The neurons arise in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and projects to the nucleus accumbens, the striatum forebrain, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Tracing experiments to chart cerebellar nuclei-NAc pathways identified disynaptic pathways that recruit the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and intralaminar thalamus (Centromedial and Parafascicular nuclei) as intermediary nodes. (elifesciences.org)
In the second category, we included DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area, cholinergic neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus, and cholinergic interneurons of the dorsal striatum. (eneuro.org)
Neurotensin receptor 1-biased ligand attenuates neurotensin-mediated excitation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. (ucsd.edu)
Ventral tegmental area glutamate neurons co-release GABA and promote positive reinforcement. (ucsd.edu)
Because high densities of alpha3beta4 nicotinic receptors occur in the medial habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus and moderate densities occur in the dorsolateral tegmentum, ventral tegmental area, and basolateral amygdala, the present study was conducted to determine if 18-MC could act in these brain areas to modulate methamphetamine self-administration in rats. (brainmaps.org)
In contrast, local administration of 18-MC and the other antagonists decreased sucrose self-administration when administered into the dorsolateral tegmentum or basolateral amygdala but had no effect when infused into the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus , or ventral tegmental area. (brainmaps.org)
Raphe nuclei4
The serotonergic system has almost all of its serotonergic neurons originating in the raphe nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
the same findings are seen in the projection neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the coeruleus-subcoeruleus complex. (medscape.com)
In the first category, we included dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra, noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), serotonin neurons of the raphe nuclei (R), and cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). (eneuro.org)
iKEPI fiber/terminal patterns are relatively densely distributed in striatum, nucleus accumbens, septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hippocampus, paraventricular thalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus , raphe nuclei, nucleus caudalis of the spinal tract of the trigeminal and dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (brainmaps.org)
Substantia nigra2
Based on this classification, synucleinopathic involvement of the structures suggested to underlie motor parkinsonism -- the substantia nigra (SN), tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus, oral raphe, amygdala, magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain and tuberomamillary bodies -- does not become evident until stage 3. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, the sections are collected at an equal distance, 200 mum instead of 400-500 mum used previously, thus enabling the use of virtual z-stacks and three-dimensional (3D) volume renderings to investigate differential localization patterns in much smaller brain structures such as the substantia nigra and the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
Neurons6
The neurons of the histaminergic system are in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
In the earlier Braak stage 1, there is α-synucleinic immunoreactivity in the anterior olfactory structures, as well as PD-related inclusion bodies within the spindle-shaped projection neurons of only the dorsal IX/X motor nucleus and the intermediate reticular zone. (medscape.com)
We examined agouti-related peptide (AgRP) expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus as a possible source for excitatory GABAergic input. (bvsalud.org)
Notwithstanding the obvious limitations related to the dissection of small brain nuclei and to the growth of these neurons in vitro , these findings support the hypothesis that axonal domain structure is a key characteristic of neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress. (eneuro.org)
Activation of Pedunculopontine Glutamate Neurons Is Reinforcing. (ucsd.edu)
The habenular neurons on both sides of the zebrafish diencephalon show an asymmetric (laterotopic) axonal projection pattern into the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
Accumbens6
The limbic system is important for control of mood, and the nucleus accumbens signal excitement and arousal. (wikipedia.org)
Although the cerebellum is now recognized as part of a long-range brain network that serves limbic functions and motivated behavior, knowledge of cerebello-limbic connectivity is limited, and nothing is known about how the cerebellum connects functionally to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (elifesciences.org)
The study expands our understanding of the neural circuitry downstream of the cerebellum by describing pathways between the deep cerebellar nuclei and the nucleus accumbens. (elifesciences.org)
The finding extends previous investigations about the connections between these two brain areas, and are important for elucidating the role of the cerebellum in influencing functions supported by the nucleus accumbens, such as motivation and reward. (elifesciences.org)
18-Methoxycoronaridine, an agent that reduces morphine self-administration and attenuates dopamine sensitization in the nucleus accumbens in response to repeated morphine, has been shown to produce these effects by acting in the medial habenula and interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
iKEPI-positive cell bodies lie in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, lateral septal nucleus, granular layer of dentate gyrus, interpeduncular nucleus , dorsal root ganglia and cerebellar vermis. (brainmaps.org)
Arcuate nucleus1
or (3) both strains (arcuate nucleus, ventroposteromedial thalamus, SI and SII somatosensory cortex). (brainmaps.org)
Paraventricular nucleus1
This increase in serum corticosterone is not dependent on activation of CRH neuronal soma in the paraventricular nucleus. (bvsalud.org)
Striatum1
At metamorphic climax and in newly metamorphosed frogs, positive perikarya were found in the striatum and in the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
Stimulation3
Here, we report that stimulation of cerebellar nuclei in mice of both sexes modulates spiking activity in both NAc core and medial shell with fast excitation and slower, less synchronized inhibition. (elifesciences.org)
1 In PD, gait difficulties are initially improved by dopaminergic medication, or subthalamic nucleus (STN) or internal globus pallidus stimulation, but become progressively resistant to these therapies in patients with advanced disease. (bmj.com)
5 In addition, it has recently been shown that pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) may reduce FoG and falls related to FoG in some, but not all, patients with PD. (bmj.com)
Spinal cord1
This study aimed to clarify whether downregulation of K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) of the lumbosacral spinal cord, from which the efferent pathway innervating the bladder originates, causes cellular hyperexcitability and triggers detrusor overactivity (DO) in spinal cord injury (SCI). (bvsalud.org)
Shown1
On the other hand, morphine was shown to alter the neurochemistry of the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway, inducing biphasic changes in acetylcholine release in the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
Levels3
Nicotine (0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg s.c.) produced a dose-dependent decrease in extracellular levels of acetylcholine, while methamphetamine (1 and 4 mg/kg i.p.) produced an increase in acetylcholine release in the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
To determine if and how morphine acts in the interpeduncular nucleus , the effects of acute and repeated administration of morphine on extracellular acetylcholine levels in this brain area were assessed. (brainmaps.org)
Acutely, morphine produced a biphasic effect on extracellular acetylcholine levels in the interpeduncular nucleus such that low and high doses of morphine (i.e., 5 and 20mg/kg i.p.) significantly increased and decreased acetylcholine levels, respectively. (brainmaps.org)
Response1
The most promising methods to examine gait difficulties and their response to currently available treatments are then discussed. (bmj.com)