Disease pathogenesis calcific aortic valve disease aortic diseases. Medical search. Frequent questions

Aortic stenosis can be caused by acquired conditions, be the result of a congenital malformation, or be a result of a combination of acquired and congenital processes. (medscape.com)
Acquired stenosis of the aortic valve, which affects adults, is most often caused by calcification of the leaflets themselves and is considered an age-related or degenerative process. (medscape.com)
Postrheumatic aortic stenosis is another common cause of acquired aortic stenosis, and is a result of remote infection from group A streptococci that triggers an autoimmune process resulting in scarring of the valve leaflets. (medscape.com)
Radiation and ochronosis are rare causes of acquired aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)
Congenital aortic stenosis is classified as valvular, subvalvular, and supravalvular. (medscape.com)
Congenital aortic stenosis becomes symptomatic in childhood. (medscape.com)
The pathologic findings, clinical symptoms, and treatment are similar to degenerative aortic stenosis in trileaflet valves. (medscape.com)
A gradient of between 20 and 40 mm Hg is considered moderate, and more than 40 mm Hg severe aortic stenosis, according to American Heart Association guidelines. (medscape.com)
See also Aortic Stenosis , Pediatric Valvar Aortic Stenosis , Pediatric Rheumatic Heart Disease , and Pathology of Rheumatic Heart Disease . (medscape.com)
Calcific aortic stenosis has been also termed "degenerative aortic stenosis" and "fibrocalcific aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] Degenerative aortic stenosis is currently the most common indication for valve surgery, as the population ages and newer techniques, such as minimally invasive surgery and transcutaneous methods, become available. (medscape.com)
At present, the most common cause of valve replacement in the United States is aortic stenosis secondary to calcification. (medscape.com)
The incidence of symptomatic stenosis, a more advanced form of sclerosis that causes symptoms, is approximately 5 in 10,000 and is generally a disease of the elderly. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] The role of hyperlipidemia and statin treatment in the prevention of aortic stenosis is unclear, although hypercholesterolemia is an often cited risk factor. (medscape.com)
Patients with severe calcific degenerative aortic stenosis can be categorized into three clinical groups at the time of diagnosis: those without evidence of congestive heart failure, those with chronic congestive heart failure, and those with acute heart failure requiring hospitalization. (medscape.com)
Aortic stenosis, the narrowing of the aortic valve orifice caused by failure of the leaflets to open normally, is now the most common indication for valve replacement in North America and Europe. (mhmedical.com)
The pathogenesis of aortic stenosis is most commonly progressive calcification and degeneration of a trileaflet or congenitally bicuspid valve. (mhmedical.com)
Although once thought to be a degenerative process, it is now recognized that calcific aortic stenosis is in fact an active disease process that shares similarities to atherosclerosis and involves inflammation, lipid accumulation, and calcification of the leaflets. (mhmedical.com)
Those with end-stage renal disease, Paget disease, or severe familial hypercholesterolemia may present with calcific aortic stenosis at a younger age and are susceptible to more rapid progression of stenosis severity. (mhmedical.com)
Rheumatic valve disease is a rare cause of aortic stenosis in industrialized nations. (mhmedical.com)
In contrast to calcific aortic valve stenosis, the rheumatic valve shows adhesion, leaflet retraction, and commissural fusion. (mhmedical.com)
A patient with aortic stenosis and a perfectly normal mitral valve should be considered as having another cause for his or her disease. (mhmedical.com)
Other rare causes of aortic stenosis include connective tissues diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and ochronosis. (mhmedical.com)
Those with acquired aortic stenosis generally have a long latent period before the onset of the salient clinical manifestations of the disease: effort-related dyspnea (heart failure), angina, and syncope. (mhmedical.com)
Pomerance A (1972) Pathogenesis of aortic stenosis and its relation to age. (springer.com)
Passik CS, Ackermann DM, Pluth JR, Edwards WD (1987) Temporal changes in the causes of aortic stenosis: a surgical pathologic study of 646 cases. (springer.com)
Peterson MD, Roach RM, Edwards JE (1985) Types of aortic stenosis in surgically removed valves. (springer.com)
We previously reported aberrant glycosylation of lumican, one of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), in aortic valves in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS). (oatext.com)
Aortic valve stenosis (AS), caused mainly by degenerative changes with calcification, is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. (oatext.com)
The physician should ask about any medical problems related to increased risk for embolus formation (eg, heart valve disorders, history of endocarditis, carotid stenosis, coagulopathies, atrial fibrillation), as well as family history of blood clots or clotting disorders. (medscape.com)

Genetic mutations/dysregulation affecting Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) ligands signaling is found in several neonatal, pediatric, and adult patients with cardiovascular complications, including valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, and arterial aneurysms. (sc.edu)
Therefore, we are faced with an epidemic of aging and age-associated disease, not the least of which is valvular heart disease. (mhmedical.com)

As a result of improved medical and surgical management of congenital cardiovascular malformations, about 90% of children born with congenital heart diseases now live into neonatal, postnatal and adult stages of life. (sc.edu)
The overall goal is to determine the cell-specific role of TGF-beta2 and its downstream mechanisms in development of congenital heart defects and adult aortic and mitral valve disease. (sc.edu)
Bicuspid and unicuspid aortic valve disease are congenital conditions. (medscape.com)
Congenital heart defects affect approximately 1-5 % of human newborns each year, and of these cardiac defects 20-30 % are due to heart valve abnormalities. (springer.com)
Recent literature indicates that the key factors and pathways that regulate valve development are also implicated in congenital heart defects and valve disease. (springer.com)
Currently, there are limited options for treatment of valve disease, and therefore having a better understanding of valve development can contribute critical insight into congenital valve defects and disease. (springer.com)
Hoffman JI, Kaplan S (2002) The incidence of congenital heart disease. (springer.com)
Question15:-A ventricular septal defect is usually not associated with which of the following congenital heart diseases? (rankfiles.com)

Rheumatic aortic valve disease is almost never present in isolation, and there is invariably concomitant mitral valve disease. (mhmedical.com)

The long term goal also includes an investigation into the role of the three TGFβ ligands in the susceptibility, onset, and progression of adult cardiovascular diseases. (sc.edu)
The major goals of this project are to define cell type specific function and mechanisms of TGF-beta2 in development and progression of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. (sc.edu)
Many types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with complex immune responses that can significantly contribute to their progression and remission. (biomedcentral.com)
Excessive fructose consumption exacerbates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by disrupting hepatic lipid homeostasis. (cabi.org)
These quantitative and qualitative changes of the three SLRPs detected here may be involved in the progression of AS changes of aortic valves. (oatext.com)
Despite the increasing awareness that neural mechanisms are the primary cause of cardiac disease and its progression, therapy continues to focus on end-organ protection and does not approach the neural core of the problem. (nshealth.ca)
However, it has now been shown that the progression of ischemic heart disease to heart failure is mainly due to abnormal central responses to incipient cardiac disease, with neural activation the primary cause rather than the consequence of cardiac remodeling. (nshealth.ca)

Infective endocarditis (IE) is defined as an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart (see the image below), which may include one or more heart valves, the mural endocardium, or a septal defect. (medscape.com)
Acute bacterial endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus with perforation of the aortic valve and aortic valve vegetations. (medscape.com)
Very rarely the heart is involved in the process of the disease, leading to culture-negative infective endocarditis. (biomedcentral.com)
The first patient was a 55 year-old Caucasian male with culture-negative Whipple-related adhesive pericarditis and endocarditis of the aortic valve. (biomedcentral.com)
Aortic valve endocarditis developed during treatment with tocilizumab. (biomedcentral.com)
The second patient was a 65-year-old male patient with no prior history of the classic Whipple's disease who presented with a culture-negative aortic valve endocarditis. (biomedcentral.com)
The increased recognition rate led to the insight that Whipple's endocarditis can occur without other classical manifestations of Whipple's disease [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Aortic sclerosis, which is clinically defined as valve thickening without obstruction to outflow, is the most prevalent valve disease in developed countries, being present in about 25% of patients over age 65 years. (medscape.com)
Although surgical treatment with adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been used in patients with this disease, the long-term survival is still disappointing[ 6 , 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
To explore the possible pathological significance of calponin in ESCC, in this study, we first examined the expression of calponin isoforms in the tumor tissue of ESCC patients and further explored their association with the disease. (ijpsonline.com)
Both patients underwent aortic valve replacement surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
These data highlight the need for ruling out Whipple's disease in patients with a history of arthralgia prior to initiation of biological agents in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. (biomedcentral.com)
A symptomatic disease only develops in patients with partially defined immunologic defects, i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
Specifically, thickened and calcified (AS-C) areas and apparently non-thickened and non-calcified (AS-N) areas of aortic valves were sampled in 8 patients with AS. (oatext.com)
Seventy-five percent of patients have hypertension or carotid occlusive disease. (medscape.com)
In elderly patients, embolic disease is the most common etiology of a BRAO. (medscape.com)
In a study of 70 patients with retinal emboli, 40 were found to have cholesterol emboli, 8 platelet-fibrin emboli, 6 calcific emboli, and 1 possible myxomatous embolus. (medscape.com)
The pneumonia can occur in young and healthy people, but the condition is most dangerous for elderly people, infants, and patients with other disease(s), and those (immunocompromised patients) with impaired immune systems. (pfmjournal.org)

Evaluation of valve disease is typically performed by echocardiography. (medscape.com)

However, for indigenous populations within these countries as well as in developing countries, there remains a significant prevalence of rheumatic valve disease. (mhmedical.com)
Therefore, the rheumatic aortic valve invariably will leak. (mhmedical.com)

In the context of skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone metastasis, there is growing evidence osteoblastic miRNAs, are involved in the regulation of bone formation and maintenance.Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing the extracellular matrix, which ultimately mineralizes to form bone tissue. (bvsalud.org)
Dysregulation of these miRNAs can disrupt the balance between bone formation and resorption, leading to skeletal diseases.The therapeutic implications of targeting osteoblastic miRNAs in skeletal diseases are significant. (bvsalud.org)
Nonetheless, targeting osteoblastic miRNAs represents a promising avenue for future therapeutic interventions in skeletal diseases. (bvsalud.org)
These processes transform valvular interstitial cells into osteoblastic ones, which results in calcification of valve tissue [6-7]. (oatext.com)

Hinton RB Jr, Lincoln J, Deutsch GH, Osinska H, Manning PB, Benson DW, Yutzey KE (2006) Extracellular matrix remodeling and organization in developing and diseased aortic valves. (springer.com)
Aortic valves contain abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). (oatext.com)

The changes gradually progress and lead to narrowing of the valve orifice, which brings about various symptoms such as chest pain and dyspnea [1]. (oatext.com)

Along or just a few millimeters away from the free margins of the valve leaflets, small sessile nodules develop that also contribute to leaflet malcoaptation. (mhmedical.com)
Furthermore, integration and cross-talk between these pathways generate highly stratified and delicate valve leaflets and septa of the heart. (springer.com)

Rabkin-Aikawa E, Farber M, Aikawa M, Schoen FJ (2004) Dynamic and reversible changes of interstitial cell phenotype during remodeling of cardiac valves. (springer.com)
They are associated with calcified cardiac valves and atheromatous plaques of the carotid artery. (medscape.com)

Rabkin E, Aikawa M, Stone JR, Fukumoto Y, Libby P, Schoen FJ (2001) Activated interstitial myofibroblasts express catabolic enzymes and mediate matrix remodeling in myxomatous heart valves. (springer.com)

Bicuspid and unicommissural unicuspid valves generally function normally for the first few decades, after which superimposed degenerative changes occur, at a faster rate that normal trileaflet aortic valves. (medscape.com)

Calcific aortic valve disease occurs on previously normally-functioning valves, either bi- or trileaflet, and less commonly on unicuspid valves. (medscape.com)
Calciphylaxis, or calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is the tissue and vascular calcification that occurs mainly in chronic kidney disease. (docksci.com)

The impacted genes are involved in diseases including Alzheimer's, obesity and familial cancers, highlighting the importance of VNTRs for understanding the genetic basis of complex diseases. (escholarship.org)

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death and morbidity in the United States. (sc.edu)
Designed for a broad readership, it includes dedicated sections for cardiologists, psychiatrists, neurologists and psychotherapists looking for a more insightful and targeted approach to neuro-cardiovascular disease. (nshealth.ca)

Together, these three essential signaling pathways help form the cardiac cushions and populate them with mesenchyme and, consequently, set off the cascade of events required to develop mature heart valves. (springer.com)
Here, we discuss BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways during mouse cardiac cushion formation and how they together produce a coordinated EMT response in the developing mouse valves. (springer.com)

My research focus is on gaining an understanding of the unique and redundant biological function and properties of the three transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) ligands and their signaling mechanisms in cardiovascular development and homeostasis and in disease pathogenesis. (sc.edu)

The full-length PGRN can thus effectively reduce the calcification of valve interstitial cells, and the granulin precursor (GRN), among the degradation products of PGRN, can be beneficial. (biomedcentral.com)

Hardening of the aortic valve, usually by degenerative calcification, with a jet velocity of less than 5 mm/second is considered aortic sclerosis and is asymptomatic. (medscape.com)

20 S -protopanaxatriol improves cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease by promoting endogenous neurogenesis. (cabi.org)
Neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is impaired, and thus promoting neurogenesis is a promising strategy for treating AD-related cognition impairment. (cabi.org)

PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a spectrum of liver abnormalities induced by chronic alcohol abuse, continues to be the major cause of life-threatening liver disease in developed countries. (cabi.org)

The overall goal is to determine the role and the underlying regulatory mechanisms of TGFβ ligands in vivo in development and pathogenesis of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). (sc.edu)
The mechanisms by which some valves degenerate and become stenotic while others remain relatively normal are unknown but are probably related to genetic polymorphisms. (mhmedical.com)

Lysosomes play a pivotal role in the inflammation process, and PGRN is one of the key regulators in their functioning, which contributes to the immunomodulatory mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVDs. (biomedcentral.com)

The prognosis is especially poor in the setting of acute heart failure, for which aortic valve replacement provides the least benefit. (medscape.com)

Autophagy and exosomes coordinately mediate quercetin's protective effects on alcoholic liver disease. (cabi.org)

Potential therapeutic approaches include the use of synthetic miRNA mimics to restore miRNA expression in diseases associated with miRNA downregulation or the use of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides to inhibit miRNA function in diseases associated with miRNA upregulation.miRNA-based therapies are still in the early stages of development, and further research is needed to fully understand the complexity of miRNA networks. (bvsalud.org)
Hinton RB, Yutzey KE (2011) Heart valve structure and function in development and disease. (springer.com)

With the advent of multiple new therapeutic agents for a variety of important diseases has come an increasing realization that many of these drugs can have adverse effects on the heart and vascular system. (nshealth.ca)

Whipple's disease is a rare, often multisystemic chronic infectious disease caused by the rod-shaped bacterium Tropheryma whipplei . (biomedcentral.com)

Macrophages and dendritic cells are also present in normal heart valves. (biomedcentral.com)

Extending the study, we here characterized other SLRPs of proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP), decorin, and biglycan in AS valves. (oatext.com)
One study demonstrated that attempts to categorize emboli into cholesterol, calcific, or other by funduscopic examination had large intraobserver and interobserver variability. (medscape.com)

Immune dysregulation has been identified as a critical cause of the most common types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy11

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes3

Health Care5

Stenosis30

Valvular heart d2

Congenital8

Mitral1

Progression7

Endocarditis7

Patients11

Echocardiography1

Rheumatic2

Osteoblastic4

Extracellular2

Orifice1

Leaflets2

Cardiac valves2

Myxomatous1

Bicuspid1

Occurs2

Familial1

Cardiovascular disease2

Pathways2

Homeostasis1

Interstitial1

Velocity1

Alzheimer's2

Autoimmune1

Abnormalities1

Mechanisms2

Inflammation1

Replacement1

Mediate1

Function2

Therapeutic1

Chronic1

Normal1

Study2

Types1