Diversity in antigen. Medical search. Frequent questions

Other receptors able to bind induced-self antigens are NKG2C, NKG2E, NKG2F (CD94) or some NCRs (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
Diverse repertoires of hypervariable immunoglobulin receptors (TCR and BCR) recognize antigens in the adaptive immune system. (elifesciences.org)
T-cell receptors (TCR) and B-cell receptors (BCR) are hypervariable immunoglobulins that play a key role in recognizing antigens in the vertebrate immune system. (elifesciences.org)
Following specific binding of T cell receptors to viral and bacterial-derived peptides bound to MHC ( 5 ), or from neo-antigens ( 8 - 10 ), the appropriate T cells expand, resulting in the increased frequency of T cells carrying such receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Adaptive immunity's success relies on the extraordinary diversity of protein receptors on B cell membranes. (aps.org)
These breaks are necessary to create the vast diversity seen in lymphocyte antigen receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
The vast diversity of possible T-cell receptors (TCR) is generated by the random recombination of genes in the third complimentary determining regions (CDR3) within a TCR's α and β chains. (biorxiv.org)

Probably the most studied receptor involved in recognition of induced-self antigens is NKG2D. (wikipedia.org)
The development of immunoglobulin receptor repertoire sequencing methods makes it possible to perform repertoire-wide disease association studies of antigen receptor sequences. (elifesciences.org)
By analysing iNKT cells from lymphoid tissues of mice and humans we demonstrate that their T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is highly diverse and is distinct for cells from various tissues resulting in differential lipid-antigen recognition. (elifesciences.org)
The immense diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) enables specific antigen recognition ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
In both TCRα and TCRβ chains, CDR3 loops have the highest sequence diversity and are the principal determinants of receptor binding specificity. (frontiersin.org)
Receptor diversity of human T-cell receptor gamma delta expressing cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Physiologic dsDNA breaks are generated in a variety of normal cellular functions, including the RAG endonuclease-mediated rearrangement of antigen receptor genes during the normal development of lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
CD28, a major co-stimulatory receptor, is responsible for the optimal antigen-mediated T-cell activation, proliferation and survival of T cells. (nih.gov)
CD28(-) T cells exhibit reduced antigen receptor diversity, defective antigen-induced proliferation and a shorter replicative lifespan while showing enhanced cytotoxicity and regulatory functions. (nih.gov)
T cell activation, for example, needs three steps: (1) The lymphocyte T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with the antigen-loaded class II molecule in the first phase. (pharmacygyan.com)
The T-cell repertoire derives this high diversity through somatic recombination of the T-cell receptor (TCR) locus, a random process that results in repertoires that are largely private to each individual. (biorxiv.org)

wt Mr approximately 200 000 which exhibits size diversity and expresses antigenically conserved as well as diverse epitopes as defined by the panel of monoclonal antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
Hence, they are considered a mixture of antibodies that can react with multiple epitopes on the surface of the antigen. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)

Humoral immunity depends on the generation of exquisite specificity and diversity of Igs. (medscape.com)
Once IgM B cells are engaged with antigens, B cells start the secondary antibody repertoire generation by undergoing 2 genetic alterations to improve specificity and avidity of the antibody to specific microorganisms. (medscape.com)
Yet, if and how the tissue environment shapes the antigen specificity of iNKT cells remains unknown. (elifesciences.org)
Antigen recognition depends on both T-cell specificity and the molecular complex presenting the antigen. (biorxiv.org)

Aiming at a broad serotype coverage S. flexneri glycoconjugate vaccine, a non-natural lightly protected tetrasaccharide was designed for compatibility with (i) serotype-specific glucosylations and O-acetylations defining S. flexneri O-antigens, (ii) recognition by suitable α-transglucosylases, and (iii) programmed oligomerization following enzymatic α-d-glucosylation. (pasteur.fr)
Despite this prototypical TCR repertoire gene usage, in recent years it has become apparent that there are variations within the iNKT cell repertoire that ultimately impact the antigen recognition capacity and consequently the functional outcomes during an immune response. (elifesciences.org)
CDR2s interact with the class II molecules but are not involved in antigen recognition. (pharmacygyan.com)
Successful antigen recognition requires T cells to effectively recognize the body's MHC and coordinate a response. (biorxiv.org)

These findings suggest that increasing antibody diversity through prolonged or repeated antigen exposure may improve protection against diversifying SARS-CoV-2 populations, and perhaps against other pandemic threat coronaviruses. (nih.gov)

Roughly 12,000 rapid antigen tests have been given out each day since they started being distributed at testing clinics last week. (mix106.com.au)

To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)

or both chains is convergent selection in response to a common antigen. (elifesciences.org)
Here we propose a novel computational method to identify clonotypes which are likely to be shared because of selection for their response to a common antigen, instead of convergent recombination. (elifesciences.org)
While the model shows perfect agreement with healthy repertoires it clearly underestimates sharing between repertoires affected by a common antigen. (aps.org)

In the active state it binds to a diversity of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. (prospecbio.com)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
The secreted antibody (Ab) binds to the antigen and facilitates its clearance from the body. (powershow.com)
3) The T cell's CD28 binds with a B7 molecule on the APC in the last stage of the activation cycle (antigen-presenting cell). (pharmacygyan.com)

The first step is generation of Ig diversity by recombination of Ig heavy chain, known as class-switch recombination (CSR), switching from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE. (medscape.com)
class-switch recombination (switching from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE) and somatic hypermutation (introduction of point mutations in the V regions of the Ig genes, the antigen-biding sites, resulting in an expansion of the antibody repertoire to generate high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies). (medscape.com)
Here we present a statistical approach defined in terms of a probabilistic V(D)J recombination model enhanced by a selection factor that describes repertoire diversity and that predicts with high accuracy its level of publicness, i.e. the number of sequences that will be shared between any number of individuals. (aps.org)
To create a repertoire of antigen-specific TCRs, alternative forms of genes present in somatic cells are rearranged in a process, called somatic cell recombination, by using RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinase activating enzymes showing in above figure. (pharmacygyan.com)
Simple recombination in the α-chain can result in approximately 4.9 × 103 antigen-specific TCRs. (pharmacygyan.com)
In the recombination process of the β chain, loci of the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) regions are randomly spliced together with non-templated insertions and deletions occurring between each junction, resulting in up to 10 11 possible sequences ( 3 , 4 ). (biorxiv.org)
As a result, VDJ recombination, HLA restriction, and antigen exposure collectively contribute to a largely private TCRβ repertoire. (biorxiv.org)

This extensive immune cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and different antigen groups may play a role in the multi-system disease process of COVID-19, influence the severity of the disease, precipitate the onset of autoimmunity in susceptible subgroups, and potentially exacerbate autoimmunity in subjects that have pre-existing autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)

The second step is somatic hypermutation (SHM) and involves the introduction of point mutations in the V regions (antigen-binding sites) of the Ig genes, resulting in an expansion of the antibody repertoire to generate high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies. (medscape.com)
β-chains have 52 variable gene segments, two diversity gene segments, and 13 J region genes. (pharmacygyan.com)
The strains were examined by PCR for presence of O-antigen, H-antigen, intimin (eae), enterohemolysin (ehxA), Shiga toxin 1 (stx1) and Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) genes, associated with human illness. (usda.gov)

[2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
However, when compared to polyclonals they are more vulnerable to the loss of epitope through chemical treatment of the antigen. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We also did selective epitope mapping using BLAST and showed similarities and homology between spike, nucleoprotein, and many other SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the human tissue antigens mitochondria M2, F-actin and TPO. (frontiersin.org)

And these could result from exposure to animal antigens in the environment, or if a patient has received therapy involving the use of animal-derived proteins. (aacc.org)
Exposure assessment is often confounded by the diversity of bioaerosol agents in the environment. (cdc.gov)
The assessment of health risks from bioaerosol exposure is complex due to diversity of the agents. (cdc.gov)
However, certain factors such as low junctional diversity, thymic selection, and T-cell proliferation upon antigen exposure can affect TCR sharing among individuals. (biorxiv.org)
Surprisingly, we find that shared antigen exposure to CMV leads to fewer shared TCRβ clones, even after controlling for HLA, indicative of a largely private response to major viral antigenic exposure. (biorxiv.org)
The mucosal immune system is uniquely regulated to manage its constant exposure to viruses, parasites, and bacterial antigens, all of which are in close proximity to a large reservoir of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (medscape.com)
[ 7 ] Using a cross-sectional design, the authors compared children living on farms to those in a reference group with respect to the prevalence of asthma and to the diversity of microbial exposure. (medscape.com)

and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS. (bvsalud.org)

A set of standard tests are defined for the performance of peptide-TCR binding, including the detection of TCRs binding to a given peptide/antigen, choosing among a set of candidate peptides for a given TCR and determining whether any pair of TCR-peptide bind. (frontiersin.org)
As you can probably tell from the figure, each antibody has 2 antigen binding sites, which allows the antibody to bind to specific antigens in a lock-and-key-like mechanism. (aacc.org)
T cells that encounter their specific cognate MHC-presented antigen will bind and proliferate, leading to an immune response. (biorxiv.org)
The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)

Monoclonal antibodies which did not react by indirect immunofluorescence failed to immunoprecipitate this antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. (bvsalud.org)

Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)

Similarly γδ T cells can recognize induced-self antigens expressed on cells under stress conditions. (wikipedia.org)

Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)

We sought to determine whether immune reactivity occurs between anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein antibodies and human tissue antigens, and whether molecular mimicry between COVID-19 viral proteins and human tissues could be the cause. (frontiersin.org)

The host and its microbiota coproduce a great diversity of small molecules during metabolism, many of which might play critical roles in the occurrence and development of disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The diversity of the molecules is generated by stepwise genomic rearrangements of LRR cassettes dispersed throughout the VLRB locus. (usgs.gov)
Activation does not need antigen processing by APCs or presentation by MHC molecules. (pharmacygyan.com)
Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)

Antibodies elicited by infection accumulate somatic mutations in germinal centers that can increase affinity for cognate antigens. (nih.gov)

Molecular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)

This suggests that unique tissue-specific factors (including local lipid antigens, cytokines and/or hormones) may shape the population of iNKT cells resident in those tissues, ultimately regulating local immune responses. (elifesciences.org)
We applied both human monoclonal anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies (spike protein, nucleoprotein) and rabbit polyclonal anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies (envelope protein, membrane protein) to 55 different tissue antigens. (frontiersin.org)
We found that SARS-CoV-2 antibodies had reactions with 28 out of 55 tissue antigens, representing a diversity of tissue groups that included barrier proteins, gastrointestinal, thyroid and neural tissues, and more. (frontiersin.org)
Laboratory diagnostic procedures include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the chromatic or immunologic staining of tissue-impression smears to identify organisms. (cdc.gov)
Tissue antigens 2011 1 77 (2): 118-25. (cdc.gov)

MHC-I and MHC-II proteins are key components of the antigen presentation machinery responsible for neoantigen presentation to CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes, respectively. (portlandpress.com)

Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)

The human adaptive immune system must generate extraordinary diversity to be able to respond to all possible pathogens. (biorxiv.org)

Antigenic diversity and size diversity of P. falciparum antigens in isolates from Gambian patients. (ox.ac.uk)
Studies on antigenic diversity in the malaria S-antigens / by Nina Gloriana-Barzaga. (who.int)

Herein, going beyond natural resources and aiming to circumvent chemical boundaries in glycochemistry, we tackle the development of an in vitro chemoenzymatic strategy holding great potential to answer the need for molecular diversity characterizing microbial cell-surface carbohydrates. (pasteur.fr)
The molecular nature of the antigen recognized by eight of these monoclonal antibodies was studied with three isolates analyzed directly from patients in The Gambia. (ox.ac.uk)

The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen . (wikipedia.org)

Plasmodium vivax rhoptry-associated membrane antigen (RAMA) is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein currently under consideration as a malaria vaccine candidate. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated membrane antigen (PfRAMA) is a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein highly expressed in the early stage of the asexual erythrocyte cycle [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Erythrocyte-binding antigens of Plasmodium falciparum are targets of human inhibitory antibodies and. (edu.au)
Erythrocyte-binding antigens of Plasmodium falciparum are targets of human inhibitory antibodies and function to evade naturally acquired immunity. (edu.au)

Our technologies allowed new peptide-HLA combinations to be rapidly defined that have the potential to broaden TCR diversity for patients with different HLA types whose tumors present these novel peptides. (medigene.com)

Adding six or more amino acids to the J domains (junctional diversity) creates more TCR diversity. (pharmacygyan.com)

iNKT cells have been traditionally defined by the expression of an invariant TCR α-chain (Vα14-Jα18 in mice or Vα24-Jα18 in humans) and their capacity to recognise the glycolipid antigen α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) presented on CD1d. (elifesciences.org)
As the MHC is encoded by highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci in humans, this process of thymic selection occurs within the context of an individual's HLA type. (biorxiv.org)

These antigens compress the variation found in many viral strains into lengths suitable for vaccine immunogens. (sciencedaily.com)
2007) Coping with viral diversity in HIV vaccine design. (sciencedaily.com)

wt approximately 200 000 antigen, this protein could be distinguished with each isolate on the basis of its apparent size on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (ox.ac.uk)
Here's the basic structure of an antibody (Ab), which is defined as a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. (aacc.org)

Induced-self antigen is a marker of abnormal self, which can be recognized upon infected (in particular, virus-infected) and transformed cells. (wikipedia.org)
A key mechanism of immune evasion deployed by tumour cells is to reduce neoantigen presentation through down-regulation of the antigen presentation machinery. (portlandpress.com)
The secondary antibody repertoire generation is antigen and T-cell dependent and occurs in peripheral lymphoid organs, mainly through the interaction between CD40L (CD154), expressed on activated CD4 + T cells, and CD40, expressed on B cells (see image below). (medscape.com)
This process occurs largely in an antigen-independent way (pro-B cells, pre-B cells). (medscape.com)
These cells play pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. (nature.com)
It has also been shown that through stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with PvRAMA in vitro, the antigen can induce CD4 + T cells to produce interleukin-10. (biomedcentral.com)
Reports suggest that γδ T cells may also play roles in antigen presentation and the regulation of autoimmune responses. (bdbiosciences.com)
The humoral response involves interaction of B cells with antigen (Ag) and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. (powershow.com)
The clonal selection theory, developed by MacFarland Burnet in the late 1950s, says that antigens, not cells, control the immune response. (pharmacygyan.com)

Those monoclonal antibodies which reacted positively with an isolate by indirect immunofluorescence also immunoprecipitated a single 3H-leucine or 3H-glucosamine labelled antigen of mol. (ox.ac.uk)

In conclusion, critical residues important for maintaining a human antigen-specific binding site during the process of in vitro antibody evolution were defined. (lu.se)

Also, the genomic diversity of STEC strains was assessed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus variable-number-tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). (usda.gov)

Convergent Chemoenzymatic Strategy to Deliver a Diversity of Shigella flexneri Serotype-Specific O-Antigen Segments from a Unique Lightly Protected Tetrasaccharide Core. (pasteur.fr)
They all had high levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), which is an enzyme that the prostate secretes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
With monoclonal antibody production, one B cell produces only one specific sequence of antibody to a given antigen. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Previously, target-specific monovalent VLRB antibodies were isolated from sea lamprey larvae after immunization with model antigens. (usgs.gov)
This deviation is a sign of a stronger antigen driven selection that opens the possibility of finding antigen-specific antibodies. (aps.org)
Medigene AG (Medigene, FSE: MDG1, Prime Standard), a clinical stage immuno-oncology company focusing on the development of T cell immunotherapies, today presents the screening and identification of novel immunogenic tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) derived from non-coding regions of the human genome at the American Association for Cancer Research Virtual Annual Meeting (AACR) 2021. (medigene.com)

In the β-chain, a functional Vβ is created by linking Vβ, diversity (Dβ), and Jβ-domains. (pharmacygyan.com)

Size diversity of this malarial glycoprotein was also detected with seven other Gambian P. falciparum isolates. (ox.ac.uk)

Although they cannot infer cause and effect in this study, the authors write that "microbial diversity may have a role in the progression of [prostate cancer]. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The team found that samples from men with prostate cancer had less diversity in bacterial species than the samples from men without cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)

HLA, human leukocyte antigen. (cdc.gov)
Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. (mdpi.com)

The diversity of disorders involving the GI tract speaks to the differing forms of immune regulation along the length of the intestine, and the varying nature of the challenge (ie, food antigens in the small bowel and commensal flora in the colon). (medscape.com)

The ability of HIV-1 to develop high levels of genetic diversity and acquire mutations to escape immune pressures contributes to our difficulties in producing a vaccine. (sciencedaily.com)
However, the genetic diversity of the RAMA gene in isolates of P. vivax ( pvrama ) and the immunogenicity of PvRAMA in animals remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of STEC genotypes from animal feces of rural farms near the rivers of the Culiacan Valley, northwestern region of Mexico. (usda.gov)

The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. (wikipedia.org)

Antibody-antigen structures revealed that these properties resulted from substitutions that allowed additional variability at the interface with the RBD. (nih.gov)

Complementarity determining regions (CDRs), which are hypervariable in the Vα/β-chains have actual contact with antigens. (pharmacygyan.com)
Additional TCR diversity is created by the alternate joining of Dβ-chains, junctional flexibility, and N- and P-nucleotide additions. (pharmacygyan.com)

This process is largely antigen-independent. (medscape.com)

Anatomy18

Organisms13

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs127

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes56

Disciplines and Occupations6

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care15

Receptors7

Receptor11

Epitopes4

Specificity4

Recognition4

Repeated antigen exposure1

Rapid antigen tests1

Different antigens2

Common antigen3

Binds4

Recombination7

Autoimmune Diseases1

Genes3

Epitope3

Exposure7

Immunoglobulin1

Bind4

React3

Pathways1

Recognize1

Intracellular1

Covid-191

Molecules7

Cognate1

Cellular2

Tissue5

Proteins1

APCs1

Immune system1

Antigenic2

Molecular2

Molecule1

Plasmodium4

Peptides1

Junctional diversity1

Humans2

Viral2

Protein2

Cells9

Monoclonal antibodies1

Vitro1

Genomic1

Specific6

Functional1

Glycoprotein1

Microbial1

Bacterial1

Human2

Regulation1

Genetic diversity3

Structural1

Structures1

Chains2

Largely1