Distal skeletal muscle myosins. Medical search. Frequent questions

We have previously demonstrated that a layer of skeletal muscle cells in the EOMs demonstrate a longitudinal variation in their myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. (upenn.edu)
Differential splicing of the titin gene results in numerous species- and muscle-specific titin isoforms. (frontiersin.org)
Several chronic conditions leading to skeletal muscle dysfunction are known to be associated with changes in the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms at both the mRNA and protein level. (biomedcentral.com)
Using a combination of ligase-mediated rapid amplification of 5' and 3' cDNA ends (RACE) and bioinformatics, mRNAs to the four main skeletal-muscle isoforms of MHC were determined. (biomedcentral.com)
The slow-type MHC skeletal muscle (Type 1 or MyH7β) and cardiac (MyHα) isoforms are located independently from the other striated muscle associated isoforms on chromosome 14 in both species [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Of the eleven sarcomeric isoform genes of MHC, four are known to be expressed in adult skeletal muscle: one "slow-twitch" (Type I) muscle-associated MHC isoform and three "fast-twitch" (Types IIA, IIX and IIB) muscle-associated isoforms. (biomedcentral.com)
Point mutations in genes encoding isoforms of skeletal muscle tropomyosin may cause nemaline myopathy, cap myopathy (Cap), congenital fiber-type disproportion (CFTD), and distal arthrogryposis. (ox.ac.uk)
Myoglobin expression was limited, however, to fibers located centrally within the limb which coexpress myosin isoforms characteristic of type I, IIA, and IIX fibers. (elsevierpure.com)
In addition, differences in troponin-I isoforms correlated with TnT 1 levels between the proximal, central and distal regions. (biologists.com)
Both active and passive stretch of the rectus muscles produced by strabismus surgery dramatically upregulated the processes of satellite cell activation, integration of new myonuclei into existing myofibers, and concomitant upregulation of immature myosin heavy chain isoforms. (arvojournals.org)
Initially, her lab focused on regulation of the biosynthesis and assembly of sodium pump subunits and molecular mechanisms controlling sodium pump isoforms in kidney, cardiac and skeletal muscle by potassium, hormones, and other factors under normal conditions and during human heart failure. (usc.edu)
2017). Expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms mRNA transcripts in the temporalis muscle of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). (euses.cat)
Slightly different versions (called isoforms) of titin are made from the TTN gene in different muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
These variants result in the production of an abnormal titin protein, particularly isoforms that are found in cardiac muscle. (medlineplus.gov)

At the neuromuscular junction, an EOM-specific MyHC isoform is present, while a distinct isoform is found proximal and distal to the neuromuscular junction and sharply excluded from the junctional area. (upenn.edu)
In the I-band part skeletal muscle titin is composed of a series of proximal Ig-domains, the N2A-domain (including the N2-A unique sequence), the PEVK domain [high abundance of proline (P), glutamic acid (E), valine (V), and lysine (K)] and the distal Ig-domains. (frontiersin.org)
Innovative muscle principles (proximal and distal initiation, muscle coupling and currenting, A and B muscles, four stages of a muscle action, eight functions of a muscle). (bodymindcentering.com)
2002). Divergence in species and regulatory role of beta -myosin heavy chain proximal promoter muscle-CAT elements. (missouri.edu)
Most patients present with a history of progressive, symmetric, proximal muscle weakness that starts in childhood to young adulthood. (medscape.com)
The amplitudes of the EPSPs in the distal fibres were intermediate between those of the proximal and central regions. (biologists.com)
In 1884, Erb characterized a juvenile form of proximal muscle weakness. (medscape.com)
[ 9 ] Walton and Nattrass described the disease as a progressive muscle weakness with atrophy involving predominantly proximal muscles (eg, pelvis, shoulder). (medscape.com)
They stabilize the proximal part of the limb when moving the distal part. (auladeanatomia.com)
In most cases this text uses the terms proximal attachment and distal attachment to refer to the specific sites of these connective tissue attachments of muscles onto bone(s) in order to reflect the concept that when a muscle contracts, either end can move, depending on the goal and conditions of the movement. (humankinetics.com)
see table 2.2), it is the distal attachment of the biceps brachii on the forearm that moves, while in a pull-up it is the proximal attachments and segment that move. (humankinetics.com)
The terminology of customary and reverse muscle actions can also be used to describe whether the distal (customary) or proximal (reverse) segment is moving. (humankinetics.com)
For example, if you imagined the distal attachment of the gluteus medius shown in figure 2.7 moving toward the proximal attachment, hip abduction would be occurring. (humankinetics.com)
The upper esophageal sphincter ( UES ) and proximal one third of esophageal body is composed of striated muscle. (nature.com)

Embodying muscles and initiating movement at the molecular level (actin and myosin). (bodymindcentering.com)
A crossbridge is then formed between actin and myosin, resulting in a contraction cycle powered by ATP. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Titin interacts with other muscle proteins, including actin and myosin, to keep the components of sarcomeres in place as muscles contract and relax. (medlineplus.gov)

Researchers believe that this protein helps regulate the tensing of muscle fibers (muscle contraction). (medlineplus.gov)
However, researchers speculate that contractures may be related to problems with muscle contraction that limit the movement of joints before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
Finally, in vivo genetic suppression experiments, designed to ameliorate cardiac decline during troponin-T-mediated disease, will resolve novel interactions among thin filament components involved in regulating muscle contraction. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Its central position in the sarcomere and the tight association to myosin are the basis for titin's role in maintaining the structural integrity of the sarcomere during the relaxation-contraction cycle. (frontiersin.org)
The sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle contraction because it squeezes together during contraction from the myosin pulling on the actin. (msudenver.edu)
7. All skeletal muscle cells need a motor neuron (movement nerve cell) to provide stimulation for contraction. (msudenver.edu)
14. For a small contraction of your biceps muscle, some (say 10%) of the muscle cells will do their "all. (msudenver.edu)
For a bigger contraction of your biceps muscle (say 60%) more muscle cells contract maximally. (msudenver.edu)
For a maximal contraction of the whole biceps muscle, all of the muscle cells will be contracting maximally. (msudenver.edu)
15. Multiple motor unit summation = spatial summation and occurs when many muscle cells or motor units contract at the same time making a bigger whole muscle contraction (as is described for number 14). (msudenver.edu)
Fast skeletal myosin binding protein-C modulates the speed and force of fast skeletal muscle contraction. (uc.edu)
Our study concludes that fast myosin binding protein-C is essential in regulating the force generation and speed of contraction of fast muscles. (uc.edu)
Skeletal muscles are designed to produce voluntary movement by applying forces to bones and joints via a muscle contraction. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Excessive force to a muscle fibre results in tearing of the sarcoplasm and the cells respond by forming a contraction band (condensation of cytoskeletal material) creating a protective barrier. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Help regulate the contraction of muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism. (thehealthygamer.com)
The contraction of skeletal muscles stabilize the joints and participate in the maintenance of body positions, such as standing or sitting. (auladeanatomia.com)
Sustained contraction of the ring bands of smooth muscles (sphincters) can prevent the contents of a hollow organ from escaping. (auladeanatomia.com)
Esophageal peristalsis results from sequential contraction of circular muscle, which serves to push the ingested food bolus toward the stomach. (nature.com)
This occurs through sequential or "peristaltic" contraction of circular muscle in the esophageal body, in concert with appropriately timed relaxation of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters. (nature.com)
Receptors in the posterior pharynx are then activated to initiate the involuntary phase of deglutition, which involves carefully sequenced contraction of numerous head and neck muscles. (nature.com)
This involves two major phenomena, namely the sequential contraction of circular muscle of the esophageal body, which results in a peristaltic wave that pushes the food toward the stomach, and relaxation and opening of the LES . (nature.com)
Tensiomyography measures the radial displacement of a muscle during an electrically evoked twitch contraction. (plos.org)
As such, a twitch provides information on muscle contractile properties and the functioning of the excitation-contraction coupling process. (plos.org)
Muscular fatigue causes a slowing of muscle contraction velocity, reversing as the muscle recovers from fatigue [ 21 - 24 ]. (plos.org)

The typical features of congenital myopathy include early-onset muscle weakness, often associated with features of low muscle bulk and tone. (medscape.com)
Skeletal abnormalities are frequent complications of patients with a congenital myopathy. (medscape.com)
We studied the effect of the E173A, R90P, E150A, and A155T myopathy-causing substitutions in γ-tropomyosin (Tpm3.12) on the position of tropomyosin in thin filaments, and the conformational state of actin monomers and myosin heads at different stages of the ATPase cycle using polarized fluorescence microscopy. (ox.ac.uk)
For example, mutations in TTN gene may present with a wide range of phenotypes ranging from congenital myopathy to late-onset distal myopathy. (medscape.com)
Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a rare genetic muscle disorder, but one of the most common among the congenital myopathies. (biomedcentral.com)
Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle dysfunction and the presence of nemaline bodies (rods) in the muscle fibers. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations in the J domain of DNAJB6 cause dominant distal myopathy. (wustl.edu)
Several variants (also known as mutations) in the TTN gene have been found to cause centronuclear myopathy, a condition that is characterized by muscle weakness (myopathy) in the skeletal muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
Abnormal sarcomeres prevent muscle cells from contracting and relaxing normally, resulting in the muscle weakness that is characteristic of centronuclear myopathy. (medlineplus.gov)
Variants in the TTN gene have been identified in people with early-onset myopathy with fatal cardiomyopathy (EOMFC), an inherited disease that affects both skeletal and cardiac muscle. (medlineplus.gov)
Several variants in the TTN gene have been found to cause hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure (HMERF), an inherited disease that affects muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and muscles that are needed for breathing (respiratory muscles). (medlineplus.gov)

The slow isoform of myosin binding protein C is active during the development of skeletal muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
Myosin binding protein C interacts with other muscle proteins, including myosin, actin, and titin. (medlineplus.gov)
Studies suggest that myosin binding protein C contributes to the stability and maintenance of sarcomeres. (medlineplus.gov)
The mutation changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the slow isoform of myosin binding protein C. Specifically, the mutation replaces the amino acid tryptophan with the amino acid arginine at protein position 236 (written as Trp236Arg or W236R). (medlineplus.gov)
Ackermann MA, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A. Myosin binding protein-C slow: an intricate subfamily of proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Myosin binding protein C1: a novel gene for autosomal dominant distal arthrogryposis type 1. (medlineplus.gov)
Complete sequence of human fast-type and slow-type muscle myosin-binding-protein C (MyBP-C). Differential expression, conserved domain structure and chromosome assignment. (medlineplus.gov)
The protein, fast skeletal myosin binding protein-C (fMyBP-C), plays a foundational role in the proper regulation of contractile structure and function in the body's fast twitch muscles - these muscles produce sudden bursts of power to sprint into action, jump or lift heavy objects. (uc.edu)
For that action, fast muscle is essential, and fast myosin binding protein-C is the key molecule to regulate the speed of action. (uc.edu)
Myosin-binding protein-C is a thick filament regulatory protein found in striated muscle in both the heart and skeletal system. (uc.edu)
Song says that research examined the role of the protein in fast-twitch muscles by generating a knockout mouse - an animal in which researchers have either inactivated, replaced or disrupted the existing fast myosin binding protein-C gene to study its impact. (uc.edu)
Song says advancing the knowledge of fast myosin binding protein-C may someday assist in addressing skeletal muscular disorders. (uc.edu)
We also think if we can manipulate the workings of fast myosin binding protein-C in skeletal muscle that we can prevent or at least slow down the loss of muscle function in genetic muscle disease such as distal arthrogryposis. (uc.edu)

The version produced from the MYBPC1 gene, which is known as the slow skeletal isoform, is found primarily in skeletal muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
Whole mounts of rat EOMs stained with antibody specific to the embryonic MyHC isoform (green) or with antibody specific to the extraocular muscle MyHC isoform (EO-MyHC) at specific days postpartum. (upenn.edu)
All superior and inferior rectus muscles from both globes were examined for BrdU incorporation, MyoD expression, neonatal and developmental myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, and myofiber cross-sectional area alterations. (arvojournals.org)

Our current studies are designed to identify potential signaling pathways connecting increased TEAD-1 expression in skeletal muscle to activation of genes encoding proteins typically restricted to slow-twitch fibers, as well as satellite cell numbers that exceed homeostatic numbers associated with slow-fibers. (missouri.edu)
This induction of myoglobin expression within the early postnatal period was accompanied by increased expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, and exhibited a time course similar to the upregulation of myoglobin and mitochondrial protein expression that can be induced in adult muscle fibers by continuous motor nerve stimulation. (elsevierpure.com)
Methods of inducing differentiation in stem cells and muscle cells produced therefrom may be used for the study of cellular and molecular biology of tissue development, for the discovery of genes and proteins such as differentiation factors that play a role in tissue development and regeneration. (justia.com)

The publication of these specific oligonucleotide primers for the guinea pig MHC variants will enable researchers to rapidly and accurately quantify acute changes in MHC mRNA expression in either developmental or in guinea pig disease models where a marker of altered skeletal muscle function is required. (biomedcentral.com)

The protein performs different functions in the two organs, regulating contractility in the heart and playing a role in the development of fast and slow muscle fibers in skeletal muscle tissue. (uc.edu)

At least one mutation in the MYBPC1 gene has been found to cause distal arthrogryposis type 1, a disorder characterized by joint deformities (contractures) in the hands and feet. (medlineplus.gov)
It is unclear how the defective protein leads to contractures in people with distal arthrogryposis type 1, or why the joint problems are typically limited to the hands and feet. (medlineplus.gov)
Identification of a novel pathogenic mutation of the MYH3 gene in a family with distal arthrogryposis type 2B. (nih.gov)

Defining the mechanisms that regulate the development of skeletal muscle dysfunction is critical for designing therapeutic interventions. (biomedcentral.com)

We investigate conserved myopathic (muscle disease) processes and perform hierarchical and integrative analysis of muscle function from the level of single molecules and macromolecular complexes through the level of the tissue itself. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
This antibody gave a positive signal in Human, Mouse and Rat Skeletal Muscle tissue lysates. (abcam.com)
The methods developed here are suitable for the characterisation of muscle MHC expression at the molecular level from animal tissue samples and biopsy material. (biomedcentral.com)
3. Connective tissue around groups of muscles or filling spaces if fascia. (msudenver.edu)
Epimysium is connective tissue around a single muscle, perimysium is connective tissue around fascicles, fascicles are bundles of muscle cells, a tendon is connective tissue cord attaching muscle to (periosteum of) bone, aponeurosis is a broad sheet-like tendon. (msudenver.edu)
Additionally, each gene may have other tissue expression, which can result in non-muscle symptoms. (medscape.com)
Muscles, along with the subcutaneous layer of adipose (fatty) tissue, define the overall shape of the human figure, giving it structure, substance, and character. (paintxwiki.com)
Investigators currently employ a variety of established methods for answering such questions, but are often experimentally hampered by unique inherent heterogeneity between muscle groups and cells within the same muscle tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
Skeletal muscle is a complex tissue composed of thousands of individual multinucleated myofibers. (arvojournals.org)
When muscle tissue contracts it produces heat and much of this heat released by the muscle is used to maintain body temperature. (auladeanatomia.com)
Connective tissue is intimately related to muscle tissue in that it provides structural support and serves as points of attachment to the respective bones. (humankinetics.com)
As shown in figure 2.4, there are connective tissue coverings of individual muscle fibers (endomysium), bundles of muscle fibers or fascicles (perimysium), and the whole muscle itself (epimysium). (humankinetics.com)
In essence, these connective tissue attachments allow the tension created by the contractile component of the muscle to be transmitted to the associated bones so that joint movement can occur. (humankinetics.com)
Structure of skeletal muscle and related connective tissue. (humankinetics.com)
The inner mucosal layer consists of squamous epithelium and underlying connective tissue, within which lies a longitudinally oriented muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa. (nature.com)

Sorbitol accumulation is postulated to play a role in skeletal muscle dysfunction associated with diabetes. (hindawi.com)
This protein plays an important role in skeletal muscles, which the body uses for movement, and in heart (cardiac) muscle. (medlineplus.gov)

The backbone of the sarcomere is composed of three filament systems: the myosin-based thick filament, the actin-based thin filament, supplemented with the regulatory protein tropomyosin and the troponin complex, and the titin filament. (frontiersin.org)
The myosin head is energized with the binding of ATP and swivels toward the center of the sarcomere causing the power stroke. (msudenver.edu)
Changes in sarcomere function reduce the heart's ability to contract, weakening cardiac muscle and leading to the signs and symptoms of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. (medlineplus.gov)

2) Employ RNA interference to knockdown specific cardiac transcripts to determine their role in myopathic responses to the myosin mutations. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The E173A, R90P, and E150A mutations produced abnormally large displacement of tropomyosin to the inner domains of actin and an increase in the number of myosin heads in strong-binding state at low and high Ca2+, which is characteristic of CFTD. (ox.ac.uk)
An increase in the number of the myosin heads in strong-binding state at low Ca2+ was observed for all mutations associated with high Ca2+-sensitivity. (ox.ac.uk)

Human embryonic myosin heavy chain cDNA. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, the invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into muscle cells or vascular endothelial cells. (justia.com)

The goal of this project is to examine the mechanism by which the myosin molecular motor functions in striated muscle. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Using a transgenic model system, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we will produce models of human myosin-based muscle disease (distal arthrogryposis) and heart disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) to determine the molecular defects that cause abnormal skeletal and cardiac muscle function. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Because of their utilisation in the in vivo modelling of disease, there is a requirement to develop molecular methods that accurately differentiate the different MHC mRNAs in the guinea pig to enable rapid profiling of muscle composition in appropriate disease models. (biomedcentral.com)
The molecular mechanisms of muscle dysfunction in these diseases remain unclear. (ox.ac.uk)
Recent progress in defining molecular components of pathways controlling early stages of myogenesis has been substantial, but regulatory factors that govern the striking functional specialization of adult skeletal muscle fibers in vertebrate organisms have not yet been identified. (elsevierpure.com)
Molecular and cellular basis of genetically inherited skeletal muscle disorders. (wustl.edu)
Advances in molecular genetics have help in the discovery of significant information on the relationship between muscle biology and clinical neuromuscular diseases. (medscape.com)

Myosin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Synthetic peptide corresponding to Human heavy chain Myosin/MYH3 aa 100-200 conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin. (abcam.com)
Recessive MYH3 variants cause "Contractures, pterygia, and variable skeletal fusions syndrome 1B" mimicking Escobar variant multiple pterygium syndrome. (nih.gov)

The treatment of muscle weakness revolves around stretching, bracing, and supportive care. (medscape.com)
Activity level is based upon the combination of muscle weakness, respiratory concerns, and orthopedic restrictions. (medscape.com)
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive weakness and wasting of the skeletal muscles, predominantly around the shoulders and hips. (medscape.com)
Pelvic muscle weakness is most often the first symptom. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] Erb's patient had only shoulder-girdle weakness and atrophy, with sparing of other muscles of the body and a benign disease course compared with that described by Duchenne in the 1860s. (medscape.com)
At that time, the differentiation between the spinal muscular atrophies and weakness associated with central nervous system disorders and primary muscle disease had not been established. (medscape.com)
Between 1909 and 1954, many individual case reports of primary muscle disease with a limb-girdle distribution of weakness were published. (medscape.com)
Since the original descriptions of the condition, reports of many sporadic cases have been published with this pattern of muscle weakness associated with many other disorders. (medscape.com)
These muscle abnormalities underlie the characteristic features of EOMFC, including skeletal muscle weakness and a form of heart disease called dilated cardiomyopathy. (medlineplus.gov)

This property is primarily attributable to satellite cells which comprise a small population of quiescent mono-nucleated cells which first appear during late fetal life, and which reside between the basal lamina and the surface (sarcolemma) of mature skeletal muscle cells. (missouri.edu)
5. Sarcolemma is muscle cell membrane, myofiber is muscle cell, myofibril is the striated cylinders in the muscle cell, myofilaments are the contractile proteins. (msudenver.edu)
6. Stimulation of the muscle cell's sarcolemma travels into the cell through the T-tubules causing calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (msudenver.edu)
1 2 Residing outside the sarcolemma but within the basal lamina of individual myofibers is a population of cells that are responsible for muscle repair and regeneration, the satellite cells. (arvojournals.org)
An individual muscle fibre is a long cylindrical cell with multiple nuclei bound by its sarcolemma (Lutz and Lieber 1999). (musculoskeletalkey.com)
The sarcolemma invaginates around the muscle fibre forming T-tubules. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
For this to occur, the muscle fibre is stimulated by a nerve impulse creating an action potential across the sarcolemma. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Skeletal muscle consists of 2 major components: the sarcolemma and the sarcomeres. (medscape.com)

Satellite cells are considered adult skeletal muscle stem cells that are responsible for the majority of post-birth skeletal muscle growth (maturation and hypertrophy) and adult skeletal muscle homeostasis. (missouri.edu)
Irradiation treatment, which eliminates satellite cells from these muscles, prevents the compensatory hypertrophy in these types of experiments. (arvojournals.org)

There is a gap between the distal end of the neuron and the muscle cell and this is the neuromuscular junction. (msudenver.edu)
In the crayfish and lobster opener neuromuscular preparations of the walking legs and claws, there are regional differences in synaptic transmission even though the entire muscle is innervated by a single excitatory tonic motor neuron. (biologists.com)

Nebulin is a giant (600 to 900 kDa) filamentous protein constituting part of the skeletal muscle thin filament. (biomedcentral.com)
These are actin (thin filament, isotropic, I bands) and myosin (dark filament, anisotropic, A bands) and it is these bands that give muscle its striated appearance. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

A second area if interest is how initial satellite cell number is determined during skeletal muscle formation (myogenesis). (missouri.edu)
The past two decades has seen major advances towards our current understanding of skeletal myogenesis (reviewed in Perry and Rudnicki, 2000 ). (biologists.com)

Attachments of muscles onto bones (A) directly, or indirectly through a (B) tendon or (C) aponeurosis. (humankinetics.com)

Control of contractile protein synthesis in the extraocular muscles: Although oculomotor disorders such as strabismus or nystagmus can have marked, deleterious effects on the development of vision, little is known about the final common pathway of oculomotor control: the extraocular muscles (EOMs). (upenn.edu)
A common treatment for motility disorders of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) is a resection procedure in which there is surgical shortening of the muscle. (arvojournals.org)
Dubowitz V. Muscle Disorders in Childhood . (medscape.com)

Muscle biopsy and genetic testing are the most important tools used in the diagnostic evaluation of patients in whom limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is suspected. (medscape.com)
7 8 9 In fact, passive stretching alone can activate limb muscle satellite cells. (arvojournals.org)
10 Even more compelling is a recent study that subjected individual quiescent satellite cells isolated from adult limb muscle to stretching in vitro, and showed that direct stretching of the satellite cells themselves results in activation and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. (arvojournals.org)
Here we show that, concurrent with a decrease in chondrogenesis, inhibition of p38 in limb bud cultures dramatically promotes muscle development. (biologists.com)
Specifically,treatment of primary limb bud cultures with p38 inhibitors increases the expression of myogenic markers and causes a striking increase in formation of myotubes, which were detected using antibodies specific for myosin heavy chain. (biologists.com)

Notably, a given muscles fiber-type composition is not static, but instead, fiber-type composition is remarkably adaptable (fastàslow-twitch fibers or slowàfast-twitch fibers) to a broad spectrum of stimuli that include altered weight-bearing (increase load bearing, zero gravity), endocrine factors, altitude, endurance & resistance training, and diet (high fat vs high carbohydrate). (missouri.edu)
A major interest of my lab is to better understand the mechanism(s) by which skeletal muscle fiber type composition is regulated. (missouri.edu)
Skeletal muscle provides distinct experimental challenges due to inherent differences across muscle groups, including fiber type and size that may limit experimental approaches. (biomedcentral.com)

We employ an array of imaging techniques to study "structural physiology" of cardiac and skeletal muscle. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Titin is a giant scaffold protein with multiple functions in striated muscle physiology. (frontiersin.org)

The sarcoplasmic reticulum with its expanded regions called terminal cisternae are the muscle cell's version of an endoplasmic reticulum. (msudenver.edu)
Exercise promotes the formation of intracellular junctions in skeletal muscle between stacks of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) cisternae and extensions of transverse-tubules (TT) that increase co-localization of proteins required for store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE). (elifesciences.org)

Smooth muscles can also move food, urine, and gametes from the reproductive system. (auladeanatomia.com)

Z lines separate the myofibril into sarcomeres which are comprised of thin myofilaments attached to the Z lines called actin and the thick myosin myofilaments. (msudenver.edu)
These myofilaments consist of two types of contractile proteins, myosin, and actin. (paintxwiki.com)
Each muscle fibre contains a large number of myofibrils, which are the contractile elements of the muscle and consist of protein myofilaments. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

However, due to incomplete genomic annotation, assessment of guinea pig MHC mRNA expression has not been previously possible, precluding the full characterisation of early changes in skeletal muscle in response to disease and disease modulation. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we used immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and Northern blot analyses to examine the time course and spatial characteristics of expression of myoglobin protein and mRNA during development of the distal hindlimb in the mouse. (elsevierpure.com)

these proteins are found in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and in heart (cardiac) muscle. (medlineplus.gov)
Cardiac muscle is heart muscle, is striated with intercalated discs, is involuntary and causes heart pumping. (msudenver.edu)
In addition to these categories, muscles are classified into three basic types: cardiac muscle (found in the heart), smooth muscles (affiliated with tubular structures in the body, such as arteries, colon, bronchial tubes, and the iris of the eye), and skeletal muscles. (paintxwiki.com)
The defective protein disrupts the function of sarcomeres, preventing skeletal and cardiac muscle from developing and working normally. (medlineplus.gov)
It is unclear why these effects are usually limited to certain skeletal muscles and respiratory muscles, and do not involve cardiac muscle. (medlineplus.gov)

He head of myosin light chain phosphatase, cross-reaction of vardenafil, sildenafil, and tadalafil and concur- rently ensuring medication compliance should be conducted in rats vector used gene target physiological end-points duration of action, involving primarily low anthropology quarterly, 16 : 269 271. (ardelyx.com)

Given the wide spectrum of disease, the largest cause of morbidity and mortality is related to muscle function loss resulting in respiratory and/or feeding failure. (medscape.com)

Below a mechanical strain threshold, muscles atrophy and bone is resorbed. (justia.com)

The results highlight the experimental flexibility afforded the investigator by using the FDB muscle to assess mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle function. (biomedcentral.com)
The contractions of the smooth muscles of the walls of the blood vessels regulate the intensity of the flow. (auladeanatomia.com)

Protein-interactions e.g., with muscle ankyrin repeat proteins or muscle LIM-protein link titin to hypertrophic signaling and via p62 and Muscle Ring Finger proteins to mechanisms that control protein quality control. (frontiersin.org)
Within muscle cells, titin is an essential component of structures called sarcomeres. (medlineplus.gov)
Titin also contains a spring-like region that allows muscles to stretch. (medlineplus.gov)
Most of these variants alter the way the gene's instructions are used to produce titin, resulting in production of an abnormal protein with reduced or altered activity in muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers are studying how abnormally folded titin contributes to the muscle damage underlying the signs and symptoms of HMERF. (medlineplus.gov)

Overexpression of TEAD-1 in transgenic mouse striated muscles produces a slower skeletal muscle contractile phenotype. (missouri.edu)
The claw and leg opener muscles in the crayfish and lobster provide preparations in which regional differences in synaptic strength and muscle fibre phenotype can be compared, since the postsynaptic responses differ among regions of the muscle even though it is innervated by a single excitatory tonic motor neuron. (biologists.com)
First, we characterized the FDB phenotype and provide reference comparisons to skeletal muscles commonly used in the field. (biomedcentral.com)

These proteins play essential roles in muscle cell structures called sarcomeres, which generate the mechanical force needed for muscles to contract. (medlineplus.gov)
The sarcomeres represent the contractile element, which is composed of actin, myosin, and Z-band proteins (see image below). (medscape.com)
they are made of proteins that generate the mechanical force needed for muscles to contract. (medlineplus.gov)

The purpose of this study was to characterise the multigenic structure of the sarcomeric MHC family in the guinea pig, and to design and validate specific oligonucleotide primers to enable the assessment of the predominant adult-muscle associated MHC mRNAs in relevant disease models. (biomedcentral.com)
The insertional 6 mm of the superior rectus muscles of adult rabbits were resected and reattached to the original insertion site. (arvojournals.org)
It is considered postmitotic, in that the myonuclei residing within these myofibers do not divide in adult muscle. (arvojournals.org)
There are a number of factors that initiate myofiber remodeling in adult skeletal muscles. (arvojournals.org)

Congenital myopathies describes a set of genetic diseases that predominantly affect the muscles. (medscape.com)
The FDB is made up of small predominantly type IIa and IIx fibers that collectively produce less peak isometric force than the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscles, but demonstrates a greater fatigue resistance than the EDL. (biomedcentral.com)

Muscles consist of elongated muscle fibers (muscle cells) arranged in muscle fiber bundles called fascicles. (paintxwiki.com)

Due to its anatomical location, the FDB can be used in cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury protocols and is amenable to electroporation of cDNA with a high degree of efficiency allowing for an effective means of genetic manipulation. (biomedcentral.com)
The electroporation of cDNA or shRNA into muscles often delivers inconsistent results due to both the size of the muscle and anatomical location, which each impede uniform distribution of cDNA. (biomedcentral.com)

2001). Multiprotein complex formation at the beta myosin heavy chain distal muscle CAT element correlates with slow muscle expression but not mechanical overload responsiveness. (missouri.edu)
Mechanistically driven research often utilizes DNA manipulation to alter protein expression in skeletal muscle. (biomedcentral.com)

In a resting muscle the actin filaments overlap the myosin to a certain extent. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

Supportive care is essential to preserve muscle function, maximize functional ability, and prolong life expectancy. (medscape.com)
The ability to assess skeletal muscle function and delineate regulatory mechanisms is essential to uncovering therapeutic approaches that preserve functional independence in a disease state. (biomedcentral.com)
Muscles commonly used for functional and mechanistic experiments include the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior (TA), and/or the quadriceps. (biomedcentral.com)
The functional benefits of exercise on SOCE, constitutive Ca 2+ entry and muscle force production were lost in mice with muscle-specific loss of Orai1 function. (elifesciences.org)
These changes include elongation, polarization, aggregation and fusion, which ultimately give rise to functional muscle. (biologists.com)

They provide a connection for the nervous system to activate different effector(organ, muscle) sites. (thehealthygamer.com)
The somatic nervous system consists of the nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are responsible for the voluntary control of movement. (thehealthygamer.com)
This is carried out by specialized cells called muscle fibers, whose latent energy is or can be controlled by the nervous system. (auladeanatomia.com)
A muscle twitch is the contractile response to a single electrochemical signal of the nervous system or artificial electrical stimulation of the muscle. (plos.org)

Another stimulus that activates satellite cells is stretching of the muscle. (arvojournals.org)
This mechanism is a normal response to the body to a stretch stimulus in the muscle, it is designed to protect and prevent overstretching and muscle damage. (thehealthygamer.com)

Myosin is a hexameric protein composed of a pair of myosin heavy chains (MYH) and two pairs of nonidentical light chains. (wikipedia.org)

Esophageal longitudinal muscle may also play a role in peristalsis. (nature.com)

We are interested in basic mechanisms of striated muscle biology. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
To date, surprisingly few studies have taken advantage of the FDB to investigate mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle function. (biomedcentral.com)
Building on these findings, the lab addressed the coordinated and concerted control of extracellular potassium by skeletal muscle, kidney and gut in response to altered metabolic and electrolyte demands and have begun to use these findings to address the mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular benefit of raising dietary K/Na ratio. (usc.edu)
Peristalsis in the striated muscle part of the esophagus is dependent on central mechanisms, involving sequential activation of vagal lower motor neurons in the vagal nucleus ambiguus. (nature.com)
Peristalsis in the smooth muscle of the esophagus is dependent on both central and peripheral mechanisms. (nature.com)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of muscles can help differentiate some forms of LGMD. (medscape.com)

In the resected muscle and in the passively stretched antagonist muscle, there was a dramatic increase in the number of myofibers positive for neonatal MyHC and in the number of BrdU- and MyoD-positive satellite cells. (arvojournals.org)

The distal fibres showed intermediate short-term facilitation compared with the other two regions. (biologists.com)
Strain injuries occur when muscle fibres cannot withstand excessive tensile forces placed on them and are therefore generally associated with eccentric muscle action (Mair et al. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
When the muscle is strained the initial injury is usually associated with disruption of the distal myotendinous junction and fibres distal to this but still near the myotendinous junction. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

Anatomy49

Organisms21

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs91

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science3

Health Care2

Isoforms14

Proximal14

Actin and myosin3

Contraction24

Myopathy11

Binding protein13

Isoform3

Genes3

Altered skeletal muscle function1

Fibers in skeletal muscle1

Arthrogryposis type3

Development of skeletal1

Tissue15

Role in skeletal2

Sarcomere3

Mutations3

Embryonic2

Molecular7

MYH33

Weakness9

Sarcolemma8

Hypertrophy2

Neuromuscular2

Thin filament2

Myogenesis2

Aponeurosis1

Disorders3

Limb5

Fiber type3

Physiology2

Sarcoplasmic reticulum2

Reproductive system1

Myofilaments3

MRNA2

Cardiac muscle5

Phosphatase1

Respiratory1

Atrophy1

Regulate2

Titin5

Phenotype3

Proteins3

Adult4

Predominantly2

Elongated muscle fibers1

CDNA2

Expression2

Filaments1

Functional5

Nervous system4

Stimulus2

Heavy chains1

Longitudinal1

Mechanisms5

LGMD1

MyHC1

Fibres3