Diseases disease resistance. Medical search. Frequent questions

CDC's Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019 includes the latest national death and infection estimates that underscore the continued threat of antimicrobial resistance. (cdc.gov)
Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last 70 years to treat people who have infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
Recent estimates of the burden of antimicrobial resistance suggest that there are approximately 700,000 deaths worldwide every year due to infections with antimicrobial resistant bacteria, with nearly 50,000 of these deaths occurring in the United States and Europe (CDC. (pids.org)
https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf) A 2014 UK government report projected that the number of annual deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance would surpass 10 million by the year 2050 if no meaningful interventions occur, possibly surpassing cancer as the number-one cause of mortality worldwide. (pids.org)
O'Neil, J. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations . (pids.org)
Traditional approaches to combating infectious diseases have involved surveillance, diagnostics, and the development of vaccines and antimicrobial therapies. (alliedacademies.org)
For example, genomics has been instrumental in tracking the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes, allowing for tailored antibiotic stewardship programs and the development of novel therapeutics [ 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Additionally, genomics has facilitated the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for infectious diseases, aiding in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies The rise of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to public health. (alliedacademies.org)
Gonorrhoea and widely spread antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in its etiological agent Neisseria gonorrhoeae are major public health concerns worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
N. gonorrhoeae has developed antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to all drugs previously recommended for treatment of gonorrhoea. (biomedcentral.com)
The Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Competition 2023 is back this year, after its inaugural run in 2021. (ncid.sg)
What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? (ncid.sg)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, are exposed to antimicrobials and undergo changes overtime, which prevent these medicines from working effectively. (ncid.sg)
Improper food-handling, poor sanitary conditions and inadequate infection control measures also encourage the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (ncid.sg)
Watch a video on AMR by the World Health Organization and click here to learn more about the Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Office. (ncid.sg)
Watch the animated snippet from the ' The Antibiotic Tales ' comic by Mr Sonny Liew and Associate Professor Hsu Li Yang, to learn why antimicrobials are a precious resource and ways in which you can help to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (ncid.sg)
Towards monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in the environment: For what reasons, how to implement it, and what are the data needs? (janusinfo.se)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides information about specific countries where malaria is transmitted (see CDC: Yellow Fever and Malaria Information, by Country ), types of malaria, resistance patterns, and recommended prophylaxis (see CDC: Malaria ). (msdmanuals.com)

The co-location of these genes on a small non-recombinogenic segment simplifies their deployment as a gene stack and potentially enhances their resistance durability. (nature.com)
tritici ( Pgt ) races over the past two decades 1 , 2 has motivated global efforts to identify effective stem rust (Sr) resistance genes. (nature.com)
Consequently, there is an ongoing need to expand resistance resources and to enhance gene stewardship through co-deployment of multiple resitance (R) genes, rather than single genes, to increase resistance durability. (nature.com)
Since genetic dissection of genes within alien segments in wheat was not possible due to lack of recombination, the question arose as to whether the apparent durability of such resistances might be due to multiple genes rather than a single gene. (nature.com)
However, as there is no current Pgt race known to be virulent to either resistance gene, it was not possible to unambiguously determine whether the recombinant introgression carried a single or both genes. (nature.com)
They looked at the genes for prions, ordinary brain proteins that take on a misfolded shape in prion disease such as CJD and kuru. (discovermagazine.com)
and 2) identifying resistance genes that recognize this conserved structure of Phytophthora effectors from wild potato species. (usda.gov)
This project is translational because the resistance genes identified from wild potato accessions may be incorporated into elite varieties in order to confer resistance to late blight. (usda.gov)
These genes could also be used to confer sustainable resistance to a broad variety of Phytophthora species. (usda.gov)
By studying host genetic factors, researchers can identify host susceptibility genes, elucidate the variability in disease severity, and develop personalized treatment approaches. (alliedacademies.org)
Whole-genome sequencing enables the detection of resistance genes, mutations, and mobile genetic elements, aiding in surveillance efforts and guiding antibiotic prescribing practices. (alliedacademies.org)
One of these responses is Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) that can be induced by some of pathogen avirulent genes product or by abiotic physical or chemical agents called elicitors (Durrant and Dong, 2004). (scialert.net)
This study applies knowledge from structural and evolutionary studies of the rice NLR protein Pik-1 and cognate effector protein AVR-Pik to engineering of new disease resistance genes. (elifesciences.org)
Many of the characterized resistance (R) genes used to confer disease resistance in crop breeding programs encode NLR proteins ( Kourelis and van der Hoorn, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
Evidence for wastewaters as environments where mobile antibiotic resistance genes emerge. (janusinfo.se)

In 2019, ABCs estimated there were about 30,300 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease. (cdc.gov)
All types of invasive pneumococcal disease (including DRSP) are included in the national public health surveillance system, National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (cdc.gov)
These surveillance data are used to estimate how many cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (including DRSP) occur each year in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Type A insulin resistance syndrome results from mutations in the INSR gene. (medlineplus.gov)
Most of the INSR gene mutations that cause type A insulin resistance syndrome lead to the production of a faulty insulin receptor that cannot transmit signals properly. (medlineplus.gov)
In this study of [ viral load ] failure on lopinavir monotherapy, we found that patients often failed without PI mutations, but that resistance accumulated with longer time on the failing regimen," the researchers wrote. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Discoveries of mutations conferring resistance to infectious diseases have led to increased interest in the evolutionary dynamics of disease resistance. (bioone.org)
Several recent papers have estimated the historical strength of selection for mutations conferring disease resistance. (bioone.org)

While Streptococcus pyogenes remains highly susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, over the past decade increasing prevalence of clindamycin and macrolide resistance are being reported worldwide. (pids.org)

In crops this includes plant disease resistance and can follow a gene-for-gene relationship. (wikipedia.org)
This project aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Phytophthora pathogenesis and, based on this knowledge, develop durable resistance in potato and other important crops. (usda.gov)
It will also reach out to stakeholders, such as potato growers, by informing them with the latest findings and technologies on developing disease resistance in crops. (usda.gov)
1994). Chemical activation of disease resistance in plants represents an additional option for growers to protect their crops from losses due to plant diseases. (scialert.net)
Exogenous application of SA and some other chemicals including: polyacrylic acid, acetyl salicylic acid, 2, 6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, methyl salicylate, jasmonic acid and jasmonic methyl ester, benzothiadiazole derivatives, DL-B-aminobutyric acid and oxalic acid, can induce accumulation of pathogenensis-related proteins and lead to reduced incidence of several diseases on many crops (Gozzo, 2003). (scialert.net)
These results demonstrate that effector target-guided engineering of NLR receptors can provide new-to-nature disease resistance in crops. (elifesciences.org)

UC San Diego professor of biology Justin Meyer, who specializes in infectious disease research presents his course The Evolution of Infectious Diseases with special attention to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the COVID-19 disease and its pandemic spread throughout the world. (uctv.tv)

Intriguingly, a connection between these diseases has been established during the past decade, since insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, also develops in Alzheimer brains. (jci.org)
Several studies have demonstrated that NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance leading to a resistance in the antilipolytic effect of insulin in the adipose tissue with an increase of free fatty acids (FFAs). (mdpi.com)
Type A insulin resistance syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by severe insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's tissues and organs do not respond properly to the hormone insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
In people with type A insulin resistance syndrome, insulin resistance impairs blood glucose regulation and ultimately leads to a condition called diabetes mellitus, in which blood glucose levels can become dangerously high. (medlineplus.gov)
Severe insulin resistance also underlies the other signs and symptoms of type A insulin resistance syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Unlike most people with insulin resistance, females with type A insulin resistance syndrome are usually not overweight. (medlineplus.gov)
The features of type A insulin resistance syndrome are more subtle in affected males. (medlineplus.gov)
Type A insulin resistance syndrome is one of a group of related conditions described as inherited severe insulin resistance syndromes. (medlineplus.gov)
Type A insulin resistance syndrome represents the mildest end of the spectrum: its features often do not become apparent until puberty or later, and it is generally not life-threatening. (medlineplus.gov)
Type A insulin resistance syndrome is estimated to affect about 1 in 100,000 people worldwide. (medlineplus.gov)
This severe resistance to the effects of insulin impairs blood glucose regulation and leads to diabetes mellitus. (medlineplus.gov)
This condition is designated as type A to distinguish it from type B insulin resistance syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Type A insulin resistance syndrome can have either an autosomal dominant or, less commonly, an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. (medlineplus.gov)

Infectious diseases remain a major global health concern, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. (alliedacademies.org)

The second part of our work is about trying to actually understand this resistance, asking why some of the animals are resistant. (ed.ac.uk)
We help select the animals that are more resistant to diseases for breeding. (ed.ac.uk)
This results in each generation of fish being more and more resistant to important diseases. (ed.ac.uk)
While MGMT remains a major cause of TMZ-resistance, some MGMT-deficient GBMs are still resistant to TMZ suggesting that other components may also be involved in TMZ-resistance. (nature.com)
In more than 30% of infections, the isolate will be resistant to one or more clinically useful antibiotics (CDC, Antibiotic Resistance Threat Report , 2019. (pids.org)
Management techniques can also help to minimise the spread and impact of the infection, but scientists say the ability to breed fish stocks that are more resistant to the virus would significantly improve efforts to control the disease. (aquafeed.com)
Breeding from fish that are more resistant has the potential to make a significant positive contribution to controlling disease outbreaks. (aquafeed.com)
In spite of return of disease activity comparable to baseline levels, 3/5 resistant subjects treated with salmon calcitonin failed to develop hypocalcemia after injection of 300-1000 MRCU of salmon calcitonin, but two of these patients developed hypocalcemia in response to the porcine hormone. (jci.org)
Grouping of cultivars for disease intensity, infection rate and AUDPC showed that 5% cultivars were resistant, 30% moderately resistant, 22.5% moderately susceptible and remaining 42.5% susceptible to highly susceptible. (scialert.net)
Developing a variety resistant to disease provide an easy, cheaper, stable and effective means of disease control. (scialert.net)
However, the continuous emergence of drug-resistant pathogens, the threat of pandemics, and the complexity of host-pathogen interactions necessitate innovative strategies for infectious disease control. (alliedacademies.org)
Currently, clinicians have a limited number of tools to help them treat the disease once it becomes resistant to mainstream therapy, but an approach that can reach a broad-spectrum of targets without toxicity offers considerable promise. (healthandenvironment.org)
One isolate was resistant to cefixime, but no resistance to ceftriaxone or spectinomycin was found. (biomedcentral.com)
These pathogenic bacteria can be deadly to liver disease patients, particularly if they pick up an antibiotic resistant infection," explained Edwards. (medscape.com)

In order to find sources of resistance to this disease, forty mango cultivars were screened under natural epiphytotic conditions in horticulture research centre at Pantnagar for the last two years (viz. (scialert.net)
Forty mango cultivars in randomized block design with three replications were screened against the anthracnose disease under natural epiphytotic conditions at the Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Pattarchatta, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, for two consecutive years during 2013 and 2014. (scialert.net)
This is in strict concordance with the global action plan and European response plan to combat gonococcal AMR published by the WHO [ 19 , 20 ] and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) [ 21 ], respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Patients were included in a 16-week control period followed by 16 weeks of high-intensity resistance training thrice weekly. (hindawi.com)
IL-6 was unchanged by high-intensity resistance training in dialysis patients in this study. (hindawi.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on the proinflammatory factor IL-6 as well as the impact of 25-OH D on muscle size in dialysis patients. (hindawi.com)
The data from the present study were obtained as part of a recent study of effects of resistance training in dialysis patients [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
15 patients with Paget's bone disease were treated with varying schedules of porcine (3.8-157.5 MRCU/kg per wk) and/or salmon (1.5-210 MRCU/kg per wk) calcitonins over periods ranging from 4 to 24 months. (jci.org)
In six patients, however, resistance to these peptides was suggested by a subsequent elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity in spite of continued and augmented hormone administration. (jci.org)
The final symposium session will include presentations on heartworm disease in shelters, perioperative anesthetic complications in heartworm-positive patients, and caval syndrome. (dvm360.com)
Initial findings from PROFIT are promising news for patients with chronic liver disease who are in desperate need of alternative treatment options. (medscape.com)
FMT offers a different way of beneficially modifying the microbiome that is safe for patients with chronic liver disease," Shawcross emphasized. (medscape.com)
Diuretic resistance in patients with kidney disease: Challenges and opportunities. (bvsalud.org)
The main causes and coping strategies of diuretic resistance in patients with kidney diseases were described in detail in this report . (bvsalud.org)
In clinical work , measures should be taken to prevent or delay the occurrence and development of DR in patients with kidney diseases according to the actual situation of patients and the mechanism of various causes. (bvsalud.org)
Currently, there are many studies on DR in patients with heart diseases . (bvsalud.org)
Although the phenomenon of DR in patients with kidney diseases is common, there is a relatively little overview of the mechanism and treatment strategy of DR in patients with kidney diseases . (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, this paper hopes to show the information on DR in patients with kidney diseases to clinicians and researchers and broaden the research direction and ideas to a certain extent. (bvsalud.org)

Improving appropriate antibiotic use and expanding use of vaccines may slow or reverse emerging drug resistance. (cdc.gov)
In this lecture - the evolutionary dynamics of how microbes develop drug resistance. (uctv.tv)
Genomics provides critical insights into the genetic determinants of drug resistance, allowing for the rapid identification of resistance mechanisms and the development of targeted therapies. (alliedacademies.org)

Antibiotic treatment for a single outpatient infection has been shown to influence resistance patterns of future infections. (pids.org)
Genomic approaches also facilitate the monitoring of resistance patterns and the evaluation of the efficacy of infection. (alliedacademies.org)

Increasing studies have found that TMZ treatment could induce autophagy that may link to therapeutic resistance in GBM, but, the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. (nature.com)
To enhance the benefit of TMZ and avoid therapeutic resistance, effective combination strategies were tested using a small molecule inhibitor blocking the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in addition to TMZ. (nature.com)
Specifically, their focus was on the rationale needed to support the development of an advanced therapeutic design aimed at a broad-spectrum of targets to tackle the problem of therapeutic resistance and disease relapse. (healthandenvironment.org)

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited nerve disorders. (hnf-cure.org)
true resistance occurs only if the patient takes adequate doses of diuretics , but they are not effective), changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, electrolyte disorders, changes in renal adaptation, functional nephron reduction, and decreased renal blood flow . (bvsalud.org)
IGF-I deficiency can be the result of GH resistance or insensitivity due to genetic disorders of the GH receptor causing GH receptor deficiency (growth hormone receptor deficiency [GHRD], Laron syndrome) or postreceptor defects, including the principal transduction agent STAT5b, the IGF-I/IGFBP3 stabilizer acid labile subunit (ALS), the IGF-I gene, or the IGF-I receptor. (medscape.com)

Shawcross previously conducted a trial which showed that the gut microbiome could be reconfigured using the antibiotic rifaximin, but Edwards explained that administering repeat antibiotics was unwise because it can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance. (medscape.com)

Genomic data has greatly enhanced our understanding of the epidemiology of infectious diseases. (alliedacademies.org)
Genomic epidemiology provides valuable insights into the dynamics of infectious diseases, enabling targeted interventions and the implementation of preventive measures. (alliedacademies.org)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes are currently considered among the top threats to human health worldwide. (jci.org)
Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. (pids.org)
Breakdown of health and other systems due to conflicts, massive population displacement, environmental disasters and climate changes have resulted in the reemergence of communicable diseases as important threats, with many devastating epidemics. (who.int)

Grass species related to wheat carry sources of resistance that can be transferred to wheat. (nature.com)

Edema caused by kidney disease is called renal edema . (bvsalud.org)
Acquired forms of GH insensitivity include the rare GH1 mutation (in which GH inhibiting antibodies develop after a few months of replacement therapy with recombinant GH) and, far more commonly, malnutrition, hepatic disease, renal disease, and diabetes. (medscape.com)

The table below compares the clinical and biochemical features associated with these various causes of GH resistance. (medscape.com)

Farmed Atlantic salmon production could be boosted by the discovery of a genetic marker associated with resistance to a potentially devastating virus. (aquafeed.com)
They found that half of the observed variation in resistance to the disease could be explained by genetic factors that are passed from one generation to the next. (aquafeed.com)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can arise as the result of several diseases, among them diabetes. (hindawi.com)

Donor support has accelerated research in cancer, heart disease, ALS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, RNA interference (gene silencing) and stem cell research, and represent some of the most innovative and medically promising work being done at UMass Chan today. (umassmed.edu)

In a half-day series of sessions, veterinarians will hear the latest on heartworm prophylaxis and lack of efficacy/resistance, followed by a cocktail-hour Q&A with a panel of experts. (dvm360.com)

The looming challenge of feeding the rapidly growing population is threatened by crop losses from plant diseases. (usda.gov)
Phytophthora are filamentous eukaryotic pathogens that cause numerous destructive plant diseases including potato late blight that was responsible for over 1.5 million deaths during the Great Irish Famine and the sudden oak death that has killed millions of forest trees. (usda.gov)

Dr Ross Houston, of the University's Roslin Institute, said: "Based on these results, it is possible to take a small sample of fin tissue from a salmon, study its DNA and make accurate predictions on whether it is likely to produce offspring that have high resistance to salmonid alphavirus. (aquafeed.com)
Overall, 107 participants experienced virologic failure, with 20% (n=21) having intermediate/high resistance to lopinavir. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)

The re-emergence of stem rust on wheat in Europe and Africa is reinforcing the ongoing need for durable resistance gene deployment. (nature.com)
Sr26 has been deployed in a number of Australian wheat cultivars since 1971 and has likely fulfilled the definition of durable resistance 17 . (nature.com)
An overall understanding of effector functions and the molecular mechanisms underlying their diversification and adaptation is critical to implement durable resistance. (usda.gov)

Gonococcal AMR surveillance nationally and internationally, to identify emerging resistance and inform treatment guidelines, is imperative for public health purposes. (biomedcentral.com)
WHO's strategic emphasis on expanding universal health coverage and strengthening primary health care is an opportunity to improve the prevention and control of communicable diseases, with a focus on strengthening systems, including surveillance, laboratory services and service delivery, leading to better integration of services at various levels of health care. (who.int)

Scientists say their research into Pancreas Disease, caused by a salmonid alphavirus, will help salmon breeders to select fish with greater resilience to this infection. (aquafeed.com)
Nariayal and Chenna Swarnarekha exhibited the minimum infection rate (0.018, 0.036) and AUDPC (427.98, 476.75) resulting in 16.67 and 19.17% disease intensity. (scialert.net)
Thus, an allele that protects an individual against disease infection also protects that individual's family members. (bioone.org)
The reason is that an individual with a strong resistance allele does not need much protection from infection by family members and thus does not benefit much from their alleles. (bioone.org)
The effect of kin selection can be dramatic, however, if the resistance allele has a larger effect on between-family transmission than within-family transmission (which can occur if between-family infection rates are much smaller than within-family rates), increasing selection coefficients by as much as two- to threefold. (bioone.org)

In conclusion, the present study identified the mechanisms of TMZ-resistance of GBM mediated by DAB2IP and ATG9B which provides insight into a potential strategy to overcome TMZ chemo-resistance. (nature.com)
Genomics has shed light on the complex interactions between pathogens and their hosts, unravelling the mechanisms underlying virulence, immune evasion, and disease progression. (alliedacademies.org)
One of the potential plant disease management strategies is the use of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) to activate host defense mechanisms (Ryals et al . (scialert.net)
With new resistance mechanisms emerging and spreading globally, AMR threatens our ability to prevent and treat an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. (ncid.sg)

Overall, the resistance levels to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and penicillin G were relatively stable. (biomedcentral.com)
During 2010-2013, the N. gonorrhoeae population in Belarus displayed high and relatively stable resistance levels to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and penicillin G, while the resistance to azithromycin declined. (biomedcentral.com)

She emphasized the importance of the resolutions and decisions adopted by WHA74, which consisted of a range of issues of relevance to the Region, including local production of medical products, the health workforce, priority diseases such as malaria, HIV and neglected tropical diseases, among others. (who.int)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. (mdpi.com)

Resistance can lead to treatment failures. (cdc.gov)
This article aims to explore the applications of genomics in infectious diseases and highlight its potential in transforming prevention, diagnosis, and treatment [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
SA pre-treatment plants caused an increase in the endogenous free SA levels in tomato leaves which resulted in systemic resistance induction. (scialert.net)
Systemic resistance to A. solani in tomato using 200 μM SA feeding treatment in a hydroponically grown system has been induced (Spletzer and Enyedi, 1999). (scialert.net)
A range of presentations will cover diagnostics, treatment of feline heartworm disease and the impact of heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) in cats. (dvm360.com)
At 40 to 48 weeks after treatment failure, 49 participants had intermediate-/high-level resistance to lopinavir, and 36 had resistance to atazanavir. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Without effective antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of infections, medical procedures (from transplants, disease management to surgeries) can become life-threatening. (ncid.sg)

The disease is spread with in the tree canopies as water borne conidia during the rainfall and is particularly severe on young leaves ( Fitzell and Peak, 1984 ). (scialert.net)
As a result, these microorganisms no longer respond to these medicines, making infections harder to treat, increasing the risk of disease spread, causing severe illness and even death. (ncid.sg)

Only 12 participants experienced resistance to darunavir, and only 1 participant had intermediate resistance. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)

The disease progress curves clearly depicted the levels of disease in each cultivars during the observational periods. (scialert.net)

Disease resistance is the ability to prevent or reduce the presence of diseases in otherwise susceptible hosts. (wikipedia.org)

Engineering NLR proteins to improve disease resistance in crop plants is a major goal of the field. (elifesciences.org)
The authors nicely demonstrate that it is indeed possible to engineer resistance proteins with broad recognition specificity for the rice blast fungus. (elifesciences.org)

Furthermore, plant defense mechanism targeting this conserved module may enable effective resistance against the destructive Phytophthora diseases. (usda.gov)

Until 2000, pneumococcal infections caused 60,000 cases of invasive disease each year. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy9

Organisms71

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs53

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes94

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture13

Information Science4

Health Care1

Antimicrobial17

Centers for Diseas3

Genes15

Invasive pneumococcal disease3

Mutations5

Macrolide Resistance1

Crops6

Infectious disease research1

Insulin13

Significant morbidity and morta1

Resistant14

Centre3

Patients15

Drug resistance3

Patterns2

Therapeutic3

Disorders3

Antibiotics1

Epidemiology2

Threats3

Sources of resistance1

Renal2

Clinical1

Genetic2

Several diseases1

Alzheimer's1

Prophylaxis1

Plant diseases2

High resistance2

Durable resistance3

Surveillance2

Infection5

Mechanisms4

Tetracycline2

Malaria1

Hepatic1

Treatment7

Severe2

Intermediate1

Observational1

Susceptible1

Proteins2

Defense1

Infections1