• All teneurins, especially in mouse, are type II transmembrane proteins that are composed of a large extracellular C terminal domain of ~2400 amino acid residues, a single transmembrane helical domain of ~30 hydrophobic residues and an intracellular N terminal domain of ~300-375 residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The interface between the core and terminal domains is composed primarily of small hydrophobic residues. (proteopedia.org)
  • To overcome the artifacts associated with dimerization, hydrophobic residues at the dimer interface were replaced with positively charged amino acids in both ECFP and EYFP to produce true monomeric variants (mCFP and mYFP), which achieve a far higher level of efficiency in FRET experiments. (luyoruv.com)
  • Dimerization occurs via an interaction of hydrophobic residues on a single alpha-helix of each monomer. (cshl.edu)
  • The primary structure, or amino acid sequence identity, of the proteins between paralogs is ~60% identical and between orthologs is ~90%, whilst between vertebrates and Drosophila or C. elegans is only 33-41% identical. (wikipedia.org)
  • To test this, we aligned 97 protein sequences consisting of homologs of UMAMIT clade I from 27 plant species and created sequence logos containing the 51 residues identified in the structural analysis ( Supplementary Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • a ) Amino acid sequence comparison of human and mouse podocin. (jci.org)
  • The term 'motif' is also describes a consensus sequence of amino acids, i.e. a partial sequence common to a number of different proteins, which may or may not adopt similar conformations in the different proteins. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • A sequence of about thirty to forty amino-acid residues long found in the sequence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown [ ( PUBMED:2288911 ) ( PUBMED:6334307 ) ( PUBMED:6607417 ) ( PUBMED:3282918 ) ] to be present, in a more or less conserved form, in a large number of other, mostly animal proteins. (embl.de)
  • This amino acid sequence was modified to insert a cysteine residue in a strategic location. (radiologykey.com)
  • The recombinant anti-tumor Fd naturally forms non-covalent dimers ( b ), with the resulting complex providing a "docking" site that binds to a 17-amino acid sequence derived from the A-kinase anchor proteins. (radiologykey.com)
  • [7] Each type I IFN ligand contains a "hotspot", or a sequence of conserved amino acids that are involved in binding to the receptor, specifically the high affinity receptor IFNAR2, which determines the affinity of each ligand for the receptor. (wikidoc.org)
  • C) Enlargement of part of the DBD showing the amino acid sequence (single letter codes) of the 2 zinc fingers and the dimerization loop (in bold). (medscape.com)
  • It encodes the inactive pre-pro-HGF, a single chain of 728 amino acids (83 kDa), which includes a signal sequence ( 1 - 31 ), a heavy α chain (69 kDa), and a light β chain (34 kDa). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Based on the amino acid sequence homology and biological activity in macrophages, Shimamoto et al ( 15 ) identified that HLP was identical to MSP ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Alignment of the amino acid sequence of aprotinin with the Kunitz domains of human proteins allowed the identification and design of a family of peptides, named Angiopeps. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Since cysteines are susceptible to forming disulfide bonds, the single cysteines at the EGF-like repeats of a teneurin molecule can facilitate the homophilic and heterophilic dimerisation of teneurin family molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • The EGF-like domain includes six cysteine residues which have been shown to be involved in disulfide bonds. (embl.de)
  • Recent evidence suggests that laforin dimerization depends on redox conditions, suggesting that disulfide bonds are involved in laforin dimerization. (uky.edu)
  • There are 17 conserved cysteine residues, a region of NHL repeats, a region of 26 YD residue repeats, and then a teneurin C-associated peptide (TCAP). (wikipedia.org)
  • we identified a novel gene encoding a 24 amino acid peptide named Humanin (HN) that suppressed neuronal death induced by any type of FAD genes thus far examined, toxic Aβ peptides, and anti-APP antibody (Hashimoto et al. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we investigate highly heterogeneous oligomerization and fibril formation of the 42-residue amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42). (biorxiv.org)
  • Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a peptide fragment consisting of 39 - 43 amino acid residues, which is produced by successive proteolytic cleavages of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) 1 . (biorxiv.org)
  • In this initial study, we combine single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and image analysis using deep learning (codes are available at https://github.com/hoisunglab/FNet ) to interrogate several steps during the aggregation process of the 42-residue Aβ peptide (Aβ42), including dimerization, formation of stable oligomers, and fibril elongation. (biorxiv.org)
  • Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is 195 residue membrane-bound protein which contains a short luminal peptide, a single N -terminal transmembrane domain, and a C -terminal cytochrome b 5 -related heme-binding domain ( Figure 1A ). (oncotarget.com)
  • Background: Plant bZIP proteins characteristically harbor a highly conserved bZIP domain with two structural features: a DNA-binding basic region and a leucine (Leu) zipper dimerization region. (datadryad.org)
  • The biochemical elucidation of the determinants for PPR10 dimerization may provide an important foundation to understand the working mechanisms of PPR proteins underlying their diverse physiological functions. (rcsb.org)
  • Unlike HTH proteins, the actual DNA-binding motif of the HLH proteins is a stretch of about 13 "basic" amino acids adjacent to the HLH whose main role is in protein dimerization. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • The 95 amino acid residue protein contains a winged helix DNA-binding domain with an extended C-terminal alpha-helix that leads to dimerization by forming a two-stranded, antiparallel coiled-coil rod. (rcsb.org)
  • EGF is a polypeptide of about 50 amino acids with three internal disulfide bridges. (embl.de)
  • Transport activity assays of mutant variants with a single point amino acid substitution in each site UMAMIT29 suggest that five of these residues are critical for glucosinolate transport. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the antiviral activity of donkey tetherin was not affected by amino acid deletion or substitution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B2036 was designed to act as an antagonist (inhibitor) of cellular somatropin receptors by substitution of of certain amino acids in the backbone of human somatropin, and attachment of PEG side chains to increase the molecule's in vivo half life. (biopharma.com)
  • The substitution of a different amino acid at G120 is a key modification that disrupts Site 2 binding, with hGH variants including a substitution at G120 acting as an hGH antagonist. (biopharma.com)
  • Approximately 30% of the adult cases harbor an internal tandem duplication ( FLT3 -ITD) and 5- 10% a tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) amino acid substitution ( FLT3-TKD ). (dovepress.com)
  • The two human HP1 alleles (HP1F and HP1S) differ by a two-amino-acid substitution polymorphism within the α-chain and are derived from HP2 by recurring exon deletions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For the binding site on the GABA(A) receptor, it was confirmed that the thirteen most C-terminal residues of the intracellular domain are critical for the binding of muskelin. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The ligand-bound TM configuration promotes asymmetric dimerization of the intracellular juxta-membrane (JM) and kinase domains, which causes autophosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues ( 6 , 7 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • The larger HP2 is considered to be the ancestor variant of all human Hp alleles and is characterized by an α2-chain, which contains an extra cysteine residue that pairs with additional α-chains generating multimers with molecular weights of 200-900 kDa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It first binds with high affinity to specific cell-surface receptors and then induces their dimerization, which is essential for activating the tyrosine kinase in the receptor cytoplasmic domain, initiating a signal transduction that results in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. (embl.de)
  • Free Bcl-XL directly binds to BAK, downregulates the dimerization level of BAK and inhibits the activation of BAK. (researchsquare.com)
  • phosphorylation at distinct serine residues in its hinge 2 region prevents its cleavage at an adjacent tyrosine residue by calpain 1. (omicsdi.org)
  • ranging from approximately 470 to 500 nanometers) was discovered simultaneously with BFP during mutagenesis studies that converted the tyrosine residue in the GFP chromophore to tryptophan ( Y66W ). (luyoruv.com)
  • In addition to the circadian regulatory TTFL loop, Bmal1 transcription is regulated by competitive binding to the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor response element-binding site (RORE) within the promoter of Bmal1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Disturbing the LisH-dimerization led to a complete redistribution of the originally cytoplasmic muskelin to the nucleus which was accompanied by a severe impairment of its function during GABA(A) receptor transport. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • In accordance with the strong conservation of these residues among the alpha subunits of the GABA(A) receptor, it could be shown that an interaction with muskelin in vitro is also possible for the alpha2 and alpha5 subunits. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The most conserved glycans were less flexible in the structures, interacting with protein residues and contributing to receptor folding and expression. (nih.gov)
  • The absence of this motif in human ICAM-1 exposes regions used in receptor dimerization and rhinovirus recognition. (nih.gov)
  • The compounds interacted with the LEU A:271, LEU A:287, ASP A:289, and LEU A:272 of Mpro and the HIS A:540, PRO A:415, PHE A:486, and LEU A:370 of the Spro receptor binding motif and some active site amino acids of RdRp. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Ligand binding to either subunit is required for and precedes dimerization and activation of the receptor. (wikidoc.org)
  • The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is closely related to the IL-2 receptor beta chain and is capable of transducing signals through its dimerization with the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma(c)), the protein whose expression is defective in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. (nih.gov)
  • At the cellular level, the actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by a 94-kd protein, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The human (h) GR belongs to the steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid superfamily of nuclear receptors and functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes positively or negatively. (medscape.com)
  • The A to T mutation at position 458 that could produce a dimerization defective receptor is shown. (medscape.com)
  • Somatotropin variants including any one of these sets of amino acid substitutions act as hGH agonists (inhibitors) in the absence of any additional modification that disrupt binding to the hGH receptor at Site 2. (biopharma.com)
  • Phage display experiments were used to screen for hGH residue replacements that would increase binding affinity for the hGH receptor, resulted in B2036 (B-2036) with nine amino acid substitutions relative to hGH, with one in binding site 2 and eight in binding site 1 of hGH. (biopharma.com)
  • The coiled coil contains a rare aspartate residue (D69) in the normally hydrophobic d position of the heptad repeat, with two aspartate-lysine (d-g') interhelical ion pairs in the symmetrical dimer. (rcsb.org)
  • The fragment crystallized as a dimer, with dimerization being mediated solely by the LisH motif. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Signaling is then transduced across the membrane by altering the configuration of the transmembrane (TM) domain, by dimerization of the TM helical region or a change in the arrangement of the TM helices within such a dimer. (biorxiv.org)
  • The linker region is made up of ~200 amino acid residues and is found immediately distal to the transmembrane domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compared to horse tetherin, there are three valine amino acid deletions within the transmembrane domain and three distinct mutations within the ectodomain of donkey tetherin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most, although not all, of the mutations causing skeletal abnormalities involve conserved residues that are predicted to play an important structural role in the correct folding of FGFRs, and substitutions with other residues result in constitutive activation of FGFRs with ligand-independent dimerization (11) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • The NTD of the hGRα contains a major transactivation domain, termed activation function (AF)-1, which is located between amino acids 77 and 262 of the hGRα and is ligand-independent. (medscape.com)
  • however, it is devoid of enzymatic activity due to amino acid substitutions in the catalytic triad. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • somatropin) protein with nine amino acid substitutions, expressed by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria covalently conjugated to 4-5 polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer side chains. (biopharma.com)
  • The furin cleavage site is rich in tyrosine residues and consists of 4 conserved cysteine residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on a predicted model of UMAMIT29, we propose that the substrate transporting cavity consists of 51 residues, of which four are highly conserved residues across all the analyzed homologs of UMAMIT29. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)
  • Helix-turn-helix (HTH) consists of two α-helices that constitutes of a right-handed three helical bundle with helices α 2 and α 3 arranged perpendicular to one another joined by a short strand of amino acids (figure below). (vigyansarovar.com)
  • It consists 99 amino acids, which forming 10 β-strand and 1 α-helix. (proteopedia.org)
  • As could be demonstrated, the oligomerization is based on two independent interactions mediated by different domains of the protein: a known interaction of the N-terminal discoidin domain with the C-terminal portion, termed head-to-tail interaction, and a dimerization of the LisH motif in muskelin that was so far neglected in the literature. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Biochemical analysis corroborated that the LisH motif in muskelin serves as a dimerization element, and, moreover, showed that the C-terminal domain of the protein substantially stabilizes this dimerization. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Helix loop helix are eukaryotic homolog of the HTH motif and are characterized by two ampipathic α -helices (60-90 amino acids) connected by a loop (10-25 amino acids). (vigyansarovar.com)
  • The motif comprises two α helices, E and F that flank a loop of 12 contiguous residues. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • Residue 6 of the loop must be a glycine because the side chain of any other residue would disturb the structure of the motif. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • The first N-linked glycan in ICAM-2 contacts an exposed tryptophan residue, defining a conserved glycan-W motif critical for the conformation of the integrin binding domain. (nih.gov)
  • residues 1-4, and 95-99 of each monomer), the turn encompassing residues 4-9, and the helix (residues 86-94 of each monomer). (proteopedia.org)
  • The sequences necessary for dimerization in other T-box factors are not conserved in Mid, which is also consistent with Mid binding as a monomer (Figure 4). (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • The small monomer-monomer contacts defined in the Tbx3 crystal structure are thought to be insufficient to facilitate dimerization and as such, Tbx3 is believed to bind as a monomer [25]. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • Finally, the crystal structure of Tbx5 bound to a MedChemExpress Tartrazine half-siteshows that the regions responsible for monomer-monomer contacts in Tbx3 have low electron density suggesting that these domains are conformationally flexible and thus are unlikely to be in involved in dimerization [32]. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a large multimeric glycoprotein synthesized as a 2050 amino acid monomer in endothelium, megakaryocytes, and the subendothelial connective tissue. (medscape.com)
  • This hydrophobic region provides an area for dimerization, allowing the motifs to "zip" together. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • Therefore, amino acids in multifunctional docking sites of Met have been exchanged with specific binding motifs for downstream adaptor molecules in order to investigate the signaling potential of the HGF‑Met signaling pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The extracellular domain of the molecule can undergo dimerisation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monomers undergo dimerization in the endoplasmic reticulum by N -glycosylation of their C-terminal ends and then move to the Golgi apparatus where multimers are assembled by cross-linking of cysteine residues at their N-terminal ends to form vWF multimers of increasing molecular weight. (medscape.com)
  • This 58-residue (6.5 kDa) basic (pI ¼ 10.5) isoelectric point of BPTI, with phosphate as the salting-out protein has long been thought to undergo self-association. (lu.se)
  • Mutation of D69 to alanine resulted in an increase in thermal stability, indicating that destabilization resulting from the partially buried aspartate residue cannot be offset by ion pair formation. (rcsb.org)
  • Five of the loop residues should contain an oxygen atom and preferably be aspartate or glutamate, as they act as calcium ligands (Figure below). (vigyansarovar.com)
  • A single amino acid alteration of cysteine to serine within repeat 10 of PPR10 further drives dimerization of PPR10. (rcsb.org)
  • Using site-directed mutagenesis we constructed laforin mutants in which individual cysteine residues were replaced by serine and then tested the ability of each protein to dimerize using recombinant protein as well as a mammalian cell culture assay. (uky.edu)
  • More distally is the globular domain consisting of a 700-800 amino acid residue region. (wikipedia.org)
  • This information enabled to map the amino acids contributing to binding, which showed that the binding site of the head-to-tail interaction coincides with the generic ligand binding site of the discoidin domain. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Most of the amino acid exchanges between human and mouse are restricted to the NH 2 -terminal part of the protein, whereas the tm domain, the stomatin signature, and the COOH-terminal part are almost identical. (jci.org)
  • The FLNC subunit is dimerized through R24 and calpain cleaves off the dimerization domain to regulate mobility of the FLNC subunit. (omicsdi.org)
  • The most frequent myopathic mutation, p.W2710X, which is associated with myofibrillar myopathy, deletes the carboxy-terminal 16 amino acids from FLNc and abolishes the dimerization property of Ig-like domain 24. (omicsdi.org)
  • This domain includes a mostly solvent exposed loop (residue 33-43) preceding the beta hairpin containing the flaps (residue 44-63). (proteopedia.org)
  • These residues fall within a poorly conserved region of the T-box domain. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • We also present evidence that the HPV-18 E1 DNA-binding domain does not share the same nucleotide and amino acid requirements for specific DNA recognition as BPV-1 and HPV-11 E1. (cshl.edu)
  • To clarify the molecular basis of IL-21 actions, we investigated the role of tyrosine residues in the IL-21R cytoplasmic domain. (nih.gov)
  • The human GR is a modular protein composed of distinct regions illustrated in panel B in the image below, as follows: (1) The amino-terminal A/B region, also called immunogenic or N-terminal domain (NTD) and (2) the C, D, and E regions, which correspond to the DNA-binding domain, the hinge region, and the ligand-binding domain, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • As part of the analyses, residues that are critical for LisH-dimerization and the head-to-tail binding, respectively, were identified, whose mutation specifically interfered with each of the interactions separately. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The protein-DNA interaction is stabilized by nonspecific contacts between the DNA backbone and residues in α 2 and the turn between α 2 and α 3. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • This is followed by eight phylogenetically conserved tenascin C-type EGF-like repeats, which features the uniquely conserved replacement of a single cysteine in repeats 2 and 5 in place of the original tyrosine and phenylalanine residues respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type I IFN binding to IFNAR1 was less strongly impacted by mutating single amino acids to alanine. (wikidoc.org)
  • Based on our model, we proposed a substrate-transporting cavity of UMAMIT29 defined by helix I to IV and VI-IX and selected 51 residues as putative substrate binding sites based on solvent accessibility ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The BMAL1 protein is 626 amino acids long and plays a key role as one of the positive elements in the mammalian auto-regulatory transcription-translation negative feedback loop (TTFL), which is responsible for generating molecular circadian rhythms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 1: PGRMC1 is phosphorylated on key regulatory amino acid residues. (oncotarget.com)
  • The positions of highlighted regulatory phosphorylations observed in (B) below are indicated, as are the amino acids included in the NMR structure deposited as PDB 4X8Y, and the amino acid residues used to obtain crystal and NMR structures [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The crystal structure of Tbx3 bound to a palindromic T-site shows that the two monomers are rotated with respect to one another on the DNA strand and use different residues (238?41 on Tbx3) to contact one another [25]. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • Glucosinolates are amino-acid-derived, specialized metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order. (frontiersin.org)
  • Similarly, only Tbx3 D239 is identical to the corresponding Tbx20 residue. (urat1inhibitor.com)
  • These are identical through amino acid 727, but then diverge, with hGRα having an additional 50 amino acids and hGRβ having an additional, nonhomologous 15 amino acids. (medscape.com)
  • This suggests that these residues are key for UMAMIT29-mediated glucosinolate transport activity and thus potential targets for blocking the transport of glucosinolates to the seeds. (frontiersin.org)
  • We hypothesised that the transport cavity contains highly conserved residues that are key for the transport activity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Red triangles mark the highly conserved amino acids in all the RNase III domains responsible for binding magnesium ions. (mendeley.com)
  • When each of the 11 residues of UMAMIT29 was individually mutated into the corresponding residue in UMAMIT32, five mutant variants (UMAMIT29#V27F, UMAMIT29#M86V, UMAMIT29#L109V, UMAMIT29#Q263S, and UMAMIT29#T267Y) reduced glucosinolate transport activity over 75% compared to wild-type UMAMIT29. (frontiersin.org)
  • Following up on these results in an analysis of muskelin variants, for which alterations of the subcellular localization had been published earlier, the crucial influence of LisH-dimerization to the subcellular localization and thereby the role of muskelin in the cell was confirmed. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • We also generated a laforin truncation lacking the last three amino acids, laforin-Cys329X, and this truncation also failed to dimerize. (uky.edu)
  • These results suggest that dimerization is not required for laforin phosphatase activity, glucan binding, or for the formation of a functional laforin-malin complex. (uky.edu)
  • Recently, members of the Usually Multiple Amino acids Move In and Out Transporter (UMAMIT) family were shown to be essential for facilitating transport of seed-bound glucosinolates from site of synthesis within the reproductive organ to seeds. (frontiersin.org)
  • It could be shown that recombinant muskelin assembles into a tetramer to which both interactions, the LisH-dimerization and the head-to-tail binding, contribute independently. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Similar residues are shown in boldface, strong similarity in black, and weaker similarity in gray. (jci.org)
  • Here, we set out to identify amino acid residues responsible for glucosinolate transport activity of the main seed glucosinolate exporter UMAMIT29 in Arabidopsis thaliana . (frontiersin.org)
  • Blue triangles indicate the residues responsible for dimerization. (mendeley.com)