffer, pH, salt concentration, and the nature of the DNA template. (ojp.gov)
- Initially, DNA is taken from the clinical specimen, as well as certain sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers, thermostable DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and buffer. (medscape.com)
- Finally, nucleotides complementary to the target DNA are added extending each primer by the thermostable DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
Sequences12
- Oligo pools are individually synthesized single-stranded DNA sequences that range from 40 to 350 bases. (idtdna.com)
- Can I BLAST primers, short DNA sequences or peptides? (geneious.com)
- However, you can change the default Blast settings in Geneious to improve Blast with short DNA or protein sequences. (geneious.com)
- The screenshot below shows the Blast settings you should use to match those used by NCBI for DNA sequences. (geneious.com)
- Once you have changed the default settings, click on the cog in the bottom left of the Blast set up window and choose "Save current settings" to create a Profile that can be used with other short DNA sequences. (geneious.com)
- Statistically, even with the word size set to 7 (the minimum for DNA searches) BLAST will typically miss 40% of possible hits when dealing with sequences of 20bp. (geneious.com)
- Therefore, the 1st PCR forward/reverse primers need to be target gene specific that overlap with the N-terminal and C-terminal sequences of the ORF of the target gene. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Based on the alignment of HBV sequences in public databases and a program BxB in Perl script, our method selected several optimal sites for HBV primer design. (biomedcentral.com)
- In order to identify optimal sites for primer design, we utilized 1020 whole genome sequences in public databases (NCBI, EMBL and DDBJ) and 103 sequences in our laboratory, and developed a program BxB to select conserved regions as candidates for primer design. (biomedcentral.com)
- We find that this type of non-canonical fork convergence in fission yeast is prone to trigger deletions between repetitive DNA sequences via a mechanism we call Inter-Fork Strand Annealing (IFSA) that depends on the recombination proteins Rad52, Exo1 and Mus81, and is countered by the FANCM-related DNA helicase Fml1. (elifesciences.org)
- The primer and probe sequences are listed in the appended table. (cdc.gov)
- The Committee concluded that additional work may be needed to assess the viability of the stocks held in VECTOR, and that further molecular characterization of additional strains may be valuable in helping to identify strains from which further DNA sequences could be determined. (who.int)
Genomic5
- Each set of reagents is functionally validated together through construction and sequencing of genomic DNA libraries on the Illumina sequencing platform. (neb.com)
- Problems that arise during DNA replication can drive genomic alterations that are instrumental in the development of cancers and many human genetic disorders. (elifesciences.org)
- Accurate DNA replication is essential for genomic stability. (rcsb.org)
- EC 2.1.1.6) was determined from rat cDNA and genomic libraries were screened with DNA probes and specific antiserum. (lu.se)
- Tick samples (3-5 ticks) were frozen and mashed by liquid nitrogen and then deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted using the G-spin genomic DNA extraction kit (iNrRON Biotechnology Inc., Republic of Korea). (who.int)
Reagents3
- Our high quality reagents are available for every workflow, including popular DNA assembly methods such as NEBuilder ® HiFi DNA Assembly and NEBridge ® Golden Gate Assembly . (neb.com)
- To overcome this limitation, other methods aim to reduce the formation of PDs only, including primer design, and use of different PCR enzyme systems or reagents. (wikipedia.org)
- Contamination of reagents or specimens with target DNA from the environment must be avoided because such contamination can produce false-positive results. (medscape.com)
Extend the primers2
- If this construct is stable enough, the DNA polymerase will bind and extend the primers according to the complementary sequence (step II in the figure). (wikipedia.org)
- The reaction temperature is briefly cooled to 40 to 60°C and then raised to 70 to 75°C. Primers anneal to the complementary sequence during the cooling phase and extend the primers with Taq polymerase during the heating phase. (ojp.gov)
Single-stranded5
- Single-stranded DNA oligos specifically built for your homology‑directed repair (HDR) experiments. (idtdna.com)
- Megamer Single-Stranded DNA Fragments are sequence-verified ssDNA fragments 201-2000 bases in length. (idtdna.com)
- It is important to note that these polymerases can also degrade single stranded primers. (neb.com)
- DNA polymerases require the presence of a primer (i.e. oligonucleotide of RNA with free 3´ hydroxyl group), a template (i.e single-stranded DNA), and deoxyribonucleotides (d ATP , d CTP, d GTP, and d TTP) in order to function. (online-sciences.com)
- Other enzymes (e.g. helicase, topoisomerase, and DNA ligase) and protein factors (e.g. origin binding proteins and single-stranded binding proteins) are required for the replication process. (online-sciences.com)
Strands5
- DNA replication is the process of DNA synthesis using parent DNA strands as a template. (online-sciences.com)
- They are divided into two pairs, which bond together from opposite strands of a DNA molecule to form the rungs of its characteristic double-helix shape. (newscientist.com)
- When DNA is not self-replicating it exists in the cell as a double stranded helical molecule with the strands lined up anti-parallel to each other. (wikibooks.org)
- The connection between the strands of double-stranded DNA is tighter than double-stranded RNA . (wikibooks.org)
- The temperature of these is increased to 90-95°C in order to separate (denature) the 2 strands of target DNA. (medscape.com)
Double-stranded3
- In quantitative PCR, PDs may be detected by melting curve analysis with intercalating dyes, such as SYBR Green I, a nonspecific dye for detection of double-stranded DNA. (wikipedia.org)
- In other words, it's much easier to unzip double-stranded RNA than it is to unzip double-stranded DNA. (wikibooks.org)
- Finally, the double-stranded DNA is denatured by briefly heating the samples to 90 - 95°C. (ojp.gov)
Replication12
- Most DNA replication events from the heavy strand origin are prematurely terminated, forming a persistent RNA-DNA hybrid, which remains annealed to the parental DNA strand. (nih.gov)
- Based on our findings, we propose a model for primer formation at the origin of heavy strand DNA replication. (nih.gov)
- DNA replication begins at specific locations of replication in the cell , and it produces two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule . (online-sciences.com)
- DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part of biological inheritance. (online-sciences.com)
- DNA replication is semiconservative: Each DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new strand producing two DNA molecules , each with one new strand and one old strand. (online-sciences.com)
- Having multiple origins of replication provides a mechanism for rapidly replicating the great length of eukaryotic DNA molecules. (online-sciences.com)
- DNA replication occurs in the nucleus during the synthetic (S) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle . (online-sciences.com)
- Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at multiple origin sites along each chromosome and terminates when replication forks (RFs) from adjacent origins converge. (elifesciences.org)
- This so-called recombination-dependent replication (RDR) helps ensure that DNA is fully replicated prior to sister chromatid segregation, thereby avoiding mitotic catastrophes. (elifesciences.org)
- One mechanism by which high-fidelity DNA polymerases maintain replication accuracy involves stalling of the polymerase in response to covalent incorporation of mismatched base pairs, thereby favoring subsequent mismatch excision. (rcsb.org)
- Some polymerases retain a "short-term memory" of replication errors, responding to mismatches up to four base pairs in from the primer terminus. (rcsb.org)
- Furthermore, we have observed the effects of extending a mismatch up to six base pairs from the primer terminus and find that long-range distortions in the DNA transmit the presence of the mismatch back to the enzyme active site, suggesting the structural basis for the short-term memory of replication errors. (rcsb.org)
Synthesis7
- The third step occurs in the next cycle, when a single strand of the product of step II is used as a template to which fresh primers anneal leading to synthesis of more PD product. (wikipedia.org)
- Although DNA polymerases used in PCR are most active around 70 °C, they have some polymerizing activity also at lower temperatures, which can cause DNA synthesis from primers after annealing to each other. (wikipedia.org)
- The human mitochondrial transcription machinery generates the RNA primers needed for initiation of heavy strand DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
- The RNA-primed synthesis of DNA demonstrating the template function of the complementary strand parental DNA . (online-sciences.com)
- The synthesis of a DNA molecule can be divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. (online-sciences.com)
- Regardless of its precise form, collapse renders the fork incompetent for further DNA synthesis. (elifesciences.org)
- Reverse transcription is the synthesis of a complementary DNA sequence from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
Pairs5
- citation needed] Primer-design software uses algorithms that check for the potential of DNA secondary structure formation and annealing of primers to itself or within primer pairs. (wikipedia.org)
- developed two pairs of primers for nested PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the near future, Romesberg expects the new base pairs will be used to synthesize DNA with novel and unnatural properties. (newscientist.com)
- Chromosome 7 spans about 159 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents more than 5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- The region, which is 1.5 to 1.8 million DNA base pairs (Mb) in length, includes 25 to 27 genes. (medlineplus.gov)
Probes2
- AceSeq™ Biotin Random Primer DNA Labeling Kit is designed for generating biotin-labeled DNA probes through random primer labeling reactions. (accegen.com)
- The amplified segment may be observed using electrophoretic gel or can be identified by Southern blot analysis, using specific DNA probes for that segment. (medscape.com)
Genes6
- This document describes some of the target genes and primers that can be used for DNA sequence-based identification of fungi and the PCR conditions with which to use those primers. (cdc.gov)
- Other primer sets have been used for other genes, but those described below are the most consistently available in databases for the identification of yeasts and molds that are most likely to be identified in a clinical microbiology laboratory. (cdc.gov)
- IDT's easy-to-use online fusion primer design tool uses a gen-specific data base number or a supplied reference sequence to build appropriate 454 FusionPrimers for targeted DNA regions, including individual exons or all exons from one or more genes. (pressebox.com)
- Before a cell divides, DNA must be precisely copied, or "replicated," so that each of the two daughter cells can inherit a complete genome, the full set of genes present in the organism. (jrank.org)
- Genes are small blocks of DNA that tell the cell which proteins it should create. (wikibooks.org)
- Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. (who.int)
Polymerases4
- PCR for the purpose of cloning or other procedures requiring a low error rate benefits from thermophilic, proofreading DNA polymerases. (neb.com)
- New England Biolabs offers several proofreading DNA Polymerases including Q5™ ( NEB #M0491 ), Phusion® ( NEB #M0530 ), Q5™ Hot Start ( NEB #M0493 ) Phusion® Hot Start Flex ( NEB #M0535 ), One Taq ® ( NEB #M0480 ), LongAmp® Taq ( NEB #M0323 ), Vent® ( NEB #M0254 ) and Deep Vent® ( NEB #M0258 ) DNA polymerases. (neb.com)
- Q5, Phusion, Vent and Deep Vent DNA Polymerases do not efficiently read through deoxyuridine or deoxyinosine in the template DNA strand, but One Taq DNA Polymerase can. (neb.com)
- DNA polymerases utilize one deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate as a source of the deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate for the growing DNA strand by the removal of pyrophosphate. (online-sciences.com)
Including DNA fragments1
- This kit can be used to label various DNA templates, including DNA fragments, linearized plasmids, supercoiled DNA, etc. (accegen.com)
Template5
- A PCR primer consists of two oligonucleotides that hybridize to complementary stands of the DNA template, and thus identify the region to be copied. (ojp.gov)
- In preparation of transcription template, it is necessary to prepare a primer in advance. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The 2-step PCR is the first step in the protocol of CFPS700 kit to generate the DNA template to be used in the following transcription and translation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The structure of N-terminal Tag DNA template and the sequence of each part are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1 . (sigmaaldrich.com)
- We require 500 ng - 1µg of template DNA for reaction. (helsinki.fi)
Bases9
- Long, high-quality DNA oligos up to 200 bases. (idtdna.com)
- DNA oligos up to 120 bases manufactured by an exclusive production process to minimize oligonucleotide crosstalk. (idtdna.com)
- As its name implies, a PD consists of two primer molecules that have attached (hybridized) to each other because of strings of complementary bases in the primers. (wikipedia.org)
- When designing the primer, remember that the readable sequence will not start right after the primer and the sequence quality might be poor during the first 10-20 bases. (helsinki.fi)
- Allow about 50 bases between your primer and the site of interest. (helsinki.fi)
- DNA is a long chain of linear polymers containing deoxyribose sugars and their covalently bonded bases known as nucleic acids. (wikibooks.org)
- In DNA a sequence of three bases, which is called a codon, is responsible for the encoding of a single amino acid. (wikibooks.org)
- Each of the four bases on DNA, Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T) is bonded covalently to a deoxyribose sugar. (wikibooks.org)
- The bases of each strand bind very specifically, A binds with T and C binds with G no other combination exists at least in DNA. (wikibooks.org)
Anneal2
- In the first step, two primers anneal at their respective 3' ends (step I in the figure). (wikipedia.org)
- Because primers are designed to have low complementarity to each other, they may anneal (step I in the figure) only at low temperature, e.g. room temperature, such as during the preparation of the reaction mixture. (wikipedia.org)
Target sequence1
- and absence of secondary structures, such as stem-loops, in the DNA target sequence. (wikipedia.org)
Gene2
- In the detailed protocol below, overlapping length between 1st gene specific primers and ORF is set at 18 bp as the default. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Employing the DNA blot analysis only one COMT-encoding gene was found in the rat genome. (lu.se)
Fragments2
- DNA polymerase ε removes the primers of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. (online-sciences.com)
- Tubulin, Actin, and DNA Distribution in 3T3 Cells - A culture of 3T3 cells was immunofluorescently labeled with primary anti-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibodies followed by goat anti-mouse Fab fragments conjugated to the cyanine dye, Cy3. (fsu.edu)
Molecule3
- Chemical modification: in this method a small molecule is covalently bound to the side chain of an amino acid in the active site of the DNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
- It aims at the formation of a copy of the parent DNA molecule for the daughter cell. (online-sciences.com)
- In eukaryotes , the DNA molecules that make up the genome are packaged with proteins into chromosomes, each of which contains a single linear DNA molecule. (jrank.org)
Molecules4
- It produces molecules capable of protecting important cell structures, among them proteins and DNA. (danishreveal.com)
- M phase), each daughter cell receives one of the two identical DNA molecules. (online-sciences.com)
- The genomes of bacterial cells ( prokaryotes ), which lack a nucleus, are typically circular DNA molecules that associate with special structures in the cell membrane. (jrank.org)
- That is to say why has evolution favored a DNA world over an RNA world given that the two molecules are so similar structurally? (wikibooks.org)
Oligonucleotides1
- IDT's primary business is the manufacturing of custom, synthetic DNA and RNA oligonucleotides. (pressebox.com)
Amplicon2
- Amplicon from these primers was most commonly used to identify the HRV type and to assign a species. (cdc.gov)
- If the sequence result was of low quality, the amplicon was cloned into a plasmid vector using a TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) and then sequenced using the primers provided with the kit. (who.int)
Mitochondrial2
- Transcription from the light strand promoter is prematurely terminated at positions 300-282 in the mitochondrial genome, which coincide with the major RNA-DNA transition points in the D-loop of human mitochondria. (nih.gov)
- DNA polymerase γ synthesizes mitochondrial DNA . (online-sciences.com)
Secondary structure1
- DNA secondary structure, such as hairpin formation, can affect primer performance. (pressebox.com)
Reverse6
- The 1st PCR aims to connect the target ORF sequence with the 2nd forward/reverse primers (please see the diagram below). (sigmaaldrich.com)
- There are two sets of forward and reverse primer sets in the 2nd PCR. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The two reverse 2nd PCR primers and one forward 2nd PCR primers are universal primers. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Please note that Reverse primer is complementary to the sequence of Table 1 . (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Visualizing the molecular interactions of a nucleotide analog, GS-9148, with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-DNA complex. (neb.com)
- The Real-time PCR reaction included final concentrations of 1X TaqMan Universal Master Mix, 0.1µM Probe (labeled FAM/Black Hole Quencher-1), 0.4µM forward and reverse primer and 2ul oral rinse DNA in a final reaction volume of 25 ul. (cdc.gov)
Enzymes2
- Unfortunately, none of them were similar enough in structure and chemistry to the real thing to be copied accurately by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA inside cells. (newscientist.com)
- Furthermore, double-strand DNA has relatively small grooves where damaging enzymes can't attach, making it more difficult for them to 'attack' the DNA. (wikibooks.org)
RDNA2
- In general, for unknown molds, the ITS region of the rDNA is used as the primary target with primers ITS-1 and ITS-4 as the most general primer set. (cdc.gov)
- We have several standard primers for the most common vectors and for bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing. (helsinki.fi)
Structures1
- The telomeres are the DNA-protein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, which serve to protect and stabilize the genome. (lu.se)
Suitable3
- Perhaps the most vital step in the development of a PCR method is the design of suitable primers. (ojp.gov)
- These newly designed primers are suitable for most subtypes of HBV. (biomedcentral.com)
- If you want to use your own primers, take good care that you design them suitable for sequencing. (helsinki.fi)
Cloning1
Nucleic acid1
- DNA is a nucleic acid which is capable of duplicating itself via the enzyme known as DNA polymerase. (wikibooks.org)
Biotin2
- The biotin DNA probe labeled with this kit can be used for conventional Northern, Southern, colony or plaque hybridization, dot or slot blot, in situ hybridization, etc. (accegen.com)
- AceSeq™ Biotin Random Primer DNA Labeling Kit that is free of hazardous chemicals has high efficiency. (accegen.com)
Sequencing7
- 454 Life Sciences, a Roche company, and Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, USA announced today they have entered into an exclusive co-promotional agreement wherein IDT will design, synthesize, and purify the fusion primers required for certain 454 Sequencing applications. (pressebox.com)
- 454 Life Sciences, a center of excellence of Roche Applied Science, develops and commercializes the innovative 454 Sequencing System for ultra-high-throughput DNA sequencing. (pressebox.com)
- Specific applications include de novo sequencing and re-sequencing of genomes, metagenomics, RNA analysis, and targeted sequencing of DNA regions of interest. (pressebox.com)
- Integrated DNA Technologies acquires Archer™ next generation sequencing research assays to advance actionable scientific discoveries. (idtdna.com)
- In more than 90% of failed sequencing reactions the cause is insufficient DNA quality. (helsinki.fi)
- Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) by random massively parallel sequencing of maternal plasma DNA for multiple pregnancies is a promising new option for prenatal care since conventional non-invasive screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 has limitations and invasive diagnostic methods bear a higher risk for procedure related fetal losses in the case of multiple gestations compared to singletons. (mdpi.com)
- Direct DNA sequencing was performed using the same PCR primers. (who.int)
Oligos3
- With our Normalized Oligos, we've made obtaining pure DNA oligos in bulk quantities (up to 10 grams) easy, and many options can now be ordered via our online ordering system! (idtdna.com)
- NEBNext ® Multiplex Oligos provide adaptors and primers to enable high yield multiplex Illumina ® library production. (neb.com)
- Note: NEBNext ® Multiplex Oligos for Illumina ® (Index Primer Set 1) ( NEB #7335S ) includes 12 indices. (neb.com)
Nucleotide sequence1
- We describe a general approach to rapidly obtain the DNA sequence encoding the variable region of any immunoglobulin chain using the polymerase chain reaction and a mixture of upstream primers corresponding to the leader sequence, and one downstream primer designed from the conserved nucleotide sequence of the constant region. (lu.se)
Protein2
- In some cases, these primers may not provide sufficient identification, and a protein coding region may be required. (cdc.gov)
- RUNX3 protein is a transcription factor, containing a highly conserved DNA binding domain which binds to a DNA core motif of 5′ pyGpyGGT 3′ designated as a "runt domain, RD" which shares a sequence similarity with D. melanogaster RUNX. (hindawi.com)
Phosphodiester bond1
- The deoxyribose sugars form the structural backbone for DNA via a phosphodiester bond between the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the 5' carbon of the next. (wikibooks.org)
Electrophoresis3
- Primer dimers may be visible after gel electrophoresis of the PCR product. (wikipedia.org)
- Prepare a TAE agarose gel at a concentration according to the DNA size and set in electrophoresis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Is the Subject Area "DNA electrophoresis" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Specimens1
- Primer pair originally used and described elsewhere ( 1 ) to screen these specimens. (cdc.gov)
Detection2
Factors1
- A softening and hydrating cream with 20 natural active ingredients and anti-oxidants which work together to protect the DNA of skin cells and neutralize free radicals formed as a result of UV-radiation, environmental factors and stress. (danishreveal.com)
Denaturation2
- Incomplete denaturation allows the DNA strand to snapback, reducing the product yield. (ojp.gov)
- The 3 steps of conventional PCR are denaturation, annealing, and primer extension. (medscape.com)
Viral2
Hydroxyl group4
- The free 3´ hydroxyl group of the primer acts as an accepter for the first deoxyribonucleotide in the newly formed DNA strand. (online-sciences.com)
- The absence of this Hydroxyl group is fundamental in determining the way in which DNA is able to condense itself within the nucleus of a cell. (wikibooks.org)
- It is here that the missing 2' hydroxyl group plays an important role in DNA. (wikibooks.org)
- DNA is more chemically stable than RNA because it lacks the hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon. (wikibooks.org)
Specific2
- Researchers can extend the method described here to design universal or subtype specific primers for various types of viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Specific DNA present in small amounts in a clinical specimen are amplified by PCR so they become detectable. (medscape.com)
Temperatures2
- Several methods have been developed to prevent PDs formation until the reaction reaches working temperature (60-70 °C), and these include initial inhibition of the DNA polymerase, or physical separation of reaction components reaction until the reaction mixture reaches the higher temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
- Because Taq DNA polymerase is active over a broad range of temperatures, primer extension will occur at low temperatures, including those used during the annealing step. (ojp.gov)
Probe1
Transcription1
- Primer extension analysis showed that the transcription start point of the rat liver COMT mRNA was 450 bp upstream from the. (lu.se)
Discrimination1
- Although the ITS primers are universal for fungi, the D1D2 region of the large ribosomal subunit has better discrimination for yeasts, with primers NL-1 and NL-4. (cdc.gov)
Reaction5
- A primer dimer (PD) is a potential by-product in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common biotechnological method. (wikipedia.org)
- Slow release of magnesium: DNA polymerase requires magnesium ions for activity, so the magnesium is chemically separated from the reaction by binding to a chemical compound, and is released into the solution only at high temperature Non-covalent binding of inhibitor: in this method a peptide, antibody or aptamer are non-covalently bound to the enzyme at low temperature and inhibit its activity. (wikipedia.org)
- We require 5 µl of plasmid DNA for a single reaction in concentration of 100ng/µl. (helsinki.fi)
- [ 1 ] The resultant complementary DNA is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (medscape.com)
- Polymemse chain reaction using mixed primers. (lu.se)
Deoxyribonucleic1
- DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic Acid . (wikibooks.org)
BLAST2
- If you want an alternative to Test with Saved Primers because 'Test with Saved Primers' is computationally intense, we recommend using the Map to Reference function rather than Blast. (geneious.com)
- Design and test primers for this sequence using Primer-BLAST. (nih.gov)
Genetic4
- Adding the two artificial building blocks to the four that naturally comprise DNA could allow wildly different kinds of genetic engineering, they say. (newscientist.com)
- DNA is the carrier of genetic information. (jrank.org)
- One of the major functions of the DNA is storage of the genetic information. (wikibooks.org)
- It is significant to note the reasons why DNA is the primary method through which all cells pass along genetic information. (wikibooks.org)
Generally2
- The ITS primer set generally only discriminates Fusarium species into the various species complexes but does not discriminate cryptic species. (cdc.gov)
- Similar to Fusarium , the ITS primer set generally only discriminates Scedosporium , Apsergillus , and Penicillium species into the various species complexes but does not discriminate cryptic species. (cdc.gov)