Distinct developmental phases phase cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Interestingly, P-Tex cells expressed CDK4 genes as high as cancer cells, which could be simultaneously inhibited by CDK4 inhibitors and might be a potential reason for the ineffectiveness of CDK4 inhibitors in treating HPV-positive HNSCC. (elifesciences.org)
Examination of late gestation developmental genes in vivo may be limited by early embryonic lethality and compensatory mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, there is need for fundamental distinction between the different types and functions of genes that are involved in anti-cell death in plants. (essaywriter.org)
The main aim of this paper is to review the pathways that lead to cell death in plants with a purpose of identifying the anti-cell death genes. (essaywriter.org)
At the end of the discussion, significant insights will be developed to paint a picture of the emerging trends in plant development with respect to the topical research on anti-cell death genes. (essaywriter.org)
The dominant discovery in these experiments indicates that there is a heterologous expression of certain genes in plants that can regulate cell death. (essaywriter.org)
The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
The reduced expression of most of these genes in htz1Delta cells was reversed by the deletion of SIR2 (sir2Delta) suggesting that H2A.Z antagonizes telomeric silencing. (sdbonline.org)
The AINTEGUMENTA genes, MdANT1 and MdANT2, are associated with the regulation of cell production during fruit growth in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of the ANT genes was compared across two apple genotypes, 'Gala' and 'Golden Delicious Smoothee' (GS), which differ in the extent of fruit growth, largely due to differences in cell production. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of the ANTs and cell cycle genes in the fruit core and cortex tissues isolated using laser capture microdissection was studied. (biomedcentral.com)
ANTs may coordinate the expression of cell proliferation genes and thereby affect the competence of cells for cell production during fruit growth. (biomedcentral.com)
Although it is apparent that cell production and expansion are important determinants of fruit growth, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and genes that regulate these processes remains limited. (biomedcentral.com)
Previous research indicated coordinated changes in the expression of core cell cycle genes during different phases of fruit growth in apple [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, we were able to reconstruct the three developmental phases during osteoblast differentiation: proliferation, matrix maturation, and mineralization, and illustrate the activation of the SMAD signaling pathways by TGF-β2 and BMPs. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite growing experience and knowledge concerning human MSC and their use in cell-based strategies, the molecular mechanisms that govern MSC self-renewal, expansion and multilineage differentiation are not well understood and remain an active area of investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
We monitored these cells during their expansion ex vivo with respect to proliferation kinetics, surface marker profile and differentiation potential. (biomedcentral.com)
These cycling cells also progress through neuronal differentiation to axonal extension. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Finally quantification of the incidence of the phenotype in young and more mature neuroepithelium has CCT137690 allowed us to propose that once the transcriptional program assigning neural progenitor cells to a subtype of neurons is set up transgenic cells progress in their program of differentiation regardless of cell cycle exit. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Conclusion Our findings indicate that maintaining neural progenitor cells in proliferation is insufficient to prevent differentiation or alter cell-fate choice. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Furthermore our results indicate that the programs of neuronal specification and differentiation are controlled independently of cell cycle exit. (colinsbraincancer.com)
In the developing nervous system two principal factors determine the fate of the differentiating neurons or glia: the position of the neural progenitor cell within the neuroepithelium and the timing of initiation of its differentiation. (colinsbraincancer.com)
In the developing spinal cord the ventricular zone contains neural progenitor cells that are subdivided into groups destined for distinct neuronal differentiation [1]. (colinsbraincancer.com)
While oligodendrocytes retain the capacity to divide after leaving the neural progenitor domain neuronal progenitor cells exit the cell cycle prior to initiating migration and differentiation in the mantle layer. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Data indicate that cell cycle exit alone is insufficient to trigger neuronal differentiation [11 12 Conversely the onset of neuronal differentiation may be hindered by forcing neural progenitor cells to cycle CCT137690 [13]. (colinsbraincancer.com)
D-type cyclins (CyclinDs) are known to govern progression in G1 and forced expression of CyclinDs at early stages of spinal cord development keeps neural progenitor cells proliferating impeding neuronal differentiation [13]. (colinsbraincancer.com)
In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. (mdpi.com)
Differentiation involves morphogenesis but also cell-appropriate organelle biogenesis programs. (biomedcentral.com)
Monocot leaves, where cell proliferation and differentiation are displayed along a linear developmental gradient, provide an ideally suited experimental system to study these processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation subsequently occurs in leaf primordia basipetally, resulting in a gradient of easily distinguishable cellular morphologies of distal differentiated cells towards the tip of the leaf, basal progenitor proliferating cells adjacent to the shoot apical meristem, and all possible intermediate stages in between. (biomedcentral.com)

The histone H2A.F/Z (H2AZ) variant is a functionally distinct, highly conserved histone subgroup that likely represents a separate evolutionary lineage of histone H2A proteins. (sdbonline.org)
It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)

The cdc25 gene product is a tyrosine phosphatase that acts as an initiator of M-phase in eukaryotic cell cycles by activating p34 cdc2 . (biologists.com)
Eukaryotic cells can rapidly adjust their transcriptional profile in response to molecular needs. (biomedcentral.com)
While the most obvious molecule that needs to be made is DNA, there are a host of others: molecules for membranes, ribosomes and (for eukaryotic cells) for mitochondria and plastids. (geneseo.edu)

Cellular morphology, time-lapse imaging, and nuclear staining demonstrated that this activity occurred in mitotically active cells. (jneurosci.org)
mitotically active cells of intact segments do not significantly contribute to the blastemal cellular sources. (mdpi.com)

Anti-cell death is a technique adopted by multi-cellular organisms as a defensive and developmental mechanism (Franklin-Tong and Gourlay, pg 390). (essaywriter.org)
New evidence suggests that the L-field is generated by and embodied in the quantum-coherent liquid crystalline water that makes up 70-90 % of organisms and cells and is essential for life. (i-sis.org.uk)
This pattern of change through time is termed development and while the term is mostly associated with organisms, it is significant to realize that organized (i.e., controlled in some manner) change through time is seen in cells (e.g., the cell cycle, apoptosis), populations (e.g., logistic and exponential population growth) and communities (e.g., succession). (geneseo.edu)
We have defined organisms as being distinct in time and space with a starting point and an ending point. (geneseo.edu)
For most familiar organisms the starting point is a special cell that has the ability to proliferate, develop a complex structure, and grow to produce an 'end point', a specific form that characterizes that particular creature. (geneseo.edu)
That is, some organisms 'self-destruct' as part of its developmental process, just as some cells do. (geneseo.edu)
We are focused at a very different level, considering the very basic developmental features that bring about the form and structure of the biological entities we describe as organisms. (geneseo.edu)
Universally, development in unicellular organisms has two visible manifestations (there are many more developmental events that are not visible): cell division (Fig. 7) and cell growth. (geneseo.edu)
More recently, melatonin has been reported to be synthesized in small amounts by a wide variety of animal cells and tissues as well as diverse organisms, including all kingdoms of living organisms [cf. ( 3 , 4 )], where it presumably has local paracrine and autocrine actions, some of which are probably independent of specific melatonin receptors ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)

Other factors have since been linked with the decision by plant cells to activate cell death, including cell survival signals, stress signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition and metabolic state. (essaywriter.org)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts provide potential for the development of novel treatment strategies, such as improved healing of large bone defects. (biomedcentral.com)
Background Through the development of the nervous system neural progenitor cells can either stay in the pool of proliferating undifferentiated cells or exit the cell cycle and differentiate. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Background Embryonic neural stem cells can either proliferate thereby maintaining a pool of undifferentiated neural progenitor cells or differentiate into neurons or macroglial cells. (colinsbraincancer.com)
At early CCT137690 developmental phases the ventral neural progenitor cells termed progenitors of engine neurons (pMNs) can create engine neurons while at later on phases they differentiate into oligodendrocytes. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)

Unlike apoptosis, senescence is a state of which cells are still alive and metabolically active. (frontiersin.org)
In animals, morphological distinctions have since been used to distinguish different types of cell deaths, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. (essaywriter.org)
Primarily, the aim of anti-cell death in animals is to describe the processes of autophagy and apoptosis, while necrosis is the mechanism for defining the uncontrollable or chaotic mode of death. (essaywriter.org)
Majority of the literature and experiments in the field of programmed cell death in plants draw heavily on comparative analysis retrieved from paradigms of animal systems such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. (essaywriter.org)

In this study we asked if MSC are developing in an aberrant or unwanted way during ex vivo long-term cultivation and if artificial cultivation conditions exert any influence on their stem cell maintenance. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, with regard to targets, the reported affinities of the two known human melatonin receptors (in both cell expression systems and ex vivo ) are in the nanomolar range [cf. ( 7 )], whereas many if not most experimental protocols have employed very pharmacological concentrations to achieve significant effects. (frontiersin.org)

Cycling cells located in the mantle zone do not retain markers of neural progenitor cells such as Sox2 or Olig2 but upregulate transcription factors involved in motor neuron specification including MNR2 and Islet1/2. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Primordium cells, in contrast to stem cells, are already specified, have entered a period of maximal proliferation, but for a limited number of times, and can thus be considered the plant equivalent of progenitor cells in animal organs. (biomedcentral.com)

This study provides fundamental insight into the functional impact of CDK4 inhibition on cells in the tumor microenvironment, which is of high importance and interest to the field. (elifesciences.org)

Both intrinsic and extrinsic signals are likely to influence the proliferative potential and eventual fates of precursor cells within the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
This allows for the spread of electrical and chemical signals to cells within a defined radial compartment within the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
Cell production is re-initiated in response to signals generated during pollination and/or fertilization resulting in fruit set. (biomedcentral.com)

This problem is particularly apparent in evaluating the developmental role of the. (biomedcentral.com)
Promoters, enhancers and physical interactions between regions of DNA are important in ways that are only now becoming apparent, directing phases of development, and often perturbed in cancers. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Using an intact cortical mantle and confocal laser microscopy, we examined the spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i fluctuations in neocortical ventricular zone (VZ) cells in situ . (jneurosci.org)

To keep pMNs in the cell cycle we forced the expression of G1-phase regulators the D-type cyclins. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)

While developmental senescence and acute senescence may positively contribute to the fine-tuning of embryogenesis and injury repair, chronic senescence, when unresolved promptly, plays a crucial role in kidney fibrogenesis and CKD progression. (frontiersin.org)

Rho GTPases and their downstream effector proteins regulate a diverse array of cellular processes during embryonic development, including reorganization of cytoskeletal architecture, cell adhesion, and transcr. (biomedcentral.com)
Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Other cellular components of the innate immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells. (medscape.com)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
These advances establish a third mechanism of chromatin reconfiguration, raising fundamental questions about the stability of nucleosomes in nonreplicative phases of the cell cycle and the cellular machinery responsible for incorporating histone variants into nucleosomes (Mizuguchi, 2004). (sdbonline.org)
Taking advantage of the developmental gradient in the bread wheat leaf, we provide a simultaneous quantitative analysis for the development of mesophyll cells and of chloroplasts as a cellular compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. (biomedcentral.com)

The nocturnal plasma melatonin signal is conserved in essentially all vertebrates and is accessed not just for reproductive rhythms, but for seasonal cycles of metabolic activities, immune functions, and behavioral expression. (frontiersin.org)

During this time, precursor cells undergo interkinetic nuclear migration ( Seymour and Berry, 1975 ) in which cells in the DNA synthetic S phase have their nuclei in the upper third of the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
When cells pass from S to G 2 , the nuclei migrate toward the VZ surface where mitosis occurs. (jneurosci.org)
The DNA within the nuclei of our cells carries the information to generate the machinery of the cell, the cell itself, our tissues and then the whole human. (birmingham.ac.uk)

which switch cell-fate from motor neurons to oligodendrocytes with time. (colinsbraincancer.com)
We also observed mitotic cells displaying all the features of differentiating motor neurons including axonal projection via the ventral root. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Although spontaneous changes of [Ca 2+ ] i have been examined in immature cortical neurons, the calcium dynamics of cortical precursor cells have received less attention. (jneurosci.org)
Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that these events occurred primarily in precursor cells rather than in postmitotic neurons. (jneurosci.org)

In many insects, ecdysis, such as egg-hatching, pupation, and eclosion, each of which takes place once in the life cycle, occurs at a certain time of the day. (bioone.org)

After bud-break, rapid growth within the ovary and floral-tube tissues is facilitated by intensive cell production. (biomedcentral.com)
Another point to consider is that although plasma melatonin levels are physiologically elevated for many hours at nighttime, protocols often expose tissues or cells to only very short melatonin treatments, which may be physiologically irrelevant. (frontiersin.org)

P-Tex cells could aggregate in the antigen-presenting cell niches and activate certain signaling pathways. (elifesciences.org)
Our results provide an evolutionary perspective on H3.3's conserved role in maintaining the transcriptional landscape of cells and on the emergence of specialized chromatin assembly pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)

Much of the current understanding of these processes is derived from analyses of nucleosomal histones that represent the major histone species within cells. (sdbonline.org)
The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
These processes are components of the 'cell cycle', a repeating series where cells acquire materials, synthesize molecules from them, and partition these materials into two daughter cells in the process of mitosis. (geneseo.edu)

Cell-to-cell interactions set off a cascade of events that may result in T- or B-cell activation and, ultimately, host defense. (medscape.com)

The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)
Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)

Senescent cells elicit their fibrogenic actions primarily by secreting an assortment of inflammatory and profibrotic factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (frontiersin.org)
Glial cells are primarily produced in a second germinal zone, the subventricular zone that is located superficially to the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
For example, increase in fruit growth under higher carbohydrate availability during early fruit development is primarily associated with an increase in cell production [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The survival prognosis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is largely different, and little is known about the anti-tumor mechanism of tumor-infiltrated exhausted CD8 + T cells (Tex) in HNSCC. (elifesciences.org)

Additionally, this discussion expands its mandate by analyzing the function and regulation of anti-cell death in plant development. (essaywriter.org)

We show that the first phase of plastid development begins with organelle proliferation, which extends well beyond cell proliferation, and continues with the establishment and then the build-up of the plastid genetic machinery. (biomedcentral.com)

Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. (medscape.com)

After mitosis, daughter cells can either remain proliferative and re-enter the cell cycle or become terminally postmitotic and migrate out of the VZ ( McConnell, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)

Multiple lines of evidence from this study suggest that MdANT1 and MdANT2 regulate cell production during fruit growth in apple. (biomedcentral.com)

transgenic cells instead migrate to the differentiating field (mantle zone) regardless of cell cycle exit. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Although the cells migrate into the differentiating field they retain neural progenitor traits including the ability to divide. (colinsbraincancer.com)

With a variety of assays we could show that MSC represent a cell population which can be expanded for therapeutic applications. (biomedcentral.com)
In recent years mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have generated a great deal of interest as a potential source for cell-based therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)

A proliferative exhausted CD8 + T cell cluster (P-Tex) which was beneficial to survival outcomes of patients with HPV-positive HNSCC was identified. (elifesciences.org)

Amputation-induced proliferation occurred predominantly within the epidermal and intestinal epithelium, as well as wound-adjacent muscle fibers, where clusters of cells at the same stage of the cell cycle were found. (mdpi.com)

The compelling conclusion that proliferative exhausted T cells are associated with response in HPV+ head and neck cancer is supported by the cohort of 14 patients with paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue and rigorous bioinformatic analysis of nearly 50,000 single CD3+ T cell transcriptomes. (elifesciences.org)

These results demonstrate distinct patterns of spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i change in cortical precursor cells and raise the possibility that these dynamics may contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)

Here we describe the cloning and characterization of the developmental expression pattern of two mouse cdc25 homologs. (biologists.com)
This allows us to generate the first biologically-informed gene expression map of this leaf, with the entire developmental gradient from meristematic to fully differentiated cells captured. (biomedcentral.com)
MdANT1 and MdANT2 expression was high during early fruit growth coincident with the period of cell production, rapidly declined during exit from cell production, and remained low during the rest of fruit development. (biomedcentral.com)

However, for cell therapies MSC have to be expanded and/or manipulated to obtain a sufficient amount of cells that can be subsequently used for treatment. (biomedcentral.com)

Our research is defining the normal mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, with the aim of understanding how it is deregulated in cancer cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)

This developmental gradient is common to the world's three main cereal crops, wheat, rice, and maize. (biomedcentral.com)

In most eukaryotes, two classes of histones have been described: (1) replicative or canonical histones, expressed only during the S phase of the cell cycle, which are assembled onto chromatin in a DNA replication-dependent (RD) manner, and (2) variant histones, which differ in their primary amino acid sequences, are expressed throughout the cell cycle, and can be deposited in a replication-independent (RI) fashion [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To counteract constraints imposed by nucleosome structure, cells deploy two major classes of multiprotein enzymes, which covalently modify the nucleosome core histones or catalyze nucleosome mobility in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent fashion. (sdbonline.org)

When imaging near the ventricular surface, synchronous spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i increases were frequently observed in pairs of adjacent cells. (jneurosci.org)

The term anti-cell death is used extensively to describe the observed instances of death in plants. (essaywriter.org)

Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy - Spinning disk microscopy has advanced significantly in the past decade and now represents one of the optimum solutions for both routine and high-performance live-cell imaging applications. (fsu.edu)

Together, our findings suggest a promising role for P-Tex cells in the prognosis of patients with HPV-positive HNSCC by providing modest but persistent anti-tumor effects. (elifesciences.org)
Evidently, it has been established from the above outline that cell death plays a pivotal role in the innate responses in both animals and plants. (essaywriter.org)
Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)

Increase in carbohydrate availability enhanced fruit growth largely through an increase in cell production. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the human NK cells responsible for the generation and maintenance of trained immunity are largely unknown. (cancerbiomed.org)

The adaptive immune system consists of 2 types of lymphocytes: T cells (70-75% of the adaptive immune force) and B cells (10-20% of the adaptive immune force). (medscape.com)
NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. (medscape.com)

We performed cell-level multi-omics sequencing on human HNSCC samples to decipher the multi-dimensional characteristics of Tex cells. (elifesciences.org)
Despite this, there are adaptive characteristics and distinctive features that that distinguish the lifestyle of plants from those of animals, hence the adoption of only distantly related components in revealing the genetic regulations of plant cell death. (essaywriter.org)
The morphological characteristics of these cells and immunohistochemical staining suggested that the coordinated events occurred in gap junction-coupled precursor cells. (jneurosci.org)

Using relevant sources of literature, the paper delivers a systematic analysis of fascinating analogies between cell death and plant development with respect to the primary functions of cell death as stipulated in the introductory outline of the discussion. (essaywriter.org)
Since this discovery, the field of plant programmed cell death has continued to grow, with maturity depicted in studies aimed at distinguishing the roles of plant cell deaths in plant development. (essaywriter.org)
In plants, cell death is a fundamental process, as it plays the roles of controlling the elimination of cells during plant development and defense in the form of hypersensitive response. (essaywriter.org)
Fig. 7 Development in yeast, a unicellular organism, involves changes that bring about reproduction (cell division) by budding. (geneseo.edu)

In both cases the endpoint of the developmental process is death. (geneseo.edu)

Cell death refers to a series of events that culminate in the organized and controlled destruction of the cell. (essaywriter.org)
These events occurred in cells throughout the depth of the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
The rapid expansion in biomedical research using live-cell imaging techniques over the past several years has been fueled by a combination of events that include dramatic advances in spinning disk confocal microscopy instrumentation coupled with the introduction of novel ultra-sensitive detectors and continued improvements in the performance of genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins. (fsu.edu)

Much like the hormones thyroxine, insulin or cortisol, the molecule melatonin has a variety of diverse roles to play as a function of developmental life stage (embryo, neonate, adolescent, or adult). (frontiersin.org)

There have been several attempts to analyze the concept of cell death in plants since the experimental demonstrations in studies conducted in the 1980s and the 1990s with the aim of dissecting the programmed nature of plant cell death (Xinqiang and Hong, pg 354). (essaywriter.org)

Fluorescent Protein Technology - It took over thirty years, and the advent of recombinant DNA as well as vastly improved molecular biological approaches to see the pioneering work of Osamu Shimomura developed into a useful tool for live-cell imaging by Doug Prasher and Martin Chalfie. (fsu.edu)

Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. (medscape.com)

Natural-killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes that have cytotoxic properties in addition to their ability to produce cytokines that assist in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
Trained immunity of natural killer (NK) cells has shown great potential in the treatment of cancers by eliciting enhanced effector responses to restimulation by cytokines or cancer cells for long time periods after preactivation. (cancerbiomed.org)

Phase responses of the eclosion rhythm were examined by applying a low-temperature pulse in the day prior to the first eclosion peak. (bioone.org)

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