PolyploidyDiploidyTragopogonGossypiumGenome, PlantHybridization, GeneticDNA, PlantBrassica napusTetraploidyChromosomes, PlantPolygonaceaePloidiesPrimulaSenecioAnemoneAchilleaIris PlantGenes, DuplicateGenes, PlantDryopterisBrassica rapaGene Expression Regulation, PlantTriticumGenetic SpeciationEvolution, MolecularPhylogenyAmplified Fragment Length Polymorphism AnalysisAsteraceaePoaceaeBiological EvolutionHaploidySequence Analysis, DNAGene DuplicationCrosses, GeneticIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceGenetic VariationSpecies SpecificityTriploidyGenetic MarkersDNA, RibosomalMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceGene Expression ProfilingAneuploidySaccharomyces cerevisiaeFibroblastsMeiosisKaryotypingCypriniformesParthenogenesisMutationChromosomesAllelesGerm Cells, PlantChromosome MappingRecombination, GeneticCell AgingPhenotypeReproduction, AsexualModels, GeneticDNA, NeoplasmSex Determination ProcessesFragariaReproductionKaryotypeMitosisChromosomes, FungalWaspsChromosome AberrationsPollenDNA, FungalFlow CytometryHeterozygoteApomixisGenes, Mating Type, FungalAster PlantCell NucleusGenotype