• Some odorant binding proteins are hypothesized to hasten odor response termination by extracting odorant molecules from the sensillar lymph or from receptors themselves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seven odorants with FD factors ≥ [greater than or equal to] 64 were quantitated by stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA), and their odor activity values (OAV) were calculated. (tennessee.edu)
  • Specific chemicals, authorized by governing authorities, have to be added to give natural gas a distinct odor. (gdscorp.com)
  • Along with other compounds within the mercaptan family and different odorant blends, mercaptan is used to give natural gas that "rotten egg" odor, keeping you aware of dangerous leaks. (gdscorp.com)
  • While the specific odor may vary slightly based on the type of odorant, most gas companies strive to create a universal smell. (gdscorp.com)
  • Vickers and postdoctoral scholar Seong-Gyu Lee (now a researcher at Shin-Hwa ED Tech Co. Ltd. in Ulsan, South Korea) along with colleagues at Cornell University, devised an experiment with funding from the National Science Foundation to see how moths' odor perception might change if the moth's antennae were detecting different odorants. (utah.edu)
  • They focused on the antennal lobe of the brain, where axons from the antennae, conveying detection of odorants, connect to globular odor processing structures called glomeruli. (utah.edu)
  • Schymura D, Forstner M, Schultze A, Kröber T, Swevers L, Iatrou K, Krieger J. Antennal expression pattern of two olfactory receptors and an odorant binding protein implicated in host odor detection by the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae . (ijbs.com)
  • Odor-detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae involves large families of diverse proteins, including multiple odorant binding proteins (AgOBPs) and olfactory receptors (AgORs). (ijbs.com)
  • In addition, methyl mercaptan is a by-product of asparagus in roughly 50% of humans, and it is responsible for the distinct change in odor of the urine (Richer et al. (thesillycircus.com)
  • 1989). Because natural gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, natural gas companies add mercaptan to natural gas to give it a distinct and unpleasant odor to help detect leaks in natural gas pipelines. (thesillycircus.com)
  • However, mercaptan remains the preferred choice due to its distinct odor and effectiveness in detecting gas leaks. (budgetboost.co)
  • Mercaptan, a sulfur-based compound, is the most commonly used odorant, providing a strong and distinctive odor that is easily recognizable. (budgetboost.co)
  • Although the function of the OBPs as a whole is not well established, it is believed that they act as odorant transporters, delivering the odorant molecules to olfactory receptors in the cell membrane of sensory neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The olfactory receptors of terrestrial animals exist in an aqueous environment, yet detect odorants that are primarily hydrophobic. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aqueous solubility of hydrophobic odorants is greatly enhanced via odorant-binding proteins, which exist in the extracellular fluid surrounding the odorant receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are generally believed to increase the solubility of hydrophobic odorants by binding them and transporting them across the aqueous sensillum lymph to receptors in the dendrites, and several studies support a role for OBPs in olfactory perception in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new study shows which types of olfactory receptors humans use to perceive this odorant. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Nevertheless, until now it was unknown which of the approximately 400 different types of olfactory receptors humans use to perceive this odorant. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Despite intensive research, it is still only known for about 20 percent of human olfactory receptors which odorant spectrum they recognize. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Although there is still a long way to go to understand the complex interplay between the approximately 230 key food-related odorants and human olfactory receptors, a start has been made, the molecular biologist adds. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Key food furanones furaneol and sotolone specifically activate distinct odorant receptors , J Agric Food Chem. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Olfactory receptors are supposed to act not only as molecular sensors for odorants but also as cell recognition molecules guiding the axons of olfactory neurons to their appropriate glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • Odorant receptors (ORs), the largest subfamily of G proteincoupled receptors, detect odorants in the nose. (bmbreports.org)
  • Odorant receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are essential for detecting and distinguishing among odorants. (bmbreports.org)
  • Each species develops receptors to pick up only the odorants that they're interested in, preventing the costly mistakes of misidentifying females. (utah.edu)
  • In a normal H. subflexa moth, the antennal receptors for each odorant connect to their own distinct glomerulus. (utah.edu)
  • In exploring the neural wiring between receptors, glomeruli and downstream connections to higher brain centers, Vickers and Lee found that the transplanted odorant receptors still connected to distinct glomeruli, although not in the same locations as in normal moths. (utah.edu)
  • Three structurally distinct groups of antagonists were used to test the hypothesis that integrin adhesion receptors play an essential role in consolidating (stabilizing) long term potentiation of the Schaffer collaterals in rat hippocampus. (shengsci.com)
  • Learn more about mercaptan, the most widely odorant. (gdscorp.com)
  • Both the sulphuric elements and versatility of mercaptan make it a highly effective odorant. (gdscorp.com)
  • GDS Corp offers a number of natural gas odorant monitors to help you maintain optimal levels of mercaptan and THT odorants in your gas streams. (gdscorp.com)
  • However, in some pipelines, an odorant called Mercaptan is injected into the natural gas for safety reasons. (thesillycircus.com)
  • The normal odorant used for natural gas is tertiary butyl mercaptan, which is present at a concentration of approximately 0.5 pound/million standard cubic feet of gas. (thesillycircus.com)
  • The two most common odorants are methyl mercaptan (for natural gas) and ethyl mercaptan (for propane and n-butane). (thesillycircus.com)
  • Known as mercaptan, this odorant is an important safety measure because it provides a distinct smell (much like the smell of rotten eggs) in the event of a gas leak. (thesillycircus.com)
  • The odorant added to natural gas is commonly known as mercaptan, which is a harmless but pungent-smelling compound. (budgetboost.co)
  • By adding an odorant like mercaptan, gas leaks become easier to detect, even in small amounts. (budgetboost.co)
  • While mercaptan is the most commonly used odorant, there are other compounds that can be used as alternatives. (budgetboost.co)
  • On serial sections through the olfactory bulb of mOR37-transgenic mouse lines, double-labeling experiments demonstrated that distinct immunoreactive glomeruli corresponded to glomeruli that were targeted by neurons expressing a particular member of the mOR37 receptor subfamily. (jneurosci.org)
  • And even though the transplanted antennae were sensitive to different odorants than normal antennae, activation of three glomeruli was enough to make the moths think a female was nearby. (utah.edu)
  • We show that the odorant-specific recruitment of distinct glomeruli resulted in enhanced local CTGF expression levels in the activated glomeruli. (hal.science)
  • This may suggest gender-specific differences in the ability to detect distinct odorants, specifically human host-derived volatiles. (ijbs.com)
  • Insects detect and discriminate volatile odorants by means of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) located in sensory structures called olfactory sensilla. (ijbs.com)
  • To ensure safety, an odorant is added to natural gas, giving it a distinctive smell that allows individuals to detect leaks and take immediate action. (budgetboost.co)
  • In this study, antibodies were generated against unique epitopes of distinct OR types and used in immunohistochemical experiments to visualize the receptor proteins in whole-mount preparations and tissue sections of the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small (10 to 30 kDa) soluble proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons, including the nasal mucus of many vertebrate species and in the sensillar lymph of chemosensory sensilla of insects. (wikipedia.org)
  • This family is composed of pheromone binding proteins (PBP), which are male-specific and associate with pheromone-sensitive neurons and general-odorant-binding proteins (GOBP). (wikipedia.org)
  • These proteins were initially identified on the basis of their ability to bind with moderate-affinity radioactively labeled odorants. (wikipedia.org)
  • All odorant binding proteins are believed to have a common structure despite their genetic diversity and highly variable primary structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • The functions of odorant binding proteins as a whole is not well understood. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we have explored the expression of these olfactory proteins, as well as the ubiquitous odorant receptor heteromerization partner AgOR7, in the thirteen flagellomeres (segments) of female and male antenna. (ijbs.com)
  • Within a sensillum, ORNs are accompanied by several support cells, which secrete odorant binding proteins (OBPs) into the sensillum lymph [ 6 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • It's important to inject the appropriate amount of gas odorant to give natural gas a detectable smell. (gdscorp.com)
  • First Odorized Gas The first odorization (i.e., adding an odorant to gas so that it is detectable by smell) occurred in Germany during the 1880s. (thesillycircus.com)
  • The odorant remains in the gas throughout its distribution and usage, ensuring that it remains detectable in case of leaks. (budgetboost.co)
  • Moth species develop their own highly specialized sensitivities to odorants and pheromone blends. (utah.edu)
  • These may include blends of other sulfur-based compounds or even non-sulfur odorants. (budgetboost.co)
  • We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
  • They also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as ENDOCANNABINOIDS. (bvsalud.org)
  • If you regularly work with natural gas, you're probably accustomed to the "rotten egg" smell of gas odorants. (gdscorp.com)
  • Local activist Mary Corduff said there had been a distinct smell of gas in the vicinity of the refinery for three days. (republican-news.org)
  • Different individuals comprised a similar number of cells expressing a distinct AgOR type, although their antennal topography and number per flagellomere varied. (ijbs.com)
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
  • Pro Tip: Not all gas odorants smell the same, making it essential for manufacturers to install a complete gas detection system to monitor concentration levels. (gdscorp.com)
  • In this study, a total of 32 odorants were identified in Cumberland Rosemary using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Odorant flavor dilution (FD) factors were determined through the application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). (tennessee.edu)
  • The valence and salience of individual odorants are modulated by an animal's innate preferences, learned associations, and internal state, as well as by the context of odorant presentation. (plos.org)
  • Snap & Sniff Olfactory Test System), and intensity and valence ratings for 3 "pleasant" and 3 "unpleasant" odorants. (nature.com)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • The odorant also provides an added layer of protection in situations where gas leaks occur in enclosed spaces or areas with poor ventilation. (budgetboost.co)
  • The addition of this odorant ensures that individuals can identify potential gas leaks promptly, enabling them to take necessary precautions and prevent accidents or health risks. (budgetboost.co)
  • Furaneol is a natural odorant that gives numerous fruits, but also coffee or bread, a caramel-like scent. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Odorization is the process of adding an odorant to a gas so that it smells to alert a bystander that natural gas is present. (thesillycircus.com)
  • The primary purpose of adding an odorant to natural gas is safety. (budgetboost.co)
  • 1. Can the odorant added to natural gas be removed or reduced? (budgetboost.co)
  • The odorant added to natural gas is not harmful at the concentrations found in gas distribution systems. (budgetboost.co)
  • As our results show, furaneol activated only the OR5M3 odorant receptor. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Results: The OEL identified for a chemical odorant or irritant will depend on the type of che- mosensory effect that the chemical is likely to exhibit. (cdc.gov)
  • Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)
  • In doing so, we specify exactly which type of odorant receptor they present on their cell surface. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • HSV-vektorn i PAG minskar ERK 1/2 fosforylering, blockerar Fos-expression och minskar fosforylering av CREB i råttor med utfällt morfinuttag av C Hansen · 2009 · Citerat av 75 - Moreover, inhibition of the Wnt-5a/DARPP-32/CREB pathway, by expression of the activity of CREB and c-fos are strongly attenuated in DARPP-32 knockout C-Fos Expression in Behaviorally Distinct Vole Species following Pair-Bonded Mate Reunion. (web.app)
  • For example, males of one species, Heliothis subflexa , may interpret the combination of odorants A, B and C as a signal that a female is nearby. (utah.edu)
  • Another species, Heliothis virescens , may get the same message from odorants A and E but would be repelled by odorant D, which is produced by H. subflexa . (utah.edu)
  • This review describes current knowledge about the expression of distinct ORs in cancers, as well as the canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways induced by these ORs. (bmbreports.org)
  • found that the deletion of the sole abundant OBP, Obp28a, in ab8 sensilla of Drosophila does not reduce the magnitude of their olfactory responses, suggesting that Obp28a is not required for odorant transport and that ab8 sensilla do not require an abundant OBP. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that these opposing responses are driven via engagement of distinct odorant-directed signal transduction pathways within AWC. (plos.org)
  • A chemical odorant has been added to propane to give it a distinct smell. (bvsm1.com)
  • We show that two laboratory rodent diets, widely used as standard animal feeds and experimental controls, display distinct abilities in supporting mice during influenza infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the present study, the researchers examined a total of 391 human odorant receptor types and 225 of their most common variants. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • We have genetically modified the test cells so that they act like small biosensors for odorants. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • In this way, we can specifically investigate which receptor reacts how strongly to which odorant," explains Dietmar Krautwurst. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • Even one thousandth of a gram of the odorant per liter is sufficient to generate a signal," says first author of the study Franziska Haag. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure composed of several distinct layers and synaptic specializations. (medscape.com)
  • This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)
  • A new study suggests that depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) could be a clinically distinct disorder rather than traditional major depressive disorder, with implications for patient treatment. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A new study led by Shan Siddiqi, MD, from Brigham and Women's Hospital, a founding member of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system, suggests that depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) could be a clinically distinct disorder rather than traditional major depressive disorder, with implications for patient treatment. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Many clinicians have suspected that this is a clinically distinct disorder with a unique pattern of symptoms and unique treatment response, including poor response to conventional antidepressants -- but until now, we didn't have clear physiological evidence to prove this. (sciencedaily.com)
  • 1973). In this research, participants were presented with 100 odorants in four groups of 25. (webclearinghouse.net)
  • To this end, the team examined 186 other substances that are key odorants and therefore play a major role in shaping the aroma of food. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • If we're right, it means that we should be treating depression after TBI like a distinct disease," said corresponding author Shan Siddiqi, MD, of the Brigham's Department of Psychiatry and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics. (sciencedaily.com)