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DisaccharidesLactose IntoleranceCarbohydrate SequenceChondroitin SulfatesOligosaccharidesLactose Tolerance TestTrehaloseCarbohydrate ConformationMonosaccharidesDermatan SulfateHeparitin SulfateChondroitinases and Chondroitin LyasesGlycosaminoglycansMaltoseNitrous AcidLactose SynthaseLipid AChondroitinChondroitin LyasesSulfatesUronic AcidsSucroseGlycosidesCarbohydratesTrisaccharidesIduronic AcidCellobiosePolysaccharide-LyasesHeparin LyaseMolecular Sequence DataGlycoconjugatesMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyGalactosidesHeparinGlycoside HydrolasesGlucosamineNitrophenylgalactosidesSugar AlcoholsAmino SugarsChromatography, PaperSulfotransferasesIsomaltoseDisaccharidasesLactose FactorsPolysaccharidesSugar AcidsAcetylgalactosamineKeratan SulfateChromatography, High Pressure LiquidChondroitin ABC LyaseLactuloseMelibioseLectinsLactoseGalactoseSubstrate SpecificityGalectinsGalactosidasesLactaseCarbohydrate MetabolismThiogalactosidesPlant LectinsChromatography, GelSpectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom BombardmentElectrophoresis, PaperEscherichia coliGlycolipidsMolecular StructureSymportersChondroitin Sulfate ProteoglycansSulfuric AcidsProteoglycansGlycosylationFucoseHydrolysisAcetylglucosamineGlycopeptidesChromatography, Thin LayerSulfatasesMilkChemistryMembrane Transport ProteinsFlavobacteriumAntigens, Tumor-Associated, CarbohydrateChemical PhenomenaGlucuronatesPeptidoglycanHexosesGalactosyltransferasesChromatography, Ion ExchangeGlucosidasesKineticsGlycosyltransferasesFructoseSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationMannosePeriodic AcidMass SpectrometryHydrogenBorohydrides

SucroseMaltoseFructoseSugarsGalactoseMonosaccharideOligosaccharidesMonosaccharides are joinedDigestionIntoleranceCarbohydrateLactaseMalabsorptionComponent monosaccharidesCarbohydratesMoleculeTolerateEnzymeMolarDairyMetabolismIntolerantPolysaccharidesDigestPrimarilyEnzymaticSymptomsAntimicrobialCheeseDietTypesMadeOrganicDouble sugarFoodsWater

Sucrose15

• Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. (wikipedia.org)
• The most common types of disaccharides-sucrose, lactose, and maltose-have 12 carbon atoms, with the general formula C12H22O11. (wikipedia.org)
• Sucrose and trehalose are examples of non-reducing disaccharides because their glycosidic bond is between their respective hemiacetal carbon atoms. (wikipedia.org)
• For example, milk sugar (lactose) is a disaccharide made by condensation of one molecule of each of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, whereas the disaccharide sucrose in sugar cane and sugar beet, is a condensation product of glucose and fructose. (wikipedia.org)
• Sucrose, a common disaccharide, composed of one glucose molecule (left) and one fructose molecule (right). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Common nutritionally important disaccharides are sucrose , lactose, and maltose . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• While the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, maltose, and cellobiose have the same chemical formula, C 12 H 22 O 11 , and all have at least one glucose molecule as part of their structure, they differ substantially in their properties. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Disaccharides (di-"two"), such as sucrose and lactose, are two monosaccharides linked together by covalent bonds . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar ( sucrose ) is made from glucose and fructose. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The small amount of carbohydrate in cheese exists primarily as sugars such as lactose, sucrose and maltose. (livestrong.com)
• One series of experiments detects whether or not a solution contains starch, proteins, or sugars such as glucose, lactose or sucrose. (scienceinschool.org)
• Students receive five samples, labelled A to E, which contain starch, protein (bovine serum albumin), the monosaccharide glucose, or the disaccharides lactose or sucrose. (scienceinschool.org)
• Two examples of disaccharides are lactose and sucrose. (differencebetween.net)
• Monosaccharide / Polysaccharide / Sucrose / Disaccharide. (wikieducator.org)
• Sucrose is a disaccharide. (wikieducator.org)

Maltose3

• lactose, maltose and cellobiose are examples of reducing disaccharides, each with one hemiacetal unit, the other occupied by the glycosidic bond, which prevents it from acting as a reducing agent. (wikipedia.org)
• Maltose, another common disaccharide, is condensed from two glucose molecules. (wikipedia.org)
• Maltose is a type of sugar (disaccharide) which helps regulate digestion due to its antimicrobial properties. (versus.com)

Fructose2

• When two monosaccharides are combined, such as glucose with glucose or glucose with fructose, a disaccharide is the result. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• It is a disaccharide (double sugar) that is made from glucose paired with fructose. (dummies.com)

Sugars12

• Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are simple sugars soluble in water. (wikipedia.org)
• So, even if both component sugars are the same (e.g., glucose), different bond combinations (regiochemistry) and stereochemistry (alpha- or beta-) result in disaccharides that are diastereoisomers with different chemical and physical properties. (wikipedia.org)
• A disaccharide is a type of carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides (simple sugars) linked together by covalent bonds . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• In other words, the repeating units of disaccharides (and oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) are simple sugars called monosaccharides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• One or two sugars (monosaccharides or disaccharides) combined in a simple chemical structure. (nih.gov)
• These sugars are disaccharides, or units of two monosaccharides joined together. (livestrong.com)
• Once the sugars are identified, further experiments determine, using an enzymatic reaction, which samples contain lactose or glucose. (scienceinschool.org)
• Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, and are divided in 4 groups: oligosaccharides (glycose), monosaccharides and disaccharides which are sugars and serve as a quick source of energy, while polysaccharides, like starches serve for storing energy. (versus.com)
• The single sugars can decide to partner up with each other, form a loving bond, and become disaccharides. (dummies.com)
• Lactose is digested in the intestine as lactase enzymes clip apart the double sugar into its two single sugars, glucose and galactose. (dummies.com)
• The double sugar, lactose, breaks down into the individual sugars, glucose and galactose, before you even drink it. (dummies.com)
• The carton will say 100 percent lactose-free milk, but keep in mind the actual amount of sugar is exactly the same as normal milk - it just contains single sugars instead of the double sugar. (dummies.com)

Galactose2

• Lactase deficiency (LD) is the failure to express the enzyme that hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose in the small intestine. (bmj.com)
• Lactose is a type of sugar (disaccharide) usually found in milk, composed of galactose and glucose. (versus.com)

Monosaccharide4

• The formation of a disaccharide molecule from two monosaccharide molecules proceeds by displacing a hydroxy group from one molecule and a hydrogen nucleus (a proton) from the other, so that the now vacant bonds on the monosaccharides join the two monomers together. (wikipedia.org)
• Depending on the monosaccharide constituents, disaccharides are sometimes crystalline, sometimes water-soluble, and sometimes sweet-tasting and sticky-feeling. (wikipedia.org)
• Disaccharide is one of the four basic categories of carbohydrates, the others being monosaccharide, oligosaccharide , and polysaccharide . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• That is, the aldohexose D-glucose, the single most common monosaccharide, represented by the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 , occurs not only as the free monosaccharide, but also in disaccharides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Oligosaccharides2

• Disaccharides are one of the four chemical groupings of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides). (wikipedia.org)
• In disaccharides (and oligosaccharides and polysaccharides), the molar proportions deviate slightly from the general formula because two hydrogens and one oxygen are lost during each of the condensation reactions that forms them. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Monosaccharides are joined2

• A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage. (wikipedia.org)
• A disaccharide is created when two monosaccharides are joined. (vedantu.com)

Digestion5

• Digestion of disaccharides involves breakdown into monosaccharides. (wikipedia.org)
• Digestion of cheese disaccharides occurs in your small intestine, where cells secrete specific enzymes to cleave each disaccharide into its component monosaccharides prior to absorption. (livestrong.com)
• Independent of lactose digestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity associated with anxiety or the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are at increased risk of the condition. (bmj.com)
• 1-3 Studying the mechanisms of lactose digestion and intolerance has provided insights not only into dietary causes of functional intestinal symptoms but also into human evolution and nutrition, culture and lifestyle ( box 1 ). (bmj.com)
• Recent evidence has demonstrated the impact of lactose digestion on the human microbiota and general health. (bmj.com)

Intolerance12

• Food lactose and lactose intolerance is today a hot topic in food and nutrition knowledge. (researchgate.net)
• Probiotics have also been proposed as an alternative that could avoid some symptoms of lactose intolerance. (researchgate.net)
• As scientific knowledge on lactose intolerance has notably advanced in recent decades, the aim of this work was to review the current state of the knowledge on lactose and lactose intolerance, its diagnosis and clinical management, and the various food products that are offered specifically for non-tolerant individuals. (researchgate.net)
• The majority (about 70%) of the world's population suffers from lactose intolerance. (researchgate.net)
• Lactose intolerance leads to long-term discomfort when consuming milk and dairy products, and hence, to their avoidance. (researchgate.net)
• Knowing the condition - lactose intolerance - will prevent people from unnecessarily restricting dairy products in their diets. (researchgate.net)
• In this study, lactose synthesis and catabolism in the human body are presented, also the types of lactose intolerance, as well as the methods of diagnosing this condition, are discussed. (researchgate.net)
• Solutions for the treatment of lactose intolerance have also been proposed, both up-to-date and easily applicable, as well as future developments. (researchgate.net)
• this effect, associated with its fermentation by the local microbial flora, gives rise to the typical symptoms of lactose intolerance. (researchgate.net)
• If lactose intolerance is suspected, this condition can be easily diagnosed by the Lactose Hydrogen Breath Test (LHBT) [3] . (researchgate.net)
• Lactose intolerance (LI) is defined as the onset of abdominal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhoea after lactose ingestion by an individual with LM. (bmj.com)
• Another work-around on lactose intolerance is to use a nondairy milk substitute. (dummies.com)

Carbohydrate2

• β-galactosyl-1,4 glucose) is the main source of carbohydrate in human milk and that of other mammals, except for sea lions and walruses which produce low volume, viscous and fatty lactose-free milk. (bmj.com)
• In infants, minimum carbohydrate (mainly lactose) intake should be 40% of total energy, gradually increasing to 55% energy by the age of 2 years. (nature.com)

Lactase7

• Each disaccharide is broken down with the help of a corresponding disaccharidase (sucrase, lactase, and maltase). (wikipedia.org)
• About 70% of the adult world population is lactose-intolerant, due to low levels of intestinal lactase, also called lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), a β-D-galactosidase found in the apical surface of the intestinal microvilli. (researchgate.net)
• According to the cultural-historical hypothesis, the mutation that allows the metabolization of lactose appeared about 10,000 years ago in the inhabitants of northern Europe where mammalian milk continued in the diet after weaning, and lactase-persistent populations were genetically selected in some areas. (researchgate.net)
• The likelihood of LI depends on the lactose dose, lactase expression and the intestinal microbiome. (bmj.com)
• Treatment of LI can include low-lactose diet, lactase supplementation and, potentially, colonic adaptation by prebiotics. (bmj.com)
• The lactase enzyme needed to digest lactose sugar is also available in tablets and liquid drops, so you can take it as needed when you have a serving of dairy. (dummies.com)
• Disaccharides are normally split into monosaccharides by disaccharidases (eg, lactase , maltase, isomaltase, sucrase [invertase]) located in the brush border of small-bowel enterocytes. (msdmanuals.com)

Malabsorption1

• Lactose malabsorption (LM) refers to any cause of failure to digest and/or absorb lactose in the small intestine. (bmj.com)

Component monosaccharides1

• Non-reducing disaccharides, in which the component monosaccharides bond through an acetal linkage between their anomeric centers. (wikipedia.org)

Carbohydrates2

• The clinical outcome of these treatments is modest, because lactose is just one of a number of poorly absorbed carbohydrates which can cause symptoms by similar mechanisms. (bmj.com)
• Digestible dietary carbohydrates, primarily lactose, are one of the main sources of dietary energy in this crucial period. (nature.com)

Molecule1

• The differences in these disaccharides are due to atomic arrangements within the molecule. (wikipedia.org)

Tolerate4

• Many intolerant individuals can tolerate low levels of lactose in their daily diet. (researchgate.net)
• If you are lactose intolerant, you may still be able to tolerate cheese. (dummies.com)
• Some people who are lactose intolerant seem to tolerate yogurt fairly well too. (dummies.com)
• A child who cannot tolerate lactose develops diarrhea after ingesting significant amounts of milk and may not gain weight. (msdmanuals.com)

Enzyme2

• Some people do not have enough of the enzyme to properly break down lactose. (dummies.com)
• Lactose-free milk has the enzyme pre-added to the milk. (dummies.com)

Molar1

• The optimised conditions for sugar fatty acid ester syntheses are 48 h at 2:1 of molar ratio of lactose sugar to capric acid at 55 °C. Furthermore, a high operational stability with half-lives of over 13 and 10 runs was achieved for NER-CRL and Amino-CRL, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the immobilisation process. (researchgate.net)

Dairy3

• Many products are marketed nowadays as alternatives to dairy products for lactose-intolerant individuals. (researchgate.net)
• The principle of these experiments is the same as in assays to determine blood glucose levels for the diagnosis of diabetes, or to measure glucose and/or lactose levels, for example in fruit juices, milk and dairy products. (scienceinschool.org)
• People who are lactose intolerant feel gassy and bloated or crampy (or have diarrhea) after consuming milk (and sometimes other dairy products). (dummies.com)

Metabolism1

• Lactose metabolism continuous to fascinate anthropologists, geneticists, physiologists and clinicians. (bmj.com)

Intolerant1

• If you are unable to digest milk, then you are likely lactose intolerant. (dummies.com)

Polysaccharides1

• The dehydration reaction that bonds monosaccharides into disaccharides (and also bonds monosaccharides into more complex polysaccharides) forms what are called glycosidic bonds. (wikipedia.org)

Digest2

• Lactose is the main source of calories in milk, an essential nutriedigestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity nt in infancy and a key part of the diet in populations that maintain the ability to digest this disaccharide in adulthood. (bmj.com)
• 90% of Asian people), the levels decrease in the post-weaning period, rendering older children and adults unable to digest significant amounts of lactose. (msdmanuals.com)

Primarily1

• All of the reported lipases primarily catalyzed esterification of lactose at the C6hydroxyl position (Table 1). (researchgate.net)

Enzymatic1

• A specific overview regarding synthetic methodologies and properties of 6′-lactose-based surfactants is presented herein, particularly all the synthetic approaches to this class of lactose esters, such as enzymatic and traditional organic syntheses. (researchgate.net)

Symptoms1

• Many patients also try diets like the gluten-free and lactose-free diet to relieve symptoms [ 19 ]. (springer.com)

Antimicrobial1

• Biological applications with a focus on permeability enhancing, antimicrobial activity, and antibiofilm properties of 6′-lactose-based esters are also reported. (researchgate.net)

Cheese1

• Cheese is made from the protein and the fat from milk, but it has no (or only trace amounts of) lactose. (dummies.com)

Diet1

• Treatment is removal of the causative disaccharide from the diet. (msdmanuals.com)

Types1

• Two important sugar types, though not the only types, are monosaccharides and disaccharides. (differencebetween.net)

Made1

• Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides which combine. (differencebetween.net)

Organic1

• Disaccharides can serve as functional groups by forming glycosidic bonds with other organic compounds, forming glycosides. (wikipedia.org)

Double sugar1

• It is a disaccharide, or double sugar. (dummies.com)

Foods1

• However, rules for low-lactose foods are currently not harmonised in the European Union. (researchgate.net)

Water1

• Undigested disaccharides cause an osmotic load that attracts water and electrolytes into the bowel, causing watery diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)