Dna gyrase dna topoisomerases type ii. Medical search. Frequent questions

Gyrase is present in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes, but the enzymes are not entirely similar in structure or sequence, and have different affinities for different molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Propeller breakage is due to the absence of a DNA gyrase-specific GyrA box motif, resulting in the reduction of curvature of the proposed DNA binding region, which explains why ParC-CTD is less efficient than GyrA-CTD in mediating DNA bending, a difference that leads to divergent activities of the two homologous enzymes. (rcsb.org)
There are plenty of processes and enzymes involved that we can target and the quinolones and fluoroquinolones inhibit an enzyme called DNA topoisomerase. (osmosis.org)
that is, these enzymes reversibly break then reconnect phosphodiester bonds in DNA to remove torsional strain in overwound DNA. (jove.com)
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. (jove.com)
These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. (jove.com)
It inhibits bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase (topoisomerases type II), enzymes required for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. (medscape.com)
DNA polymerases are enzymes responsible for replicating genetic material. (microbiologynote.com)
Ciprofloxacin functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase and topoisomerase IV enzymes necessary to separate bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division. (varshagroup.com)
The replacement of M74 in GyrA, A83 in GyrA, and R447 in GyrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrase by their Escherichia coli homologs resulted in active enzymes as quinolone susceptible as the E. coli gyrase. (omicsdi.org)
Gemifloxacin enters bacterial cells by diffusion through integral membrane porin pathway before targeting both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, two enzymes critical for DNA replication and repair. (illnesshacker.com)
The drug hampers the cell replication process of bacteria, by inhibiting the function of DNA gyrase or type II topoisomerase enzymes that separates the bacterial DNA and prepares it for the replication process. (alldaychemist.com)
Host enzymes copy the replicated + strand, resulting in more copies of double stranded phage DNA. (bionity.com)
If left uncorrected, these issues can hinder cell division, DNA replication, and transcription (by preventing DNA and RNA polymerase enzymes from continuing along the helix) processes. (excedr.com)
In this article, we will review how topoisomerase works, its application in lab assays, and the industrial areas involving the use of these enzymes. (excedr.com)
These all enzymes catalyze negative supercoiling in DNA. (excedr.com)
eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzymes are primarily responsible for relaxing positively and/or negatively supercoiled DNA, except for reverse gyrase, which can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. (embl.de)
Unlike Topo IA enzymes, Topo IB enzymes do not require a single-stranded region of DNA or metal ions for their function. (embl.de)
This entry represents the C-terminal region of DNA topoisomerase I enzymes from eukaryotes (type IB enzymes). (embl.de)
Despite having a fairly good understanding of how type II topoisomerases (e.g. gyrases, topo IV enzymes) function, we lack knowledge of the fine details of enzymatic reactions performed by these enzymes. (jic.ac.uk)

Two classes of antibiotics that inhibit gyrase are: The aminocoumarins (including novobiocin and Coumermycin A1), which work by competitive inhibition of energy transduction of DNA gyrase by binding to the ATPase active site on the GyrB subunit. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of Topo IV ParC subunit (ParC-CTD) from Bacillus stearothermophilus and provide a structure-based explanation for how Topo IV and DNA gyrase execute distinct activities. (rcsb.org)
Although the topological connectivity of ParC-CTD is similar to the recently determined CTD structure of DNA gyrase GyrA subunit (GyrA-CTD), ParC-CTD surprisingly folds as a previously unseen broken form of a six-bladed beta-propeller. (rcsb.org)
The test derivatives were additionally docked for the B-subunit of enzyme DNA gyrase from E. coli at the ATPase binding site to study the molecular interactions using Schrodinger maestro v11.5 software. (biomedcentral.com)
39504) translation initiation factor 2%2C alpha subunit CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0045 complement(39546. (go.jp)
The response to local changes induced by fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which target DNA gyrase subunit A and/or topoisomerase IV, involves an increase in oxygen radicals which reduces cell viability, while the induction of global supercoiling changes by novobiocin (a DNA gyrase subunit B inhibitor), or by seconeolitsine (a topoisomerase I inhibitor), has revealed the existence of topological domains that specifically respond to such changes. (ucm.es)
In type II topoisomerases, ATPases are located either on the N-terminus (type IIA) or the B subunit (type IIB). (excedr.com)

The discovery of an allosteric binding site on the established antibacterial target DNA gyrase offers a new medicinal chemistry strategy. (bvsalud.org)
The research focuses on the discovery of novel plant-based therapeutic compounds to target DNA gyrase B activity. (biomedicineonline.org)
The goal of the study is to identify innovative plant-based medicinal molecules that specifically target DNA gyrase B activity. (biomedicineonline.org)

prevent quinolone inhibition ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
This inhibition leads to a decrease in DNA synthesis during bacterial replication, resulting in cell growth inhibition and eventually cell lysis. (medindex.am)
The bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin results from the inhibition of both type II topoisomerase (DNA-gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination. (rxreasoner.com)
Gemifloxacin acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis through the inhibition of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential for bacterial growth. (illnesshacker.com)
Like other fluoroquinolone anti-infective agents, gemifloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms via inhibition of type II DNA topoisomerases (DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV). (illnesshacker.com)
Several researches have been exhibited that mutations imparting fluoroquinolone resistance in P. aeruginosa may attributed to amendment in DNA gyrase, hypothesizing that faded sensitivity to fluoroquinolone result from inhibition of DNA supercoiling in resistant isolates of Gram-negative pathogens and alteration in gyrA consider leading causes in this resistance 7 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
Staphylococcus aureus will be stopped by DNA gyrB inhibition. (biomedicineonline.org)

With the exception of reverse gyrase, this unique type IA topoisomerase does require ATP and generates positive DNA supercoils rather than unwinding them. (jove.com)
The only enzyme that introduces the positive supercoiling in DNA is a reverse gyrase enzyme, which is coupled with a helicase found in archaea and is a type IA topoisomerase. (excedr.com)

Recently, high throughput mapping of DNA gyrase sites in the Escherichia coli genome using Topo-Seq approach revealed a long (≈130 bp) and degenerate binding motif that can explain the existence of SGSs. (wikipedia.org)
This series was evaluated in vitro against Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and E. coli topoisomerase IV with the most potent compounds exhibiting IC50 values towards the low micromolar range for DNA gyrase and only â ¼2-fold less active against topoisomerase IV. (bvsalud.org)
protein_coding" "AAC73139","fkpB","Escherichia coli","FKBP-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (rotamase) [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Topoisomerase was discovered in 1957 by the scientist J.C. Wang when he was working on Escherichia coli (or E.coli). (excedr.com)

DNA gyrase supports replication and transcription with its unique supercoiling activity, whereas Topo IV preferentially relaxes (+) supercoils and is a decatenating enzyme required for chromosome segregation. (rcsb.org)
Quinolones has the ability to sort kind two topoisomerases, which can be crucial compounds in arrange the topological condition of DNA via its replication and transcription. (microbiologyjournal.org)

The ability of gyrase to relax positive supercoils comes into play during DNA replication and prokaryotic transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Desogestrel binds intracellular progesterone receptors in progesterone responsive tissue and the resultant complex interacts with DNA and results in either gene transcription or gene repression. (medindex.am)
This interferes with DNA replication and repair processes as well as transcription and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death. (illnesshacker.com)
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. (lookformedical.com)
The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. (lookformedical.com)
What's particularly interesting about p10 is that it's identical to the C-terminal portion of p2 since the gene for p10 is within the gene for p2 and the protein arises from transcription initiation within gene 2. (bionity.com)
DNA-supercoiling acts as a general cis regulator of transcription, which can be superimposed upon other types of more specific trans regulatory mechanism. (ucm.es)
The control of DNA-supercoiling in S. pneumoniae occurs mainly via the regulation of topoisomerase gene transcription: relaxation triggers the up-regulation of gyrase and the down-regulation of topoisomerases I and IV, while hypernegative supercoiling down-regulates the expression of topoisomerase I. Relaxation affects 13% of the genome, with the majority of the genes affected located in 15 domains. (ucm.es)
It helps in vivo and in vitro DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. (excedr.com)
It is found in all bacteria and is involved in replication, repair, recombination, and DNA transcription. (biomedicineonline.org)

To analyze the role of DNA gyrase in quinolone resistance of B. fragilis, we isolated mutant strains by stepwise selection for resistance to increasing concentrations of levofloxacin. (omicsdi.org)

Most of the active derivatives have shown good docking scores in comparison to the standard drugs against DNA gyrase from E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
Tse, Y.C., Wang, J.C. E. coli and M. luteus DNA topoisomerase I can catalyze catenation or decatenation of double-stranded DNA rings. (biomedicineonline.org)

topo I and topo II. (excedr.com)
DNA topo I work on the principle of the strand-passage mechanism. (excedr.com)
The topo enzyme contains a tyrosine residue in its active site which catalyzes DNA strand breaks (DNA cleavage) by forming a covalent bond with the phosphate group of DNA. (excedr.com)
DNA topo II action mechanism involves ATP hydrolysis. (excedr.com)

As a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, levofloxacin inhibits bacterial type II topoisomerases-DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (medico-labs.com)

Gyrase is also found in eukaryotic plastids: it has been found in the apicoplast of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and in chloroplasts of several plants. (wikipedia.org)
The two regions correspond to DNA binding by C-terminal domains of GyrA subunits and resemble eukaryotic nucleosome binding motif. (wikipedia.org)
DNA replication is a prerequisite for cell division in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (microbiologynote.com)
In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replications, one old and one new strand are present in the daughter cell, making them semi-conservative DNA replications. (microbiologynote.com)
Before a cell divides, the eukaryotic genome undergoes a process called DNA replication. (microbiologynote.com)
Although eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication share a similar underlying mechanism, there are notable distinctions due to the larger size and more complex structure of eukaryotic DNA. (microbiologynote.com)
All eukaryotic DNA molecules are double-stranded and linear. (microbiologynote.com)
Furthermore, histones bundle eukaryotic DNA firmly into the nucleus of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
Multiple replication sources are used in the replication of eukaryotic DNA. (microbiologynote.com)
Eukaryotic DNA replication requires the actions of three distinct DNA polymerases: DNA polymerase,, and. (microbiologynote.com)
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. (lookformedical.com)
Similar topoisomerase activity was observed by James Champoux and Renato Dulbecco in eukaryotic cells. (excedr.com)

However, unlike many other fluoroquinolones, gemifloxacin targets both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in susceptible S. pneumoniae. (illnesshacker.com)
Fluoroquinolones are topoisomerase interrupters, meaning a role in the host defense against infection, as TLR2 action of ciprofloxacin results from Newman parental Ampicillin discount displayed enhanced II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase increased weight loss, mortality and bacterial burden in kidneys compared to the wild The importance recombination. (uokraskom.com)

Molecular cloning of the gyrA and gyrB genes of Bacteroides fragilis encoding DNA gyrase. (omicsdi.org)
DNA gyrase is made from two A and B fragments, these fragments encoded through the gyrA and gyrB genes 4 . (microbiologyjournal.org)

A single molecule study has characterized gyrase activity as a function of DNA tension (applied force) and ATP, and proposed a mechanochemical model. (wikipedia.org)
Now, quinolones are created to target bacterial topoisomerases, but it was soon discovered that by adding a fluorine molecule to the quinolones, they become more effective. (osmosis.org)
Finally, the enzyme ligates the broken ends of the DNA strands back together and produces a locally relaxed DNA molecule. (jove.com)
It creates a single-strand breakthrough which the opposite strand can pass, resulting in a locally untangled DNA molecule. (jove.com)
DNA replication is the biological process whereby two identical copies of DNA are synthesised from a single DNA molecule . (microbiologynote.com)
The cytoplasm of prokaryotes contains a circular molecule of DNA with two strands of DNA. (microbiologynote.com)

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the DNA gyrase gyrA gene from Serratia marcescens and characterization of mutations in gyrA of quinolone-resistant clinical isolates. (omicsdi.org)
DNA gyrase mutations are a major cause of quinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis We therefore conducted the first comprehensive study to determine the diversity of gyrase mutations in pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) (n = 71) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) (n = 30) Thai clinical tuberculosis (TB) isolates. (omicsdi.org)
The current venture, were made to demonstrate Topoisomerase II genes (GyrA mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that could be responsible for molecular mechanism of Ciprofloxacin resistance. (microbiologyjournal.org)

M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage composed of circular single stranded DNA (ssDNA) which is 6407 nucleotides long encapsulated in approximately 2700 copies of the major coat protein P8, and capped with 5 copies of two different minor coat proteins (P9, P6, P3) on the ends. (bionity.com)
pV (aka p5) competes with double stranded DNA formation by sequestering copies of the + stranded DNA into a protein/DNA complex destined for packaging into new phage particles. (bionity.com)
This breaks the 5′-phospho-tyrinosyl protein-DNA bond and relegates two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
Protein inhibitors interfere with the DNA binding ability of the enzyme or stabilize the cleavage complex. (excedr.com)

The possible role of ParC-CTD as a geometry facilitator during various catalytic events and the evolutionary relationships between prokaryotic type IIA Topos have also been discussed according to these new structural insights. (rcsb.org)
Similar to prokaryotic DNA replication, both the leading and lagging strands are generated. (microbiologynote.com)

It is the only known enzyme to actively contribute negative supercoiling to DNA, while it also is capable of relaxing positive supercoils. (wikipedia.org)
This process occurs in bacteria, whose single circular DNA is cut by DNA gyrase and the two ends are then twisted around each other to form supercoils. (wikipedia.org)
The unique ability of gyrase to introduce negative supercoils into DNA at the expense of ATP hydrolysis is what allows bacterial DNA to have free negative supercoils. (wikipedia.org)
The helical nature of the DNA causes positive supercoils to accumulate ahead of a translocating enzyme, in the case of DNA replication, a DNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of gyrase (and topoisomerase IV) to relax positive supercoils allows superhelical tension ahead of the polymerase to be released so that replication can continue. (wikipedia.org)
Structurally the complex is formed by 3 pairs of "gates", sequential opening and closing of which results into the direct transfer of DNA segment and introduction of 2 negative supercoils. (wikipedia.org)
As the result of a catalytic cycle two ATP molecules are hydrolyzed and two negative supercoils are introduced into the DNA template. (wikipedia.org)
When enough supercoils are induced, the DNA condenses. (osmosis.org)
Type IA forms a covalent bond with 5' end of the cleaved DNA strand and removes negative supercoils. (jove.com)

Some chemical compounds can inhibit the functional roles of topoisomerases in organisms. (excedr.com)
Doxorubicin and its derivatives inhibit the functions of the human topoisomerases by stabilizing the cleavage complex. (excedr.com)
In this study, the activity of medicinal compounds to inhibit DNA gyrB is explored. (biomedicineonline.org)
Phytochemical screening was performed to study the medication options that could inhibit DNA gyrB. (biomedicineonline.org)

DNA gyrase is a tetrameric enzyme that consists of 2 GyrA ("A") and 2 GyrB ("B") subunits. (wikipedia.org)
According to the catalytic cycle proposed, binding of 2 ATP molecules causes dimerization of ATPase domains of GyrB subunits and capturing of a T-segment of DNA (T- from transferring) in a cavity between GyrB subunits. (wikipedia.org)
Mutagenesis in the alpha3alpha4 GyrA helix and in the Toprim domain of GyrB refines the contribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase to intrinsic resistance to quinolones. (omicsdi.org)
On the basis of the sequence information, we performed DNA amplification for sequencing and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis to examine the presumed quinolone resistance regions of gyrA and gyrB from reference strains (n = 4) and clinical isolates (n = 55). (omicsdi.org)
The gyrA and gyrB sequence information will facilitate analysis of the mechanisms of resistance to drugs which target the gyrase and the implementation of rapid strategies for the estimation of FQ susceptibility in clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. (omicsdi.org)
It will be simpler to do a follow-up study on discovering bioactive compounds and evaluating their effectiveness in inhibiting DNA gyrB with the help of this preliminary data from the analytical procedures. (biomedicineonline.org)

Bacteria possess two closely related yet functionally distinct essential type IIA topoisomerases (Topos). (rcsb.org)
Levofloxacin preferentially targets DNA gyrase in Gram-negative bacteria and topoisomerase IV in Gram-positive bacteria. (medico-labs.com)
DNA replication in prokaryotes, such as bacteria and archaea, is the process by which the genome is copied so that a daughter cell can be created. (microbiologynote.com)
DNA in eukaryotes is roughly 50 times as abundant as DNA in bacteria. (microbiologynote.com)
as a result of the intensive use of this type of therapy, bacteria have become resistant, lead to minimize the usage of such bactericides in field of management as well as treatment of microbial illness. (microbiologyjournal.org)
Ulcers often become secondarily infected with other types of bacteria and emit a putrid odor. (medscape.com)

Gyrase has a pronounced specificity to DNA substrates. (wikipedia.org)
A method for determining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. (lookformedical.com)

They have were obtained for 14 of 17 clinical T, A/C, K, B/O, X, Y, and FII repli- been identifi ed worldwide in a variety isolates, allowing an accurate replicon cons ( 9 ), was applied to type the re- of enterobacterial species and were of- typing since original clinical isolates sistance plasmids from all the strains. (cdc.gov)

DNA gyrase, or simply gyrase, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase and is a subclass of Type II topoisomerases that reduces topological strain in an ATP dependent manner while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by elongating RNA-polymerase or by helicase in front of the progressing replication fork. (wikipedia.org)
DNA polymerase, Y-family, little finger domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
DNA polymerase III is responsible for both the initiation and the elongation phases of DNA replication in prokaryotes. (microbiologynote.com)
Nucleotides are incorporated by DNA polymerase III from the 5′ end to the 3′ end. (microbiologynote.com)
DNA polymerase I is responsible for eliminating the RNA primer. (microbiologynote.com)
DNA replication is started by DNA polymerase, whereas DNA polymerases and participate in replication elongation. (microbiologynote.com)
DNA polymerase, like DNA polymerase, needs an RNA primer to synthesise the new DNA strand and then removes the primer after synthesis is complete. (microbiologynote.com)

This makes gyrase a good target for antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
The antibiotics work with two terms- minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). (starhealth.in)
Singh, S.B. Discovery and development of kibdelomycin, a new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting the clinically proven bacterial type II topoisomerase. (biomedicineonline.org)

The sequence of the DNA gyrase gyrA gene of Serratia marcescens ATCC 14756 was determined. (omicsdi.org)
Sääf AM, Halbleib JM, Chen X, Tsan Yuen S, Yi Leung S, Nelson WJ, Brown PO "Parallels between Global Transcriptional Programs of Polarizing Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro and Gene Expression Programs in Normal and Colon Cancer. (openwetware.org)
Palmer C, Diehn M, Alizadeh AA, Brown PO "Cell-type specific gene expression profiles of leukocytes in human peripheral blood. (openwetware.org)
Two phage gene products play critical roles in the next stage of the phage life cycle, namely amplification of the genome. (bionity.com)

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. (lookformedical.com)

For example, when the phage genome was mutated to reduce its number of DNA bases (from 6.4 kb to 221 bp) [1] , then the number of p8 copies was decreased to less than 100, causing the p8 coat to shrink in order to fit the reduced genome. (bionity.com)
Transcriptomic studies on the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, which has a relatively small genome (∼2 Mb) and few nucleoid-binding proteins, have been performed under conditions of local and global changes in supercoiling. (ucm.es)
Naturally, the topological changes occur either due to intertwining in the helical structure of DNA or linking/tangling of the DNA helix during genome replication. (excedr.com)

Gemifloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase, which allows the untwisting required to replicate one DNA double helix into two. (illnesshacker.com)

The gyrase motif reflects wrapping of DNA around the enzyme complex and DNA flexibility. (wikipedia.org)

The tablets contain a combination of two types of ciprofloxacin drug substance, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and ciprofloxacin betaine (base). (theodora.com)
Spontaneously resistant mutants developed at a frequency of 1 in 10(7) to 10(8) at ciprofloxacin concentrations of 2 micrograms/ml, but no primary resistant colonies were selected at higher ciprofloxacin concentrations. (omicsdi.org)
RFLP-PCR showed that out of 17 isolates resistant to Ciprofloxacin mutation inDNA gyrase (GyrA) were detected in six (35.2 %) isolated while the reminder 11 (64.7%) has no mutation. (microbiologyjournal.org)

One of these targets is bacterial DNA, and we call these medications DNA inhibitors or nucleic acid inhibitors. (osmosis.org)
The study employs DNA gyrase as its target and provides information on potential therapeutic targets. (biomedicineonline.org)

DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA. (jove.com)
Type IB forms a covalent bond with the 3' end of the broken DNA strand and can relax both positively and negatively supercoiled DNA. (jove.com)

Among them, the Provi- plasmid-mediated, and thus transfer- bacterial isolates, our objective was to dencia stuartii and Proteus mirabilis able, quinolone resistance determi- use replicon typing to trace a possible isolates from Algeria were negative nants has been recently discovered ( 1 ) dissemination of a common plasmid for qnrA1 . (cdc.gov)

DNA cleavage and reunion is performed by a catalytic center located in DNA-gates build by all gyrase subunits. (wikipedia.org)
The genes encoding the DNA gyrase A and B subunits of Bacteroides fragilis were cloned and sequenced. (omicsdi.org)
This agent binds to the DNA/DNA-gyrase complex and inhibits the A subunits of the enzyme thereby preventing the bacterial chromosome from rejoining. (illnesshacker.com)

The two unwound strands that will be used as replication templates are stabilised by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. (microbiologynote.com)
Proteins which bind to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
There are four other proteins on the phage surface, two of which have been extensively studied. (bionity.com)
The degree of compaction results from the level of DNA-supercoiling and the presence of nucleoid-binding proteins. (ucm.es)

It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and topoisomerase IV, thereby inhibiting cell replication. (galchimia.com)
It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase , a type II topoisomerase , and topoisomerase IV, [5] which is an enzyme necessary to separate, replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division. (wikidoc.org)

DNA replication in prokaryotes takes place at a single origin of replication, whereas in eukaryotes it takes place at multiple origins of replication. (microbiologynote.com)
Before the nuclear division in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place. (microbiologynote.com)

Different types of topoisomerases have different action mechanisms based on their structure. (excedr.com)

Topoisomerase IV plays a role later on, after the chromosome has been replicated, where it causes a double strand break in the DNA so the new DNA strand can be disentangled from the original. (osmosis.org)
The bacterial chromosome is compacted in a manner optimal for DNA transactions to occur. (ucm.es)
Based on its response to relaxation, the pneumococcal chromosome can be said to be organized into five types of domain: up-regulated, down-regulated, position-conserved non-regulated, position-variable non-regulated, and AT-rich. (ucm.es)

These results suggest that DNA gyrase is an important target for quinolones in B. fragilis. (omicsdi.org)
Quinolones conflict with the motion of DNA gyrase, a critical bacterial kind II DNA topoisomerase 6 . (microbiologyjournal.org)

This region covers both the catalytic core and the DNA-binding domains. (embl.de)

Type IC is mainly found in archaea and has a similar mechanism as type IB. (jove.com)

Amplicons were confi rmed by DNA qnrA1 genes may be identifi ed on a means that 1 plasmid scaffold has sequencing and used as probes in hy- single genetic structure in several iso- brought the same (or at least very sim- bridization experiments on purifi ed lates has been recently shown with ilar) multidrug resistance to multiple plasmids (data not shown). (cdc.gov)
cMonkey tries to identify two motifs per modules in the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
Specific primers sequences for detection of Topoisomerase II (gyrA) genes were used by conventional PCR then, PCR product were treated with Sac II enzyme at 37°C for 2 h, then restriction bands were recovered by gel electrophoresis. (microbiologyjournal.org)
This DNA then serves as a template for expression of the phage genes. (bionity.com)

Both types of topoisomerases cause double strand breaks in DNA, but at different points during mitosis . (osmosis.org)

2] The control method according to [1], wherein the insecticidal or acaricidal active ingredient is an active ingredient of an insecticidal or acaricidal agent having an action mechanism classified by the IRAC code. (justia.com)
An illustration of the working mechanism of type I topoisomerase. (excedr.com)
Brown, P.O., Cozzarelli, N.R. A sign inversion mechanism for enzymatic supercoiling of DNA. (biomedicineonline.org)

DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. (lookformedical.com)
Also known as DNA topoisomerase I. This enzyme cuts the single strand of the DNA double helix and does not require ATP to perform the DNA cleavage. (excedr.com)

ATPase, AAA-type, core [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

The number of superhelical turns introduced into an initially relaxed circular DNA has been calculated to be approximately equal to the number of ATP molecules hydrolyzed by gyrase. (wikipedia.org)

Then, using the energy from a second ATP, Type II topoisomerase reseals the broken ends of the DNA strands and finally detaches from the DNA- leaving behind an untangled DNA helix. (jove.com)
DNA polymerases add additional nucleotides to the 3′ ends of preexisting strands during the elongation process. (microbiologynote.com)
Topoisomerase (DNA topoisomerases) is an enzyme that catalyzes the changes in the intertwined state of two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
The enzyme works by breaking the phosphodiester bond present in the backbone of the two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
However, the broken bonds in the DNA molecules reform as soon as the topoisomerase enzyme leaves the strands. (excedr.com)
It's an ATP-dependent enzyme that cuts both the strands of the DNA substrate. (excedr.com)

DNA-gyrase ligates the break in a G-segment back and T-segment finally leaves the enzyme complex. (wikipedia.org)

The empirical formula of the monohydrate is C 17 H 18 FN 3 O 3 · HCl · H 2 O and its molecular weight is 385.8. (theodora.com)
As a hydrate, its empirical formula is C 17 H 18 FN 3 O 3 · 3.5 H 2 O and its molecular weight is 394.3. (theodora.com)
Wang, J.C. Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective. (biomedicineonline.org)

This twisting inhibits further unwinding of the DNA, stalling vital cell processes such as DNA replication. (jove.com)
M13 plasmids are used for many recombinant DNA processes, and the virus has also been studied for its uses in nanostructures and nanotechnology. (bionity.com)

The unwinding of the DNA double helix during replication results in overwinding in regions ahead of the replication fork. (jove.com)

Okazaki fragments are constantly being generated because the lagging strand requires RNA primers in order to synthesis DNA in the 5′ to 3′ orientation. (microbiologynote.com)
As a consequence, the synthesis and release of Th1- (T helper 1) and Th2- (T helper 2) type cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators from T-cells and mast cells are blocked and the expression of signals essential for the activation of inflammatory T-lymphocytes is inhibited. (medindex.am)
Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids. (lookformedical.com)
A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis. (lookformedical.com)

Which have ability to interfered with the bacterial DNA gyrase, it has bactericidal activity with a wide spectrum in opposition to Gram positive and Gram-negative microorganism 2 . (microbiologyjournal.org)

This demonstrates that the primary structure of gyrase determines intrinsic quinolone resistance and was supported by a three-dimensional model of N-terminal GyrA. (omicsdi.org)

DNA footprinting utilizes a DNA damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or a nuclease) which cleaves DNA at every base pair. (lookformedical.com)

It is important to note that the DNA of prokaryotes only has a single replication origin. (microbiologynote.com)
DNA polymerases I, II, and III are all essential for DNA replication in prokaryotes. (microbiologynote.com)

On a next step the enzyme cleaves a G-segment of DNA (G- from gate) making a double-strand break. (wikipedia.org)
Topoisomerase II plays a role in condensing the chromosomes by making a double strand break in the DNA so that it can be more tightly wound, causing a supercoil. (osmosis.org)
The enzyme creates a double strand break in one loop of the DNA double helix before helping the unbroken loop to pass through this break via an ATP-dependent reaction. (jove.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes36

Information Science4

Health Care1

Enzymes20

Subunit7

Target DNA gyrase3

Inhibition7

Reverse gyrase2

Escherichia4

Replication and transcription2

Transcription11

Role of DNA gyrase1

Coli2

Topo4

Inhibits bacterial1

Eukaryotic12

Fluoroquinolones2

GyrA and gyrB genes2

Molecule6

Mutations3

Protein4

Prokaryotic2

Supercoils9

Inhibit4

GyrB6

Bacteria6

Specificity2

Clinical isolates1

Polymerase7

Antibiotics3

Gene4

Preferentially1

Genome3

Bacterial DNA replication1

Motif1

Ciprofloxacin3

Targets2

Negatively supercoiled2

Isolates1

Subunits3

Proteins5

Thereby inhi2

Eukaryotes2

Mechanisms1

Chromosome3

Quinolones2

Catalytic1

Found in archaea1

Genes4

Mitosis1

Mechanism3

Cleavage3

ATPase1

Superhelical1

Strands6

Ligates1

Molecular3

Processes2

Unwinding of the DNA doubl1

Synthesis4

Activity1

Quinolone resistance1

Nuclease1

Prokaryotes2

Double-strand3