• in the United States, viruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Some viruses, like noroviruses, may be transmitted by an airborne route. (medscape.com)
  • Using broadly reactive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for calicivirus to study stool specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis, studies have found these viruses in 7-22% of cases. (medscape.com)
  • So in total with norovirus, together we have five viruses and four of them are primarily causing disease in young children, and then norovirus is the exception. (cdc.gov)
  • Norovirus are a group of related, single-stranded RNA, nonenveloped viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. (health.mil)
  • Most importantly, viruses … prescribed cipro (ciprofloxacin) for bacterial gastroenteritis. (ireggae.com)
  • The CDC estimates that viruses cause 9.2 million cases of food-related illness each year (out of a total of 13.8 million cases from all causes). (medscape.com)
  • It often refers to symptoms caused by various viruses, bacteria, or parasites, while norovirus is a specific virus. (potentialeffects.com)
  • Chemical modifications of milk proteins that lead to changes in charges on proteins, and in charge distribution, enhance their effects against certain viruses. (immunecare.co.uk)
  • In this study, we aimed to develop a metagenomics approach using NGS to identify and characterise viruses in stool samples from infants and children with Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) in Kuwait. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Also, the commercial Real-Time PCR assay was used to detect viruses causing gastroenteritis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis of viral sequences verified that single infection of human adenovirus was the leading cause of gastroenteritis among infants and children, which was detected in 23.2% of the patients, followed by a mixed infection of human adenovirus and other viruses, which was detected in 20.9% of patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results showed 71% agreement (k = 0.445, P = 0.000) between multiplex Real-Time PCR, which is used as a routine diagnostic test and metagenomics approach in the detection of viruses causing gastroenteritis in clinical samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although at least 25 different bacteria and protozoa can cause diarrhoea, more than 75% of cases found to be caused by viruses [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has long been recognised that noroviruses (previously called Norwalk-like viruses) are one of the common causes of outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. (health.gov.au)
  • 1 Members of the Family Caliciviridae, noroviruses are non-enveloped positive strand RNA viruses. (health.gov.au)
  • Noroviruses are highly prevalent, positive-sense RNA viruses that are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and infect the gastrointestinal tract of their host. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Here, we describe multiple models that exist to study human noroviruses in nonhuman hosts and related viruses in their native hosts. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The clinician encounters acute viral gastroenteritis in 3 settings. (medscape.com)
  • If you have viral gastroenteritis, avoid handling and preparing food for others while you are sick and for 2 days after your symptoms stop. (ireggae.com)
  • Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to bacterial toxins or viral infection. (ireggae.com)
  • The clinical spectrum of acute viral gastroenteritis ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe dehydration and death. (ireggae.com)
  • does bacterial or viral gastroenteritis have more severe symptoms? (ireggae.com)
  • It is called viral gastroenteritis when the pathogen is a virus and bacterial gastroenteritis when it … it's been a week. (ireggae.com)
  • Two main categories of infectious disease to consider are bacterial infections and viral … Infectious diarrhoea or Gastroenteritis irritates the stomach and small intestines causing them to become inflamed. (ireggae.com)
  • common infection of the stomach and intestines that results in vomiting and diarrhoea While bacterial gastroenteritis presents similarly to viral gastroenteritis, it is far less common. (ireggae.com)
  • however, food- and water-borne epidemics of viral gastroenteritis are monitored by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance programs. (medscape.com)
  • The high viral insert in vomitus and feces (7), low infectious dosage (18), and short-term immunity (19) that typify NoV gastroenteritis raise the risk of extended outbreaks and environmental spread in semiclosed systems, where strains of NoV genotype buy Mesaconine II.4 (GII.4) or GII.3 have a tendency to dominate (20). (cgp60474.com)
  • The main causes of these diarrheal illnesses are bacterial and viral, but C. cayetanensis may cause protracted, relapsing gastroenteritis impacting operational readiness and mission effectiveness. (health.mil)
  • Escherichia coli ) or viral (e.g., norovirus) in origin, 5-7 recent outbreaks in the U.S. civilian population as well as an outbreak in military training facilities in El Salvador indicate that the protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensi s may also pose a threat. (health.mil)
  • Interestingly, almost all cases (except two) positive for both HBoV and another respiratory virus belonged to the low-viral-load group. (datexis.com)
  • This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 29 Issue, Number 4, discusses the possibility that a series of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Queensland, could be linked to a new norovirus variant. (health.gov.au)
  • At the beginning of 2004, Queensland experienced a large epidemic of viral gastroenteritis comprised of numerous outbreaks. (health.gov.au)
  • For patient education resources, see Digestive Disorders Center , as well as Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu) , Norovirus Infection , and Diarrhea . (medscape.com)
  • Patients recovering from a norovirus infection may shed the virus in their stool for up to 14 days, increasing the risk of secondary infection. (health.mil)
  • Norovirus can establish a long-term infection in people who are immunocompromised, such as those with common variable immunodeficiency or with a suppressed immune system after organ transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In one incident, a person who vomited spread the infection across a restaurant, suggesting that many unexplained cases of food poisoning may have their source in vomit. (wikipedia.org)
  • Norovirus infection is the most common cause of infectious gastrointestinal disease in the United Kingdom (UK) and many other countries [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Herein, we report two pediatric cases of norovirus infection with severe neurologic complications. (annchildneurol.org)
  • The detection rate of HBoV infection was at its peak in the first year of life (rate of detection, 8.6% between the ages of 6 and 12 months), as in the cases of RSV or PIV infection. (datexis.com)
  • 9 It has been proposed that noroviruses associated wth human infection be divided into a number of genogroups namely GI, GII and GIV. (health.gov.au)
  • In many cases, the trophozoites remain confined to the intestinal lumen (A: noninvasive infection) of individuals who are asymptomatic carriers, passing cysts in their stool. (wikidoc.org)
  • The venous and lymphatic distributions determine how malignant disease and infection spread. (msdmanuals.com)
  • carefully designed longitudinal studies are needed to improve our understanding of norovirus infections in Bangladesh. (cdc.gov)
  • The crude overall incidence rate of unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea among active component service members during 2010- 2019 was more than 75 times the combined overall rates of acute GI infections attributable to the 5 specific pathogens of interest. (health.mil)
  • Annual rates of unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea and all pathogen-specific GI infections except Shigella increased over the course of the 10-year period. (health.mil)
  • Increased diagnostic testing of nonspecific acute GI infections is warranted to further elucidate which GI pathogens are the most prevalent in this population. (health.mil)
  • Laboratory, reportable medical event, and medical encounter data were analyzed to identify incident cases of acute gastrointestinal (GI) infections caused by Campylobacter, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), or norovirus as well as cases of unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea among U.S. active component service members during 2010-2019. (health.mil)
  • Crude annual rates of norovirus, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella infections and unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea increased between 2010 and 2019 while rates of Shigella infections were relatively stable. (health.mil)
  • Acute gastrointestinal (GI) infections and diarrheal disease have been the perennial cause of significant morbidity in military personnel in both deployed and nondeployed settings. (health.mil)
  • norovirus, or Escherichia coli as pathogens responsible for a majority of GI infections. (health.mil)
  • 5-7 In 2017, the Medical Surveillance Monthly Report ( MSMR ) published estimated incidence rates of diagnoses of Campylobacter, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Shigella, norovirus, and E. coli infections among active component service members during 2007-2016. (health.mil)
  • Acute infections with group C are quite frequent in the United States and worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • But then also (and I just mentioned long-term care facilities), if you look at outbreaks, then you see the elderly and so, the older people probably with waning immunity that are more vulnerable for norovirus infections. (cdc.gov)
  • So they are also of increased risk for infections with norovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months. (wikipedia.org)
  • In severe cases, persistent infections can lead to norovirus‐associated enteropathy, intestinal villous atrophy, and malabsorption. (wikipedia.org)
  • TABLE 1 Norovirus attacks in hospital sufferers and environmental contamination in eight wards and an administration office space during nosocomial outbreaks With this study of NoV hospital infections and the dispersal of NoV in patient rooms, an outbreak ward buy Mesaconine was defined as a ward in which two or more cases of suspect or verified NoV gastroenteritis occurred in patients and the illness spread within the ward (24). (cgp60474.com)
  • Although foods of bovine origin are the most common cause of both outbreaks and sporadic cases of E. coli O157:H7 infections, outbreaks of illnesses have been linked to a wide variety of food items. (marlerclark.com)
  • Infections can be asymptomatic and cause self-limited gastroenteritis, but can also be associated with several infections and immunological complications. (9pdf.co)
  • Norovirus infections cause widespread morbidity and have significant economic impact on the community. (health.gov.au)
  • Human noroviruses cause the majority of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis infections worldwide, resulting in significant morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Red arrow indicates an abrupt increase in norovirus activity. (cdc.gov)
  • 12,13 This increase in norovirus activity occurred at the same time as the emergence of a new variant of GII.4 was identified. (health.gov.au)
  • Health departments are encouraged to report all suspected and confirmed norovirus outbreaks through the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) and CaliciNet. (cdc.gov)
  • Suspected and confirmed norovirus outbreaks reported to CDC through NORS and CaliciNet within 7 days of outbreak notice. (cdc.gov)
  • After introduction of the new system there were 3980 reports of outbreaks of suspected and confirmed norovirus received in the years 2009-2011. (cambridge.org)
  • We investigated the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outpatient children from Children's Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai, China. (researchsquare.com)
  • We described the epidemiology, risk factors, and genotypic distribution of noroviruses among hospitalized patients of all ages in Bangladesh. (cdc.gov)
  • With this study of the environmental distribution of NoV during hospital outbreaks, molecular methods were used to investigate the nature of NoV contamination, including airborne dispersal of NoV in dirt from individual rooms, aswell as the molecular epidemiology from the outbreaks. (cgp60474.com)
  • B) Genotype (polymerase-capsid) distribution of norovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Genotype information for norovirus, basic epidemiological data, such as transmission route and outbreak location and patient demographic data. (cdc.gov)
  • NORS obtains norovirus genotype data from CaliciNet. (cdc.gov)
  • Although norovirus genotype GII.4 had circulated in Queensland in the past, the 2004 strain was characterised specifically by three nucleotides not present in any other sequences held in our database covering the years 2002-June 2004. (health.gov.au)
  • To report a norovirus outbreak, contact your state or local health department . (cdc.gov)
  • An outbreak investigation was conducted to identify the source and risk factors associated with the increase of gastroenteritis. (who.int)
  • This acute gastroenteritis outbreak was most likely caused by Aeromonas hydrophila and transmitted through a contaminated water source. (who.int)
  • 2 Therefore, a team from the Department of Health was sent to conduct an outbreak investigation to identify the source and risk factors associated with the increase of gastroenteritis. (who.int)
  • In May 2018, an outbreak of gastrointestinal illnesses due to norovirus occurred at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. (health.mil)
  • The outbreak lasted 14 days, and a total of 91 cases, of which 8 were laboratory confirmed and 83 were suspected, were identified. (health.mil)
  • Introduction of norovirus disease into a crowded, congregate setting of transient service members precipitated an outbreak of at least 91 recognized cases in a vulnerable population of thousands. (health.mil)
  • The outbreak was attributed to a Norwalk-like virus (norovirus). (wikipedia.org)
  • In one outbreak at an international scout jamboree in the Netherlands, each person with gastroenteritis infected an average of 14 people before increased hygiene measures were put in place. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new surveillance system for outbreaks of norovirus in English hospitals, the hospital norovirus outbreak reporting system (HNORS), was launched in January 2009. (cambridge.org)
  • NoVs are highly diverse and divided into seven genogroups (GI-GVII) of which GI, GII and GIV have been found among human, and GII is the most popular genogroup in children with acute diarrhea. (researchsquare.com)
  • Among deployed service members during the 10-year period, only 150 cases of the 5 specific causes of gastroenteritis were identified but a total of 20,377 cases of unspecified gastroenteritis/diarrhea were diagnosed (3,062.9 per 100,000 deployed p-yrs). (health.mil)
  • Jan Vinjé] Acute gastroenteritis is usually shown as diarrhea and vomiting. (cdc.gov)
  • Jan Vinjé] Norovirus diarrhea is the leading cause of outbreaks of this syndrome, and you can find it in people of all ages (for example, long-term care facilities and hospital wards, but also schools), primarily where people are congregated together. (cdc.gov)
  • Diarrhea associated with nausea and vomiting is referred to as gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Gastroenteritis usually involves both diarrhea and vomiting. (ireggae.com)
  • Download PDF … chronic diarrhea + frequent bouts of gastroenteritis. (ireggae.com)
  • A confirmed case was defined by diarrhea and laboratory confirmation, and patients without a positive lab were classified as suspected cases. (health.mil)
  • In contrast, porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) causes diarrhea in swine and can be propagated in culture in the presence of bile acids ( Flynn and Saif, 1988 ), providing an animal model of calicivirus gastroenteritis. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Different norovirus genotypes are indicated by color (key). (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we conducted the current study to investigate the diversity of NoVs genotypes adopting a dual nomenclature system, based on both ORF1 and ORF2, in children suffering from acute gastroenteritis who visited Children's Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai from January 2012 to December 2017. (researchsquare.com)
  • Geographical distribution of risk genotypes in pediatric patients with celiac disease in Spain. (incliva.es)
  • Healthcare providers should report all outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, including suspected outbreaks of norovirus, to the appropriate state, local, or territorial health department. (cdc.gov)
  • Human norovirus (HuNoV) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis and can be transmitted by water exposures, but its persistence in water is not well understood. (stanford.edu)
  • Jan Vinjé] Yeah, there are actually several vaccines in clinical trials against norovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • further detail on the clinical manifestations of norovirus has been described elsewhere [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, various clinical features and poor prognoses have been reported in norovirus-associated encephalopathy [ 2 , 3 ]. (annchildneurol.org)
  • Case investigation reports from regional public health departments were used for additional information, like risk factors and clinical manifestation, of the patients since 2008. (ophrp.org)
  • Diarrhoeal diagnostics should be limited to cases in which clinical management may benefit from knowledge of the aetiological agent, and tests should be limited to pathogens likely to be present in the population [3]. (tendenzesg.it)
  • Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. (medscape.com)
  • Norovirus is the leading cause of gastrointestinal illnesses in military settings. (health.mil)
  • Norovirus is a common cause of infectious gastrointestinal disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While symptoms may overlap with other gastrointestinal issues, norovirus is generally more intense and comes on suddenly. (potentialeffects.com)
  • The third is sporadic acute gastroenteritis of adults, which most likely is caused by caliciviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, or adenoviruses. (medscape.com)
  • Campylobacter was the most frequently identified specific etiology (17.6 cases per 100,000 p-yrs), followed by nontyphoidal Salmonella (12.7 cases per 100,000 p-yrs), norovirus (10.8 cases per 100,000 p-yrs), E. coli (7.5 cases per 100,000 p-yrs) and Shigella (3.2 cases per 100,000 p-yrs). (health.mil)
  • Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with Salmonella, and Campylobacter species mostly affecting small children. (ireggae.com)
  • INTRODUCTION Norovirus (NoV) is normally a common reason behind continuing nosocomial outbreaks of severe gastroenteritis and will inflict possibly life-threatening attacks in the immunocompromised, older people, and newborns (1,C3). (cgp60474.com)
  • Newly evolved GII.4 Sydney[P16] norovirus with multiple residue mutations, already circulating in parts of China, became predominant and caused an abrupt increase in diagnosed norovirus cases among children with gastroenteritis in Shanghai during 2021–2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Norovirus is the commonest cause of outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (IID) with around 50% of all IID outbreaks attributed to this pathogen [ Reference Patel 1 , Reference Yen 2 ]. (cambridge.org)
  • Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that can cause severe stomach or intestinal inflammation, commonly called acute gastroenteritis. (potentialeffects.com)
  • [ 2 ] The second is epidemic gastroenteritis, which occurs either in semiclosed communities (eg, families, institutions, ships, vacation spots) or as a result of classic food-borne or water-borne pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • One of these, a particle about 27 nm in diameter, is involved in the acute epidemic form of the disease of short duration. (ireggae.com)
  • In gastroenteritis, the pathogens can enter the GIT from various sources. (ireggae.com)
  • Pathogens notifiable according to section 7.3 are notified to the RKI directly, where they are evaluated according to specific case criteria. (rki.de)
  • Analysis of routine diagnostic data is useful in describing trends for enteric pathogens, but such data represent a minor subset of diarrhoeal cases in the community. (tendenzesg.it)
  • A case was defined as any person in Kananga who developed acute diarrhoea (≥ 3 times/24 hours) and any of the following symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain from 11 November 2013 to 10 December 2013. (who.int)
  • An enhanced surveillance study enrolled patients with acute diarrhoea at the same hospitals over the same period. (tendenzesg.it)
  • Routine diagnostic data represent cases with chronic diarrhoea and dysentery since doctors are most likely to submit specimens for these cases. (tendenzesg.it)
  • Despite substantial decreases in recent decades, gastroenteritis remains the second most common cause of morbidity and the fourth most common cause of mortality worldwide in children under the age of 5 years [1]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • We may not know about many cases because people may not seek healthcare for their illness and most hospitals and doctor's offices do not generally test for norovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Norovirus outbreaks are most frequently reported in healthcare settings such as nursing homes, other long-term care facilities and hospitals [ Reference Patel 1 , Reference Hauri 3 , Reference Johnston 4 ]. (cambridge.org)
  • Stool samples submitted for diagnostic testing represent a proportion of diarrhoeal cases seeking healthcare, and an even smaller proportion of diarrhoeal cases in the community. (tendenzesg.it)
  • Only those cases consulting a healthcare professional and for whom the healthcare professional orders laboratory screening of a stool sample are included in this subset. (tendenzesg.it)
  • METHODS: From March 2018 to October 2021, 1250 AGE case patients and controls (age, sex, season, and site matched) were enrolled at 10 hospitals. (cdc.gov)
  • In the period 1992-2008, 1817 suspected and confirmed outbreaks of norovirus in English hospitals were reported to national surveillance. (cambridge.org)
  • Data from the new reporting system demonstrates that transmission of norovirus levies a heavy burden on English hospitals. (cambridge.org)
  • The public health and financial impact of norovirus outbreaks in English hospitals was first illustrated by a study conducted in the county of Avon, in South West England, between 2002 and 2003 [ Reference Lopman 7 ]. (cambridge.org)
  • An increase in outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in hospitals, nursing homes and in the community was observed in Queensland in 2004. (health.gov.au)
  • Norovirus Genotyping Tool v.2.0 (https://www.rivm.nl/mpf/typingtool/norovirus/) was used for genotyping strains, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted by MEGA 6.0. (researchsquare.com)
  • Findings highlight the need for continuous long-term monitoring for GII.4 Sydney[P16] and emergent GII.4 norovirus variants. (cdc.gov)
  • Stool virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings showed positivity for norovirus genogroup II (GII). (annchildneurol.org)
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bacterial gastroenteritis. (ireggae.com)
  • BD MAX enteric bacterial, bacterial plus, and virus panels for diagnosis of acute infectious gastroenteritis: a cost-benefit analysis. (incliva.es)
  • 11 In 2002 and 2003 a large number of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurred in North America and in Europe. (health.gov.au)
  • A total of 1433 stool specimens were collected from children under five years with acute gastroenteritis between January 2012 and December 2017. (researchsquare.com)
  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). (cdc.gov)
  • PCR analysis of a respiratory sample from the patient showed negative results for norovirus GII, but that of the stool sample showed positive results for norovirus GII. (annchildneurol.org)
  • It is well known that natural recombination at the ORF1/ORF2 junction region is considered a common event between NoVs strains, and more and more combination or recombination norovirus strains are currently appearing in many areas, such as GII.Pe/GII.4, GII.P16/GII.4, GII.P17/GII.17 and GII.P16/GII.2 [10-17]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Norovirus, sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • These guidelines should be informed by local epidemiological data, where diagnostic testing is reserved for cases most likely to benefit from specific treatment. (tendenzesg.it)
  • ORF1 encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved by the virus-encoded protease into six nonstructural proteins, including the norovirus protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (researchsquare.com)
  • 1,2 In American military personnel, acute diarrheal illness was the most commonly reported noncombat disease among deployed personnel during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. (health.mil)
  • Norovirus strains have been traditionally named according to the geographical location from which they were first identified (e.g. (health.gov.au)
  • Norovirus (NoV) is an important reason behind nosocomial gastroenteric outbreaks. (cgp60474.com)
  • Nosocomial outbreaks of norovirus impose a heavy cost on institutions. (cambridge.org)
  • Norovirus surveillance is largely based on laboratory diagnosis and the ability to detect norovirus in affected people has increased with the adoption of more sensitive molecular methods [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When an employee faces a serious health problem or is told he or she needs surgery, seeking a 2nd opinion from another physician can, in some cases, have a significant impact on their diagnosis, treatment plan or prognosis. (surgerysecondopinion.com)
  • Not seeking a 2nd opinion in the case of a serious, complex, or rare diagnosis or recommendation for elective surgery is a missed opportunity to lower the risk of misdiagnosis and inappropriate or ineffective treatment. (surgerysecondopinion.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the burden of norovirus in hospital settings. (cdc.gov)
  • Emergence of recombinant GII.4 Sydney[P16] norovirus associated with acute gastroenteritis among children treated as outpatients in Shanghai, before and during COVID-19 pandemic, Shanghai, China, during January 2016-March 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • To monitor epidemiologic and genetic data from GII.4 Sydney[P16] norovirus in China, we performed laboratory-based surveillance of noroviruses among children with AGE in Shanghai. (cdc.gov)
  • HBoV is rarely detected in adults except in cases of immunosuppression [10, 16, 17]. (datexis.com)
  • In order to determine the nature, scope and scale of community-based surveillance of norovirus disease, we described the methods reported in papers included in the review, as a primary objective. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Optimisation of current diagnostic processes and methods are required for these cases, specifically in terms of minimising turnaround times while maximising diagnostic acumen. (tendenzesg.it)