• strong course="kwd-title" Keywords: Plasma membrane, Alkylating agencies, Leukocyte influx, Carbohydrate analogs, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate inhibitors Launch Alkylation of essential intracellular nucleophiles is certainly a non-specific, but effective antineoplastic technique in lots of hematological malignancies plus some solid tumors because of following perturbation of cell proliferation. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Much like other non-specific cytotoxic antineoplastic providers, alkylating providers and related substances have notable restrictions. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Alkylation is accomplished with the class of drugs called alkylating antineoplastic agents . (wikipedia.org)
  • It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals. (cancerindex.org)
  • Gestational trophoblastic tumors are sensitive to many antineoplastic agents, especially those that act in the S phase or the M phase of the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Vomiting induced by antineoplastic agents is stimulated through the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), which then stimulates the vomiting center (VC) in the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Following administration of antineoplastic agents, serotonin (5-HT) is released from enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (medscape.com)
  • Antineoplastic agents may cause nausea and vomiting that are so intolerable that a patient may refuse further treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Some antineoplastic agents are more emetogenic than others. (medscape.com)
  • Alkylating antineoplastic agents inhibit cell growth and proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • The hypersensitivity to alkylation damage is partly restored by depletion of Top1, illustrating that alkylating agents can trigger cytotoxic Top1-breaks. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • MGMT 3 is a DNA repair protein that removes mutagenic and cytotoxic adducts from O 6 -guanine in DNA (1) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • Therefore, we recommend that STZ, which is the only cytotoxic agent available against NET, should be used in daily practice in Japan. (cancerindex.org)
  • The induced differential stress resistance results in improved resistance to cytotoxicity in normal cells, which, in turn, reduces cytotoxic side-effects due to chemotherapy, as well as improved effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. (justia.com)
  • Because chemotherapy affects cell division, both normal and cancerous cells are susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. (justia.com)
  • Cytotoxic drugs damage DNA and kill many normal cells as well as cancer cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is a bifunctional alkylating agent of the nitrogen mustard type that has been found active against selected human neoplastic diseases. (nih.gov)
  • S-enantiomer of Epichlorohydrin, (S)-Epichlorohydrin), an important industrial chemical, is a bifunctional alkylating agent with the potential to form DNA cross-links. (guidechem.com)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that cancer cells in which TDP1 is inherently deficient are hypersensitive to alkylation damage and that TDP1 depletion sensitizes glioblastoma-resistant cancer cells to the alkylating agent temozolomide. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Current standard of care involves maximal surgical resection followed by concurrent therapy with radiation and the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide. (bmj.com)
  • Temozolomide induces DNA methylation of the O(6) position of guanine, leading to DNA damage and cell death, which is usually repaired by MGMT. (ascopost.com)
  • In addition for their significantly less than ideal toxicity profile, the crosslinking capacity for these providers is considerably low in the current presence of the DNA-repair enzyme O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) [2, 5, 6]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Recurrence in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) is inevitable resulting in short survival times, even in patients with O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase ( MGMT ) methylation. (nature.com)
  • Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes mutagenic alkyl adducts, thereby protecting DNA from the damage induced by TMZ and other alkylating agents. (nature.com)
  • There has been considerable enthusiasm to use MGMT as a predictive biomarker for GBM patients, with the long-term scope for its use as a biomarker to assign alkylating therapy to individual patients, and it is an important stratification factor in current clinical trials. (nature.com)
  • The DNA repair protein O 6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes alkyl adducts from the O 6 position of guanine. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The study also explored outcomes according to MGMT (O[6]-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) status. (ascopost.com)
  • In glioblastoma multiforme, MGMT is silenced by promoter methylation, rendering cells more sensitive to alkylating agents. (ascopost.com)
  • These agents are characterized by their ability to bind covalently to nucleophilic sites in proteins and DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • And the LEF / TCF family transcription factor, along with other proteins, binds to DNA and inhibits gene expression. (researchsquare.com)
  • Epigenetics acts through two mechanisms: (1) modifications to chromosomal proteins that alter the 3D conformation of the genome and/or protein-DNA interactions and (2) chemical modification of the DNA strand itself ( Kondo, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Change in the 3D structure of DNA is enacted via post-translational modifications of the histone proteins at the center of the simplest DNA structure, the nucleosome. (frontiersin.org)
  • May 16, 2003 - Fri 12:30PM - Dr. Vilhelm Bohr, NIA - Human Premature Aging Proteins: Werner and Cockayne, Links Between DNA Repair and Aging 3. (bio.net)
  • Sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent which quickly reacts with nucleophiles such as DNA, RNA, water, lipids, peptides, and proteins via an episulfonium ion intermediate. (cdc.gov)
  • Proteomics tion of blood meal by using proteins instead of DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • Residual alkylated with 50 mmol/L iodoacetamide, digested with host proteins may identify sources of infection for ticks. (cdc.gov)
  • Chlorambucil interferes with DNA replication and induces cellular apoptosis via the accumulation of cytosolic p53 and subsequent activation of Bax, an apoptosis promoter. (nih.gov)
  • It interferes with the normal function and repair of DNA and RNA, the genetic instructions that cells need to function and multiply. (europa.eu)
  • Carboplatin is a platinum alkylating agent that interferes with the function of DNA by producing interstrand DNA cross-links. (medscape.com)
  • Chlorambucil, an aromatic nitrogen mustard derivative, is an alkylating agent. (nih.gov)
  • Chlorambucil should not be used in patients whose disease has demonstrated a prior resistance to the agent. (nih.gov)
  • Direct DNA repair comprises several types of DNA repair enzymes that reversibly remove alkyl groups from damaged DNA bases through oxidative dealkylation processes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The achievement of alkylating realtors has prompted the introduction of pseudo-alkylating realtors such as for example cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) and related derivatives which stimulate 1,2-intrastrand crosslinks with purine bases, but haven't any alkyl groups designed for an alkylation response [3, 4]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Nucleophilic alkylating agents deliver the equivalent of an alkyl anion ( carbanion ). (wikipedia.org)
  • With a catalyst , they also alkylate alkyl and aryl halides, as exemplified by Suzuki couplings . (wikipedia.org)
  • Typical alkylating agents are alkyl halides. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the alkylating agent is an alkyl halide, the conversion is called the Williamson ether synthesis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Alkylating agents work by attaching chemical components called alkyl groups to cancer cells' DNA, leading to breaks in the DNA molecule. (dana-farber.org)
  • Using a combination of biophysical techniques such as circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal melting experiments, I will characterize the effects that methyl groups - a common DNA alkyl lesion - have into the major and minor groove of duplex DNA (where 7mG and 3mA provide methyl groups located in the major and minor grooves, respectively). (hhs.gov)
  • One type of alkylating agent -- platinum drugs like carboplatin , cisplatin , or oxaliplatin -- has a lower risk of causing leukemia. (webmd.com)
  • This agent is widely used in combination with serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by highly emetogenic agents (eg, cisplatin). (medscape.com)
  • In comparison, the SN2 agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) induces N 1 -methyladenine (m 1 A) and N 3 -methylcytosine (m 3 C) lesions, preferably in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). (frontiersin.org)
  • UV light induces the formation of pyrimidine dimers which can distort the DNA chain structure, blocking transcription beyond the area of damage. (news-medical.net)
  • propose a mechanism in which DNA damage induces PARP-1 activation leading to NAD + consumption that is sensed by mitochondria and results in AIF translocation to the nucleus, nuclear condensation and death. (the-scientist.com)
  • The non-defective strand is used as a template with the damaged DNA on the other strand removed and replaced by the synthesis of new nucleotides. (news-medical.net)
  • Consequently, ROS-modulation has emerged as an anticancer strategy with synthesis of various ROS-inducing or responsive agents that target cancer cells. (degruyter.com)
  • Intercalates between guanine and cytosine base pairs, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis and protein synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • Inhibits DNA synthesis and, thus, cell proliferation, by causing DNA cross-links and denaturation of double helix. (medscape.com)
  • It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. (curehunter.com)
  • They inhibit DNA synthesis by the formation of DNA cross-links. (medscape.com)
  • DNA adducts are quickly repaired, or DNA synthesis is blocked to avoid further replication of the mutation. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, certain types of ALKBH enzymes are dioxygenases that directly reverse DNA methylation damage via transfer of a methyl group from the DNA adduct onto α-ketoglutarate and release of metabolic products including succinate and formaldehyde. (frontiersin.org)
  • Methylation of guanine bases produces a change in the structure of DNA by forming a product that is complimentary to thymine rather than cytosine. (news-medical.net)
  • Carcinogenesis is accompanied by widespread DNA methylation changes within the cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • This allows DNA methylation cancer biomarkers to be suitable for early detection and also to have utility across a range of areas relevant to cancer detection and treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • These properties make cancer-associated DNA methylation changes very attractive for development of cancer biomarker tests with substantive clinical utility. (frontiersin.org)
  • Across the patient journey from initial detection, to treatment and then monitoring, there are several points where DNA methylation assays can inform clinical practice. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cancer-associated DNA methylation changes can also be detected with accuracy in the cell-free DNA present in blood, stool, urine, and other biosamples. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review will summarize existing DNA methylation cancer biomarkers used in clinical practice across the application domains above, discuss what makes a suitable DNA methylation cancer biomarker, and identify barriers to translation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The best characterized chemical modification of DNA is the methylation of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (5mC) that occurs almost exclusively in the context of a cytosine base linked by the DNA phosphate-backbone to guanosine, termed a CpG site. (frontiersin.org)
  • DNA methylation is considered a "soft" and potentially reversible change to the genome that can define or adapt to tumor biology and is functionally equivalent to genetic changes like mutation or deletion ( Kulis and Esteller, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • HN-3 is one of three nitrogen mustard blister agents (vesicants). (cdc.gov)
  • Other uses of cytostatic chemotherapy agents (including the ones mentioned below) are the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis and the suppression of transplant rejections (see immunosuppression and DMARDs ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Another example of drugs that interact covalently with their targets are the DNA-alkylating chemotherapy agents. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • They work by causing DNA strands to unravel, which prevents the cell from dividing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The repair of damage to both DNA strands is particularly important in maintaining genomic integrity. (news-medical.net)
  • Homologous recombination involves the exchange of nucleotide sequences to repair damaged bases on both strands of DNA through the utilization of a sister chromatid. (news-medical.net)
  • They act by cross-linking strands of DNA, particularly at the N-7 position of guanine. (vin.com)
  • Altered topoisomerase I and II activity prevents drugs such as doxorubicin, etoposide and camptothecin from binding the topoisomerase-DNA complex, allowing the broken strands to be repaired. (nature.com)
  • The extremely low 5-year overall survival of patients is, in part, due to pancreatic cancer cells having several mechanisms of resistance to different chemotherapeutic treatments, one of which is their capacity to efficiently repair alkylating agent-induced DNA damage. (frontiersin.org)
  • Based on alkylating mechanisms, these agents can be divided as SN1 and SN2. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although DNA-directed alkylating agents and related chemical substances have already been a mainstay in chemotherapeutic protocols because of their capability to readily hinder the rapid mitotic progression of malignant cells, their scientific utility is bound by DNA repair mechanisms and immunosuppression. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Despite their frequency, the overlapping mechanisms that repair these forms of DNA breakage are largely unknown. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • DNA repair can be divided into a set of mechanisms that identify and correct damage in DNA molecules. (news-medical.net)
  • Mechanisms of action include intercalation of DNA and interference with topoisomerase enzyme function. (vin.com)
  • These properties will then be compared to biochemical data, such as equilibrium binding constants to DNA glycosylases AAG and AlkD, and will be utilized as structural probes to gain insight regarding recognition and excision mechanisms employed by these enzymes. (hhs.gov)
  • Bortezomib is the first drug approved in the group of anticancer agents known as proteasome inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • UVC did not induce positive responses in XP3OSSV cells in the presence of DNA repair inhibitors (araC and hydroxyurea) or in their absence. (go.jp)
  • Here, we report that depletion of Tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) sensitizes human cells to alkylation damage and the additional depletion of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I (APE1) confers hypersensitivity above that observed for TDP1 or APE1 depletion alone. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Alkylating agents are often classified according to their nucleophilic or electrophilic character. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleophilic alkylating agents can displace halide substituents on a carbon atom through the SN2 mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA is susceptible to alkylation damage, particularly at nucleophilic sites located on purine and pyrimidine nucleobases. (hhs.gov)
  • Purine analogs are "antimetabolites" that interfere with DNA production and halt the growth of cancer cells. (cancercare.org)
  • Antimetabolites act during the S phase of the cell cycle, usually by mimicking normal purines and pyrimidines, which are the building blocks of DNA. (vin.com)
  • Chemotherapeutic agents, corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies are used to reduce the disease burden, and bisphosphonates are used to promote bone healing and to provide secondary prophylaxis against skeletal-related events (eg, hypercalcemia, bone fracture, spinal cord compression, need for radiation, and need for surgery). (medscape.com)
  • With succeeding generations of tumor cells, differentiation is typically lost, growth becomes less regulated, and tumors become less responsive to most chemotherapeutic agents. (wikidoc.org)
  • It also has severe limitations on the dosage of chemotherapeutic agents that can be administered to a patient, thus, limiting the effective range of chemotherapy. (justia.com)
  • The present invention provides a novel approach to cancer therapy by providing a method to differentially enhance the resistance of normal cells to chemotherapeutic agents, thereby, improving the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in killing cancerous cells. (justia.com)
  • By making normal cells more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, a patient's tolerance for cytotoxicity is improved, which, in turn, also improves the effectiveness of chemotherapy. (justia.com)
  • It is an alkylating agent, and its mechanism of action of active metabolites may involve cross-linking of DNA, which may interfere with growth of normal and neoplastic cells. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers discovered, for example, that while high doses are much more effective against certain cancers than low doses, they inflict about the same amount of DNA damage, suggesting that something else comes into play at high doses. (dana-farber.org)
  • The ability of circulating tumor DNA liquid biopsy assays to monitor cancer in situ also allows for the ability to monitor response to therapy, to detect minimal residual disease and as an early biomarker for cancer recurrence. (frontiersin.org)
  • Knock-out of the MT gene also renders animals/cells more vulnerable to oxidative stress and DNA alkylating agent-induced toxicity. (go.jp)
  • Apr 15, 2003 - Dr. Qingyi Wei, M.D. Anderson, Houston, Tx - DNA Repair Function, Polymorphisms and Cancer Risk in the General Population Mar 11, 2003 - Dr. Sankar Mitra, Univ of Texas, Galveston - Oxidative Damage Repair and Its Co-ordination in the Mammalian Genome. (bio.net)
  • Many anticancer drugs, such as platinum compounds, alkylating agents and nitrosoureas, cause direct damage to the structural integrity of the DNA, and resistance to these compounds results from activation of DNA repair systems. (nature.com)
  • Alkylation of DNA at the O 6 position of guanine is an important step in the formation of mutations in cancer, primarily due to the tendency of the O 6 -methylguanine to pair with thymine during replication, resulting in a conversion of guanine-cytosine to adenine-thymine pairs in DNA (2) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • The relationship between SCE and specific DNA alkylation products, particularly at the 0-6 and N-7 positions of guanine is discussed. (soton.ac.uk)
  • These agents also form covalent cross-links in DNA, more typically at the 0-6 position of guanine as the most important DNA adduct site, and have the primary adverse effects of myelosuppression and GI toxicity. (vin.com)
  • Particularly, alkylation damage along the major groove of DNA (such as at N7 of guanine and adenine) may affect DNA structure and dynamics very differently than alkylation along sites located in the minor groove (such as N3 of guanine and adenine). (hhs.gov)
  • Drinking-water, or water used for agricultural or recreational activities, can be polluted by naturally occurring carcinogenic contaminants, such as arsenic, or by anthropogenic pollutants, including chlorinated agents, perfluorinated alkylated substances, and metals. (who.int)
  • The results show that the combination of TMZ and KC7F2 can be a promising anti-cancer agent for the treatment of glioblastoma through the Wnt / β-catenin signaling pathway. (researchsquare.com)
  • Some drugs damage the DNA of cancer cells to keep them from making more copies of themselves. (webmd.com)
  • These medicines damage the DNA of cancer cells so they can't make copies of themselves. (kidshealth.org)
  • The third excision mechanism is called mismatch repair and occurs when mismatched bases are incorporated into the DNA strand during replication and are not removed by proofreading DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • Here, we tested whether ALKBH6 plays a significant role in preventing alkylating DNA damage and decreasing genomic instability in pancreatic cancer cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • It can react with DNA to form intrastrand crosslinks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such realtors are recognized for covalently changing nitrogenous bases in DNA, prompting the forming of adducts, and possibly crosslinks regarding difunctional realtors that ultimately induce apoptotic signaling [2]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • The relationship between DNA crosslinks and SCE remains unclear. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Such a book chemotherapeutic approach could be achieved by alkylating the plasma membrane of neoplastic cells. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • The presence of antitumor antibiotics within the structure of DNA induced failure to replicate DNA, impaired protein production through interference with transcription of messenger RNA, and chromosomal strand breaks caused by interference with the unwinding of DNA via topoisomerase. (vin.com)
  • Furthermore, the role of DNA thermodynamic "signatures" in lesion recognition by DNA repair enzymes, such as DNA glycosylases, is poorly understood, again because such enzymes catalyze the repair of these lesions, precluding their biochemical/structural study in corresponding protein/DNA complexes. (hhs.gov)
  • As a result, a simple and high-throughput method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of sulfur mustard blood protein adducts in low volume blood specimens which should be readily adaptable for quantifying human exposures to other alkylating agents. (cdc.gov)
  • Damage to DNA is caused by the incorporation of incorrect nucleotide bases during DNA replication and the chemical changes caused by spontaneous mutation or exposure to environmental factors such as radiation. (news-medical.net)
  • PARP-1 (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1) is a nuclear enzyme that is important for genome repair and DNA replication. (the-scientist.com)
  • Exposures in the past have been diagnosed using DNA adducts and urinary metabolites as biomarkers. (cdc.gov)
  • Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (ALKBH) is a DNA repair gene involved in the repair of alkylating DNA damage. (frontiersin.org)
  • In particular, the loss of ALKBH6 in human pancreatic cancer cells increases alkylating agent-induced DNA damage and significantly decreases cell survival. (frontiersin.org)
  • Ocular exposure to these agents may cause incapacitating damage to the cornea and conjunctiva. (cdc.gov)
  • Base damage and topoisomerase I (Top1)-linked DNA breaks are abundant forms of endogenous DNA breakage, contributing to hereditary ataxia and underlying the cytotoxicity of a wide range of anti-cancer agents. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Quantification of DNA breaks and clonogenic survival assays confirm a role for TDP1 in response to base damage, independently of APE1. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • This review presents a complex summary of GVHD pathogenesis with focus on references considering basic biological processes such as DNA damage response and cellular senescence. (hindawi.com)
  • This review summarizes the updated GVHD pathogenesis linking GVHD with biological processes such as DNA damage response (DDR) and cellular senescence (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Direct reversal of DNA damage is a mechanism of repair that does not require a template and is applied to two main types of damage. (news-medical.net)
  • The damage caused by alkylating agents reacting with DNA can also be repaired through direct reversal. (news-medical.net)
  • Nucleotide excision repair is a widespread mechanism for repairing damage to DNA and recognizes multiple damaged bases. (news-medical.net)
  • The process involves the recognition of damage which is then cleaved on both sides by endonucleases before resynthesis by DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • [2] In medicine, alkylation of DNA is used in chemotherapy to damage the DNA of cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The damage undermines the cells' ability to duplicate their DNA and, ultimately, to divide. (dana-farber.org)
  • Specifically, the concepts of tumour heterogeneity, oncogene addiction, non-oncogene addiction, tumour initiating cells, tumour microenvironment, non-coding sequences and DNA damage response will be reviewed. (bmj.com)
  • March 05, 2003 - Dr. Stephen J. Elledge - Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX - Sensing and Responding to DNA Damage [Note: this talk was part of the NIH Wed afternoon lecture series and was sponsored by: the Mouse Club and Washington Area Yeast Club Interest Group and is now posted on the DNA Repair Interest Group part of the videocast.nih.gov website. (bio.net)
  • Nov 12, 2002 - Dr. Rob Sobol, Univ of Pittsburgh - DNA Base Damage and Repair Intermediates: Out of the Pan and into the Fire [Note: The posting of this talk will be delayed at the request of the speaker. (bio.net)
  • Failure to repair DNA alkylation damage may lead to either or both mutagenesis or cytotoxicity. (hhs.gov)
  • At high doses, DNA cross-linkers damage the bone marrow. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth with or without standard hydration therapy during a coronary angiography doesn't seem to prevent kidney damage caused by contrast agents. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bendamustine (Treanda) , an alkylating agent that has some of the same properties as purine analogs. (cancercare.org)
  • Alkylating agents are more likely to affect the reproductive organs when given at higher doses. (kidshealth.org)
  • In contrast, other drugs (eg, DNA cross-linkers, also known as alkylating agents) have a linear dose-response relationship, killing more cancer cells at higher doses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Plant alkaloids are mitotic spindle poisons active in G2 and M phases of cell division (vinca alkaloids, taxanes) or are topoisomerase interactive agents (etoposide and teniposide). (vin.com)
  • Inhibits topoisomerase II and causes DNA strand breakage, causing cell proliferation to arrest in late S or early G 2 portion of cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Anthracycline chemotherapy attacks the enzymes inside cancer cells' DNA that help them divide and grow. (webmd.com)
  • Changes to the structure of DNA can cause mutations and genomic instability, leading to cancer. (news-medical.net)
  • This indicates the intricate control of metabolism and redox balance for survival of cancer cells that can be targeted by therapeutic agents. (degruyter.com)
  • It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer. (wikidoc.org)
  • Carmustine, the active substance in this medicine, is a type of cancer medicine known as an alkylating agent. (europa.eu)
  • By damaging the DNA of cancer cells, carmustine can help kill them and prevent the cancer from growing and spreading. (europa.eu)
  • Jan 21, 2003 - Tues 12:30PM - Dr. Jack Taylor, NIEHS - Epidemiologic studies of DNA repair gene polymorphisms and cancer risk Dec 17, 2002 - Dr. John Tainer, UC Berkeley - Conformational Controls and DNA Repair Coordination - [Note: The posting of this talk will be delayed at the request of the speaker. (bio.net)
  • Until recently, the treatment of cancer has been largely focused on the development of therapeutic agents or techniques that kill cancer cells. (justia.com)
  • In another aspect, the invention features methods of contacting a cancer cell with a chemotherapy agent and methods of increasing resistance of a non-cancer cell to a chemotherapy agent. (justia.com)
  • Prophylaxis with antiemetic agents before and following cancer treatment is often essential to ensure the administration of the entire chemotherapy regimen. (medscape.com)
  • Methods for detecting DNA damaging agents in humans: applications in cancer epidemiology and prevention / editors, H. Bartsch, K. Hemminki & I. K. O'Neill. (who.int)
  • PROJECT SUMMARY Genomic integrity is constantly threatened by ubiquitous alkylating agents found in both endogenous and exogenous sources. (hhs.gov)
  • While such providers focus on specific aberrancies within the cell surface area, alkylating providers could react non-specifically with functional groupings externally from the plasma membrane [16], circumventing the necessity for a specified focus on to be there. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Alkylating agents, either direct-acting or generated in vivo, form an important class of environmental mutagens and carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
  • The enzymes remove the damaged base forming an AP site which is repaired by AP endonuclease before the nucleotide gap in the DNA strand is filled by DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • The properties of nitrogen mustards are only slightly different from those of sulfur mustards, another major class of blister agents. (cdc.gov)
  • DNA intercalation leads to chromosome breakage rather than SCE. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Over the years, clues emerged that there's more to the drugs' effectiveness than damaging DNA. (dana-farber.org)
  • Chemotherapeutic strategies have used a variety of drugs and hormonal agents that interfere with the basic machinery of the cell. (nature.com)
  • Since Goodman, Gilman, and co-workers at Yale started looking into the potential of nitrogen mustards in 1942, alkylating the DNA of quickly proliferating cells continues to be regarded as a reasonable and impressive solution to mitigate neoplastic development [1]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Consequently, the power of malignant cells to correct damaged DNA can be an obvious constraint within the effectiveness of currently authorized alkylating providers. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • If there is ways to reciprocate the same harmful character of alkylation in organelles aside NU2058 supplier from the nucleus, high prices of apoptosis, and other styles of cell loss of life may be seen in the current presence of DNA alkylation-resistant cells. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • They work by disrupting the DNA inside cells, which prevents them from dividing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Alkylating agents and BLM induced positive responses in the four studied cells. (go.jp)
  • Parents of a child with a family history of que tienen el gene del antígeno de superficie del virus de la Hepatitis B. El antígeno de superficie de la Hepatitis B (HBsAg) expresado en las genetically engineered Hansenula polymorpha yeast cells having the surface antigen gene of the Hepatitis B virus. (who.int)
  • The predominant regimen was the weekly/bi-weekly intravenous administration of STZ combined with other oral anticancer agents. (cancerindex.org)
  • Sulfur mustards were first developed in the early-to-mid-1800s and were introduced as chemical warfare agents in 1917 during World War I. They have been used extensively in chemical warfare and remain a major threat. (cdc.gov)
  • Destruction of U.S. stockpiles of chemical agents, including sulfur mustards, was mandated by the Chemical Weapons Convention to take place before April 2007. (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfur mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, is a vesicant and alkylating agent that has been developed as a chemical weapon (CW). (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfur mustard can bind to DNA at several locations, including but not limited to the N 7 and O 6 position of Gua, and the N 3 position of Ade, all of which can be measured via immunoassays or mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
  • Using an E. coli strain deficient with ALKB, we found that ALKBH6 complements ALKB deficiency and increases resistance after alkylating agent treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • Is lack of response to single-agent chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease associated with dose scheduling or chemotherapy resistance? (medscape.com)
  • The generation of cellular models of drug resistance has been pivotal in unravelling the main effectors of resistance to traditional chemotherapy at the molecular level (i.e. intracellular drug inactivation, detoxifying systems, defects in DNA repair, apoptosis evasion, membrane transporters and cell adhesion). (nature.com)
  • Drug analogues of DNA precursors such as 5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside require metabolic activation, and resistance can arise from modification of these activation pathways. (nature.com)