AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
MicrotubulesTubulinMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsMicrotubule ProteinsTubulin ModulatorsColchicineKinesinSpindle ApparatusNocodazoleCentrosomeMicrotubule-Organizing CenterDyneinsMitosisCytoskeletonMicroscopy, ElectronDemecolcinePaclitaxelActinsProtein BindingDimerizationKinetochoresCentriolesMicroscopy, FluorescenceMolecular Motor ProteinsStathminActin CytoskeletonMolecular Sequence DataInterphaseFluorescent Antibody TechniqueKineticsModels, BiologicalAmino Acid SequenceCell PolarityBenomyltau ProteinsBiopolymersOrganoidsMetaphaseGuanosine TriphosphateProtein Structure, TertiaryVinblastineSulfanilamidesPyrimidine DimersProtein MultimerizationPolymerizationCell LineModels, MolecularPolymersGreen Fluorescent ProteinsMutationPodophyllotoxinSperm TailHeLa CellsMacromolecular SubstancesCytoplasmCattleRecombinant Fusion ProteinsMicroscopy, VideoIceSea UrchinsBinding SitesActin-Related Protein 2-3 ComplexChromosomesChromosome SegregationFlagellaAlkaloidsCiliaCrystallizationCytoskeletal ProteinsMicrofilament ProteinsBrainProphaseCells, CulturedProtein TransportProtein ConformationTelophaseActin-Related Protein 2AxonemeCell NucleusCell CycleAxonsOvumLuminescent ProteinsAnaphaseMicroscopy, ConfocalAurora KinasesActin-Related Protein 3EpothilonesMeiosisOrganellesSwineDrosophila ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesPhosphorylationChlamydomonasCytochalasin DDinitrobenzenesSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsNerve Tissue ProteinsCentromere
Actin filamentsCortical microtubule arrayMonomersBrain tubulinBeta tubulinCytoplasmicPolymerizeCentrosomeCytoskeletonEpithelial cellsOrganization and StabilityVitroElongationEukaryoticJunctionsStabilityDynamicsLatticesRegulateProtofilamentsMicroscopyProteinsProcessesPolarityArrangementPlasma membraneProteinOrientationKinesinSubunitsMolecularSingleAminoRoleComplexAdditionCellsSelf-assemblyFormsControlLowerStudiesLevelsDataMadeServe
Actin filaments6
  • The microtubules and actin filaments within the phragmoplast serve to guide vesicles with cell wall material to the growing cell plate. (sciforums.com)
  • In particular we investigate the production and balance of mechanical forces in the networks of actin filaments and microtubules. (hipi-lab-saint-louis.fr)
  • Actin filaments and microtubules form such complex intricate networks in cells that it is difficult to identify the principles of their self-organization. (hipi-lab-saint-louis.fr)
  • Similar to the formation of actin filaments from the self-assembly of actin monomers, tubulin forms asymmetric dimers that can self-assemble into microtubules. (cerclefser.org)
  • Compared with actin filaments, microtubules are much more rigid, and almost straight in the dimensions of a single cell. (cerclefser.org)
  • Microtubules can sustain much higher compression forces than actin filament but are not as numerous as actin filaments. (cerclefser.org)
Cortical microtubule array1
  • A cortical microtubule array guides the two-dimensional pattern of cell wall deposition. (bvsalud.org)
Monomers2
  • In the most common "13-3" architecture, the 13th tubulin dimer interacts with the next tubulin dimer with a vertical offset of 3 tubulin monomers due to the helicity of the turn. (wikipedia.org)
  • How the single units on the polymers (monomers and dimers) are concentrated to gether to synthesize the polymer is the subject of this study by the labs of Diez , Hyman , and Alberti . (dresdencondensates.org)
Brain tubulin2
Beta tubulin1
Cytoplasmic3
  • Although the overall structures of flagellar and cytoplasmic microtubules are understood, many details have remained a matter of debate. (silverchair.com)
  • The KO of CGNL1 results in disorganized cytoplasmic microtubules and irregular nuclei alignment in mouse intestinal epithelial cells, altered cyst morphogenesis in cultured kidney epithelial cells, and disrupted planar apical microtubules in mammary epithelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Actually, tubulin dimers can be exchanged with the cytoplasmic pool along the entire length of the MT. These incorporations can repair sites on the lattice that have been mechanically damaged. (hipi-lab-saint-louis.fr)
Polymerize2
  • These α/β-tubulin dimers polymerize end-to-end into linear protofilaments that associate laterally to form a single microtubule, which can then be extended by the addition of more α/β-tubulin dimers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tau concentrates the tubulin dimers, which in turn polymerize to make microtubules inside the tau droplet. (dresdencondensates.org)
Centrosome2
  • Microtubules are nucleated and organized by microtubule-organizing centres, such as the centrosome found in the center of many animal cells or the basal bodies of cilia and flagella, or the spindle pole bodies found in most fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • In most animal cells, the MT network forms as an aster in which microtubules radiate from the centrosome, the main microtubule organizing center. (cerclefser.org)
Cytoskeleton4
Epithelial cells1
  • In contrast, overexpression of AQP5 increased assembly of microtubules, with evidence of increased MT stability, and promoted the formation of long straight microtubules in the apical domain of the epithelial cells. (plos.org)
Organization and Stability1
  • While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
Vitro5
  • In vitro assays for microtubule motor proteins such as dynein and kinesin are researched by fluorescently tagging a microtubule and fixing either the microtubule or motor proteins to a microscope slide, then visualizing the slide with video-enhanced microscopy to record the travel of the motor proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically, microtubules are formed by the parallel association of thirteen protofilaments, although microtubules composed of fewer or more protofilaments have been observed in various species as well as in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • Erythrocyte microtubule assembly in vitro. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Erythrocyte microtubule assembly in vitro. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In vitro reconstituted systems will be used to control the actin nucleation patterns, the closed volume of the reaction chamber and the physical interaction of the networks. (hipi-lab-saint-louis.fr)
Elongation3
  • While microtubule elongation can occur at both the (+) and (−) ends, it is significantly more rapid at the (+) end. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a previous study we demonstrated that the low net rate of assembly is partly due to the presence of large oligomers and rings which reduce the initial rate of subunit elongation on microtubule seeds (Murphy, D.B., and Wallis, K.T. (1985) J. Biol. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The slow rate of dissociation of rings and coils into dimers and small oligomers appears to limit both the nucleation and elongation steps in the self-assembly of erythrocyte microtubules. (johnshopkins.edu)
Eukaryotic1
  • Here we describe the lattices of the four different types of microtubules in eukaryotic flagellar axonemes (outer doublet A and B, central pair C1 and C2). (silverchair.com)
Junctions2
  • The two junctions differ in structure: the protofilaments of the inner junction (A1-B10) are staggered roughly by half a dimer, those of the outer junction (A10-B1) are roughly in register. (silverchair.com)
  • Ultrastructure expansion microscopy shows that CAMSAP3-capped microtubules are tethered to junctions by the ZO-1-associated pool of CGNL1. (bvsalud.org)
Stability5
  • The inhibitory effect is most likely to be due to the increased stability of erythrocyte tubulin oligomers, including a novel polymer of coiled rings that forms during the rapid phase of microtubule polymerization. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Nucleolar and Spindle-Associated Protein 1 (NuSAP1) is an important mitotic regulator, implicated in control of mitotic microtubule stability and chromosome segregation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules. (biomedcentral.com)
Dynamics5
  • There are many proteins that bind to microtubules, including the motor proteins dynein and kinesin, microtubule-severing proteins like katanin, and other proteins important for regulating microtubule dynamics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report that AQP5 promotes microtubule assembly and helps maintain the assembled microtubule steady state levels with slower turnover dynamics in cells . (plos.org)
  • These findings indicate that AQP5-mediated regulation of microtubule dynamics modulates airway epithelial barrier properties and epithelial function. (plos.org)
  • Second, we will use our unique capacity to perform dynamic micropatterning, to add or remove actin nucleation sites in real time, in order to investigate the ability of dynamic networks to adapt to changes and the role of coupled network dynamics in this emergent property. (hipi-lab-saint-louis.fr)
  • In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. (biomedcentral.com)
Lattices1
  • There are two distinct types of interactions that can occur between the subunits of lateral protofilaments within the microtubule called the A-type and B-type lattices. (wikipedia.org)
Regulate2
  • Microtubules also regulate paracellular permeability. (plos.org)
  • Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
Protofilaments5
  • The most common form of a microtubule consists of 13 protofilaments in the tubular arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other bacterial microtubules have a ring of five protofilaments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protofilaments bundle parallel to one another with the same polarity, so, in a microtubule, there is one end, the (+) end, with only β-subunits exposed, while the other end, the (−) end, has only α-subunits exposed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lateral association of the protofilaments generates a pseudo-helical structure, with one turn of the helix containing 13 tubulin dimers, each from a different protofilament. (wikipedia.org)
  • This discontinuity is now placed near protofilaments A1 and A2 of the A-tubule, close to the inner junction between A- and B-microtubules. (silverchair.com)
Microscopy1
  • Whole mount tubulin immunolabeling was applied in the above roots and observations were performed by confocal microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins1
Processes4
  • Microtubules play an important role in a number of cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like Leeuwenhoek (1677). (wikipedia.org)
  • Consequently, some microtubule processes can be determined by kymograph. (wikipedia.org)
  • Is consciousness to be found in quantum processes in microtubules? (sciforums.com)
Polarity2
Arrangement2
Plasma membrane4
  • MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
  • However, cortical microtubules reside just under the plasma membrane, while cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by transmembrane CSCs [ 6 ], consisting of CESA subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though the "alignment hypothesis" has been proposed decades ago, a mechanism explaining how cortical microtubules, located inside of the plasma membrane, control the orientation of cellulose microfibrils, outside of the protoplast, remained ambiguous. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The direct observation of CESA complexes sliding on the plasma membrane over the cortical microtubules [ 5 ] directly supported the model of Heath [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein5
  • Recently an actin-like protein has been found in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which forms a microtubule-like structure called a nanotubule, involved in plasmid segregation. (wikipedia.org)
  • PLEKHA7 has been reported to bind to the microtubule minus-end-binding protein CAMSAP3, to tether microtubules to the AJs. (bvsalud.org)
  • A mutant of WAVE-DAMPENED2-LIKE5 (WDL5), which encodes an ethylene-regulated microtubule-associated protein belonging to the WVD2/WDL family in Arabidopsis thaliana, shows attenuation in the temporal root growth reduction in response to mechanical stress. (bvsalud.org)
  • Wischhof L, Adhikari A, Mondal M, Marsal-Cots A, Biernat J, Mandelkow EM , Mandelkow E , Ehninger D, Nicotera P, Bano D. Unbiased proteomic profiling reveals the IP3R modulator AHCYL1/IRBIT as a novel interactor of microtubule-associated protein tau. (neurotree.org)
  • In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos , mre1 , any1 , prc1-1 and rsw1 , and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein ( csi1) mutant pom2-4 . (biomedcentral.com)
Orientation2
  • The orientation of the dimers is such that the plus end terminates with a crown of alpha subunits, the minus end terminates with beta subunits which thus could be in contact with gamma-tubulin at the nucleation centers. (silverchair.com)
  • Apart from the role of cortical microtubules on cellulose microfibril orientation, several authors supported that CESA activity and cellulose synthesis also exert an effect on cortical microtubule orientation, suggesting thus that cortical microtubule-cellulose microfibril relationship is bi-directional. (biomedcentral.com)
Kinesin1
  • They could all be labeled with kinesin head with an 8-nm axial periodicity (the tubulin dimer repeat), and all of them showed the B-surface lattice. (silverchair.com)
Subunits2
  • The α and β-tubulin subunits are ~50% identical at the amino acid level, and both have a molecular weight of approximately 50 kDa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tubulin polymerizes end to end, with the β-subunits of one tubulin dimer contacting the α-subunits of the next dimer. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular1
  • This schematic diagram illustrates the molecular organization of filamin [2391361] and provides examples for how the filamin dimer is represented in figures throughout this resource. (mechanobio.info)
Single1
  • After a single pulldown, the majority of γ-tubulin signal is lost. (elifesciences.org)
Amino1
  • The γTuRC nucleation activator domain, γTuNA, is located from amino acids 56-86 in Xenopus laevis isoform X1 (905 aa) or 60-90 in human CDK5RAP2 isoform A (1893 aa). (elifesciences.org)
Role1
  • The regulatory role of cortical microtubules on cellulose microfibrils was initially postulated, and remains widely accepted, by the "alignment hypothesis" [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Complex2
  • Cdk5rap2's γTuNA domain increases MT nucleation in Xenopus egg extract and requires the universal MT template, the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC). (elifesciences.org)
  • Western blots of GCP5 and γ-tubulin were quantified to generate a sucrose gradient profile for each target, as shown in A. GCP5 appeared to be in two separate populations: uncomplexed around fraction 3, and another in the γTuRC complex (around fraction 10-11). (elifesciences.org)
Addition1
Cells2
  • Morphological response of cells to environment involves concerted rearrangements of microtubules and actin microfilaments. (bvsalud.org)
  • These tools allow us to analyze and quantify actin and microtubule networks in cells of controled and regular shapes. (hipi-lab-saint-louis.fr)
Self-assembly1
  • In this study we show that erythrocyte tubulin oligomers also retard the rate of microtubule nucleation and the net rate of self-assembly. (johnshopkins.edu)
Forms1
  • Microtubules can also morph into other forms such as helical filaments, which are observed in protist organisms like foraminifera. (wikipedia.org)
Control1
Lower1
  • Specifically, reduced levels of AQP5 correlated with lower levels of assembled microtubules and decreased paracellular permeability. (plos.org)
Studies1
  • Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
Levels1
  • E ) Western blot of γ-tubulin levels before and after mock-treatment or incubation with Strep-His-Halo- Xenopus γTuNA-coupled beads. (elifesciences.org)
Data1
  • At this level the action potentials for electric and chemical responses (comfort, discomfort) are generated and action potentials are a result of the microtubule data processing system. (sciforums.com)
Made1
Serve1