ActinProteinsDepolymerizationPolymerizationFree tubulinCytoskeletonMitoticMediated by dynaminDynamicsStabilizationRegulateRapid microtubuleKinetochore-microtubuleRegulationFocalSubunitsBindsATPaseVitroPromotesPhosphorylationInteractionKinesinInhibitionStabilityLatticeInhibitorsOrganizationMechanismMitosisProcessiveCabazitaxelAssemblyModulatesMutantsDisruptionKinetochoresComplexesSynthesisBehaviorMoleculesClinicalRegulatoryAlternateProcessesFormationCellsBound
Actin7
- In several research regarding vascular endothelium TNF-α may induce hurdle dysfunction concomitant using the disruption of actin cytoskeleton14 18 and microtubule disassembly15 through systems relating to the activation of reactive air types (ROS) 19 RhoA GTPase 20 MAP kinases 15 transcriptional activation of myosin light string. (biospraysehatalami.com)
- The nucleus is translocated by actin and microtubules, yet the actual force generated by the interplay of these cytoskeletons remains elusive. (biologists.com)
- During time-lapse image, fresh media buffered with HEPES was continuously perfused through the dish and temperature was maintained at 37°C. After 1-2 hours, cells were treated with cytochalasin D (to disrupt f-actin) and/or nocodazole (to depolymerize microtubules). (arvojournals.org)
- Overall, the data suggest that microtubules play an important role in regulating cell tensegrity (e.g. by counteracting tension within the f-actin cytoskeleton) and/or contractility (e.g. by sequestering Rho-GEF) in corneal fibroblasts within 3-D collagen matrices. (arvojournals.org)
- We found that stimulated neutrophils eject extracellular DNA after decondensation of the nuclear DNA in the nucleus, rupture of the lamin meshwork and nuclear membrane allowing the release of decondensed chromatin to the cytosol, disassembly of the actin, microtubule and vimentin intermediate filaments networks, vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane and finally rupture of the plasma membrane. (mpg.de)
- Serine protein kinases involved in the regulation of ACTIN polymerization and MICROTUBULE disassembly. (bvsalud.org)
- Stabilisation of the peripheral cytoskeleton, disassembly of actin microfilaments and disaggregation of microtubules all consistently failed to alter the rate or extent of activation of I(CRAC). (ox.ac.uk)
Proteins9
- Kinesin-8s are dual-activity motor proteins that can move processively on microtubules and depolymerize microtubule plus-ends, but their mechanism of combining these distinct activities remains unclear. (nature.com)
- This technique allows the observation of individual kinetochore complexes and microtubule-binding proteins with single-molecule sensitivity to reveal their mode of interaction with dynamic plus-ends. (uni-due.de)
- Single Cik1-Kar3 Kinesin-14 motor proteins (red) moving along taxol-stabilized microtubules (blue), visualized by TIRF microscopy. (uni-due.de)
- Knockdown of Kif2a, but not other microtubule depolymerization or severing proteins, protects axonal microtubules from disassembly upon trophic deprivation. (nih.gov)
- Docetaxel, in addition to stabilizing microtubules, also induces apoptosis by downregulating antiapoptotic proteins. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- LL5β anchors microtubules at the cell cortex through its association with CLASP proteins to trigger focal adhesion disassembly. (hal.science)
- The results indicated that, like calcium, the inhibitory effect of cadmium on the polymerization of purified MT proteins containing tubulin and microtubule associated proteins was enhanced by exogenously added CaM, suggesting that microtubule associated proteins were involved in mediating the sensitivity of MT to cadmium activated CaM. (cdc.gov)
- The spindle apparatus, consisting of microtubules and associated proteins, also begins to form. (etutorworld.com)
- The spindle apparatus, which is made up of microtubules and associated proteins, is responsible for separating the chromosomes during mitosis. (etutorworld.com)
Depolymerization8
- At low concentrations of free tubulin, the growth rate at the microtubule ends is slowed and results in an increased rate of depolymerization (disassembly). (wikipedia.org)
- Stathmin regulates these by promoting depolymerization of microtubules or preventing polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. (wikipedia.org)
- These data reveal that the microtubule depolymerization activity of kinesin-8 originates from conformational changes of its motor core that are amplified by dynamic contacts between its extended loop-2 and tubulin. (nature.com)
- On curved microtubule ends, loop-1 inserts into preceding motor domains, forming head-to-tail arrays of kinesin-8s that complement loop-2 contacts with curved tubulin and assist depolymerization. (nature.com)
- We propose that these tubulin shape-induced alternations between pro-microtubule-depolymerization and pro-motility kinesin states, regulated by loop-2, are the key to the dual activity of kinesin-8 motors. (nature.com)
- A lack of high-resolution structures capturing a kinesin-8 motor domain at each major step of its motile and microtubule depolymerization cycles has limited our understanding of the relationship between these two catalytic cycles and the structural elements of the motor domain that control them. (nature.com)
- At this time, our knowledge of the catalytic cycles of kinesins is limited to motile kinesins that are incapable of microtubule depolymerization, and to microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins that are non-motile. (nature.com)
- A defining feature of kinetochores is their ability to interact with microtubule plus-ends through multiple rounds of polymerization and depolymerization. (uni-due.de)
Polymerization2
- Without tubulin polymerization, there is no microtubule assembly. (wikipedia.org)
- The mechanisms of action of paclitaxel are tubulin polymerization and microtubule stabilization. (medscape.com)
Free tubulin1
- However, these have generated conflicting data in terms of the role of cytoplasmic microtubules (CytoMTs) and free tubulin dynamics during ciliogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
Cytoskeleton5
- Eukaryotic microtubules are one of three major components of the cell's cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
- Stathmin performs an important function in regulating rapid microtubule remodeling of the cytoskeleton in response to the cell's needs. (wikipedia.org)
- The cytoskeleton is made up of long hollow cylinders named microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
- Overall, the effect of microtubule disruption appears to be enhanced in cells with a well organized cytoskeleton and greater pre-existing contractile forces. (arvojournals.org)
- The microtubule cytoskeleton polymerizes and depolymerizes rapidly. (bvsalud.org)
Mitotic3
- Without microtubule growth and assembly, the mitotic spindle cannot form, and the cell cycle is arrested. (wikipedia.org)
- If stathmin is unable to bind to tubulin, it allows for constant microtubule assembly and therefore constant mitotic spindle assembly. (wikipedia.org)
- This leads to the stabilization of microtubules, which results in the interference of mitotic and interphase cellular functions. (jacksonnewsreporter.com)
Mediated by dynamin1
- Microtubule-induced focal adhesion disassembly is mediated by dynamin and focal adhesion kinase. (cytoskeleton.com)
Dynamics7
- Its function as an important regulatory protein of microtubule dynamics has been well-characterized. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we report that AQP5 promotes microtubule assembly and helps maintain the assembled microtubule steady state levels with slower turnover dynamics in cells . (plos.org)
- These findings indicate that AQP5-mediated regulation of microtubule dynamics modulates airway epithelial barrier properties and epithelial function. (plos.org)
- Microtubule dynamics and glutathione metabolism in phagocytizing human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (uconn.edu)
- Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of minus-end dynamics, essential for our understanding of microtubule minus-end regulation in cells. (vanderbilt.edu)
- Sequential release of cell confinement using dynamic micropatterns, and modulation of microtubule dynamics, confirmed that centrosome repositioning was responsible for further cell disengagement and scattering. (pasteur.fr)
- In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. (biomedcentral.com)
Stabilization1
- Cdc42, dynein, and dynactin regulate MTOC reorientation independent of Rho-regulated microtubule stabilization. (cytoskeleton.com)
Regulate3
- Microtubules also regulate paracellular permeability. (plos.org)
- Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
- however, microtubules outside of the cilium can regulate ciliogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
Rapid microtubule1
- Nocodazole induced rapid microtubule disruption which resulted in cellular contraction at both 3 hours and 24 hours. (arvojournals.org)
Kinetochore-microtubule1
- Our study gives new insights into kinetochore-microtubule interaction and kinetochore duplication during S phase in a closed mitosis. (dundee.ac.uk)
Regulation2
- The rate of microtubule assembly is an important aspect of cell growth therefore associating regulation of stathmin with cell cycle progress. (wikipedia.org)
- While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
Focal4
- Rabbit and human corneal fibroblasts transfected to express GFP-zyxin (to label focal adhesions) or GFP-tubulin (to label microtubules) were plated at low density inside 100 µm thick type I collagen matrices. (arvojournals.org)
- At 3 hours, focal adhesions were not well developed, microtubules were weakly labeled, and little matrix compaction was observed surrounding the cells. (arvojournals.org)
- In contrast, at 24 hrs cells had well organized microtubules and prominent focal adhesions, and significant cell-induced matrix compaction was observed. (arvojournals.org)
- At the front edge of cells, PAK1 promotes focal adhesion formation by phosphorylating PIX, while at the back edge, it directs focal adhesion disassembly. (rndsystems.com)
Subunits3
- Microtubules are composed of heterodimeric subunits containing an alpha - and beta -tubulin polypeptide. (rndsystems.com)
- Interactions of microtubule subunits and membranes followed by fluorescence techniques. (uconn.edu)
- However, cortical microtubules reside just under the plasma membrane, while cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by transmembrane CSCs [ 6 ], consisting of CESA subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
Binds1
- Cabazitaxel binds to tubulin and promotes its assembly into microtubules while simultaneously inhibiting disassembly. (jacksonnewsreporter.com)
ATPase1
- The AAA+ ATPase activity of spastin (SPAST) removes attached microtubules from chromosomes, allowing formation of a sealed nuclear envelope (Vietri et al. (reactome.org)
Vitro5
- This analysis has already yielded some important insights: For example, the Dam1 complex, a specialized microtubule-binding component of the budding yeast kinetochore oligomerizes to form a ring around microtubules in vitro ( Figure 2 ). (uni-due.de)
- To analyze this process we have reconstituted dynamic microtubules in vitro and visualized the interaction of individual kinetochore components using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy (Movie 1) . (uni-due.de)
- Dynamic Microtubules (red) growing in vitro from a Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). (uni-due.de)
- Purified motors and microtubules have previously been observed to form asters in vitro 5 . (sciforums.com)
- In vitro, both microtubule ends switch between phases of assembly and disassembly, a behavior called dynamic instability. (vanderbilt.edu)
Promotes1
- Stathmin also promotes microtubule disassembly by acting directly on the microtubule ends. (wikipedia.org)
Phosphorylation2
- Stathmin phosphorylation increases the concentration of tubulin available in the cytoplasm for microtubule assembly. (wikipedia.org)
- The stimulation by cadmium or calcium/CaM dependent protein-kinase-II, resulting in MAP phosphorylation and MT disassembly and inhibition of assembly was not investigated. (cdc.gov)
Interaction2
- Microtubule membrane interaction fluorescence techniques. (uconn.edu)
- however, it has been a topic of debate whether microtubule interaction is constantly maintained or transiently disrupted during chromosome duplication. (dundee.ac.uk)
Kinesin3
- We also determined a crystal structure of microtubule-unbound Ca Kip3-ADP (2.0 Å) and analyzed the biochemical activity of Ca Kip3 and kinesin-1 mutants. (nature.com)
- Here, we identify the kinesin superfamily protein 2A (KIF2A) as a key executor of microtubule disassembly and axonal breakdown during axonal pruning. (nih.gov)
- HSET maintains its protective minus-end activity even when challenged by a known microtubule depolymerase, kinesin-13 MCAK. (vanderbilt.edu)
Inhibition2
- According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. (biomedcentral.com)
- The major aim of this study was to determine whether metallothionein (MT) disassembly and inhibition of assembly caused by cadmium (7440439), mercury (7439976), and lead (7439921) in cultured 3T3 cells was due to binding to tubulin sulfhydryl groups or binding to and activation of CaM. (cdc.gov)
Stability3
- In contrast, overexpression of AQP5 increased assembly of microtubules, with evidence of increased MT stability, and promoted the formation of long straight microtubules in the apical domain of the epithelial cells. (plos.org)
- Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. (biomedcentral.com)
- Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules. (biomedcentral.com)
Lattice3
- We addressed this by obtaining cryo-EM structures (2.6-3.9 Å) of Candida albicans Kip3 in different catalytic states on the microtubule lattice and on a curved microtubule end mimic. (nature.com)
- On straight tubulin protofilaments in the microtubule lattice, loop-2-tubulin contacts inhibit conformational changes in the motor core, but in the ADP-Pi state these contacts are relaxed, allowing neck-linker docking for motility. (nature.com)
- This ring slides along the microtubule lattice and remains attached to the plus-end even during microtubule disassembly. (uni-due.de)
Inhibitors1
- In Microtubules and microtubule inhibitors. (uconn.edu)
Organization2
- Here we study the extent and the characteristics of self-organization using microtubules and molecular motors 2 as a model system. (sciforums.com)
- Dynamic organization of microtubule minus ends is vital for the formation and maintenance of acentrosomal microtubule arrays. (vanderbilt.edu)
Mechanism2
- A fourth mechanism suggests that cytotoxic drugs are removed from the source using efflux pumps, and the last mechanism is microtubule alterations that affect cytotoxic drug attachment to cancer cells. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- Even though the "alignment hypothesis" has been proposed decades ago, a mechanism explaining how cortical microtubules, located inside of the plasma membrane, control the orientation of cellulose microfibrils, outside of the protoplast, remained ambiguous. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitosis1
- In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microtubule-organizing centers called spindle pole bodies (SPBs) are embedded in the nuclear envelope, which remains intact throughout the cell cycle (closed mitosis). (dundee.ac.uk)
Processive1
- Note unidirectional, processive runs of individual motor molecules along the microtubules. (uni-due.de)
Cabazitaxel1
- Cabazitaxel is a microtubule inhibitor. (jacksonnewsreporter.com)
Assembly3
- They are highly dynamic structures that continuously alternate between assembly and disassembly. (wikipedia.org)
- Our investigations into kinetochore assembly have led to the identification of a conserved receptor molecule for the microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex. (uni-due.de)
- Effect of glutathione-oxidizing agents on microtubule assembly and microtubule-dependent surface properties of human neutrophils. (uconn.edu)
Modulates1
- Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of monomers from a filament. (mcw.edu)
Mutants4
- Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, it has been reported that cortical microtubules in cellulose-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to oryzalin. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos , mre1 , any1 , prc1-1 and rsw1 , and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein ( csi1) mutant pom2-4 . (biomedcentral.com)
- Cortical microtubules in all mutants showed statistically significant increased persistence against anti-microtubule drugs, compared to those of the wild-type. (biomedcentral.com)
Disruption1
- TNF-α reduces the hurdle integrity of corneal endothelium concomitant using the disruption of PAMR redecorating of AJC and disassembly of microtubules. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Kinetochores3
- These detachment and displacement events are caused by centromere DNA replication, which results in disassembly of kinetochores. (dundee.ac.uk)
- Soon afterward, kinetochores are reassembled, leading to their recapture by microtubules. (dundee.ac.uk)
- We also show how kinetochores are subsequently transported poleward by microtubules. (dundee.ac.uk)
Complexes1
- The direct observation of CESA complexes sliding on the plasma membrane over the cortical microtubules [ 5 ] directly supported the model of Heath [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Synthesis1
- Apart from the role of cortical microtubules on cellulose microfibril orientation, several authors supported that CESA activity and cellulose synthesis also exert an effect on cortical microtubule orientation, suggesting thus that cortical microtubule-cellulose microfibril relationship is bi-directional. (biomedcentral.com)
Behavior1
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of microtubules in modulating corneal fibroblast structure and mechanical behavior using 4-dimensional imaging of cells in 3-D culture. (arvojournals.org)
Molecules1
- We hope not only to provide a mechanistic understanding of this process but also to explore more generally the type of features that allow translocation of molecules along microtubules. (uni-due.de)
Clinical1
- HTA groups such as NICE and ANAES (Agence Nationale d'Accreditation et d'Evaluation en Sante) in France are seen as being much more influential since they impact on clinical practice and reimbursement. (bmj.com)
Regulatory1
- The regulatory role of cortical microtubules on cellulose microfibrils was initially postulated, and remains widely accepted, by the "alignment hypothesis" [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Alternate1
- Vesicles alternate between active transport along microtubules and passive brownian-like motion. (nature.com)
Processes1
- Is consciousness to be found in quantum processes in microtubules? (sciforums.com)
Formation2
- PAK1 also impacts microtubule formation. (rndsystems.com)
- The availability of alpha -tubulin for microtubule formation is based on the ability of PAK1 to phosphorylate a alpha -tubulin chaperone, tubulin cofactor B. PAK1 is activated following binding to active GTPases which induce PAK autophosphorylation. (rndsystems.com)
Cells1
- Microtubules play an important role in regulating the morphology and motility of a variety of cells on 2-D substrates. (arvojournals.org)
Bound1
- Neck-linker docking in the microtubule-bound motor domain propels the second, microtubule-unbound, motor domain towards the microtubule plus-end, enabling a single stepping event. (nature.com)