Differentiation of stem cells mammalian egg cells adult mammalian cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

The embryos of larger arthropods and deuterostomes with well-provisioned eggs or viviparity, on the other hand, exhibit regulative development, while their larval "set-aside" or adult stem cells function in the growth, maintenance, and regulation of organ size coupled to constrained proliferation and cell turnover. (iospress.com)
Martin GR. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. (springer.com)
Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. (springer.com)
Rossant, J. & Vijh, K. M. Ability of outside cells from preimplantation mouse embryos to form inner cell mass derivatives. (nature.com)
Following two postdoctoral positions he joined the Roslin Institute in Scotland in 1991, where he applied his previous experience to the production of mammalian embryos by nuclear transfer. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Human embryonic stem cells derived from excess IVF embryos may help scientists unlock the mysteries of infertility for other couples struggling to conceive, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
This also might have explained why cloning is inefficient: only 1-3% of cloned embryos eventually develop into an adult clone. (rupress.org)
This is where stem cells are reverse engineered from adult tissue cells rather than using live human or animal embryos. (scitechdaily.com)
In another article, which was recently published in Nature Cell Biology , researchers from UNSW Medicine & Health revealed the identity of cells in mice embryos responsible for blood stem cell creation. (scitechdaily.com)
system details caused to gigantic innovation in stem of million to as 50 overall fertility embryos. (need4speed.com)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
Then known as "transformationism," this early evolutionary idea held that the embryos of more advanced animals at first resembled and then surpassed the form of more primitive adult organisms. (encyclopedia.com)

In particular, we have been studying the association of microRNAs and epigenetic changes in the cells. (ca.gov)
Regulation of the NANOG gene by TFs, epigenetic factors, and autoregulatory factors is well characterized in ESCs, and transcriptional regulation of NANOG is well established in these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Such epigenetic reprogramming is a hallmark of germ cell formation. (sciencedaily.com)
The latter process is often displayed by Conrad Waddington's description of an epigenetic panorama of differentiation. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
With this model more potent cells sit in the peaks of a landscape before rolling irreversibly downward towards deeper valleys representing more differentiated claims as the genome activates and silences fate-specific epigenetic markers. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Hochedlinger pushes cells' developmental rewind buttons to examine their epigenetic history. (rupress.org)
Transferring a terminally differentiated cell nucleus into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed wipes away the epigenetic marks of differentiation and allows the nucleus once again to code for any cell type. (rupress.org)
The Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), composed of EZH1/2, SUZ12, and EED, is an epigenetic silencer that controls the expression of target genes and is crucial for cell identity in multicellular organisms. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we focus on the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell niche and review recent studies that have begun to reveal how intricate crosstalk between various signaling pathways regulates stem cell maintenance, how the extracellular matrix modulates the signaling output of the niche and how epigenetic programming influences cell development and function both inside and outside the niche to ensure proper tissue homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus modern developmental biology views development as the expression of a preformed genetic program which controls the epigenetic development of an undifferentiated egg into a morphologically complex adult. (encyclopedia.com)

J Cell Biol (2006) 172 (7): 973-981. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (2007) 178 (7): 1098-1099. (rupress.org)
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. (wustl.edu)
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , Art. (mpi-cbg.de)

The early mammalian embryo consists of the extra-embryonic cell layers-the trophoblast and a body of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM), which eventually become the embryo proper. (thefutureofthings.com)
These findings can be integrated in a new unified framework that regards the early mammalian embryo as a self-organizing system. (nature.com)

Differentiation happens multiple times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. (wikipedia.org)
A specialized type of differentiation, known as terminal differentiation, is of importance in some tissues, including vertebrate nervous system, striated muscle, epidermis and gut. (wikipedia.org)
The cells of the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues of the human body. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, we use a combination of the mouse model and human cells to dissect the molecular basis of stem cell function and differentiation toward adult tissues. (ca.gov)
We have also been studying how microRNAs are used shortly after fertilization first to maintain pluripotency (the ability to make all cells of the body) and then to promote differentiation into what eventually will become all the adult tissues. (ca.gov)
Mammalian adult stem cells resemble the blastomeres of planktonic and benthic organisms with small eggs and may have evolved in mature organisms as an adaptation to the growth and maintenance of tissues via proliferation and the regulation of organ size via cell loss (e.g., terminal differentiation). (iospress.com)
Strategies for regenerative therapies in adult mammals, therefore, might be based on stimulating growth of adult stem cells or their surrogates in specific tissues rather than on introducing embryonic stem cells into adults. (iospress.com)
In addition to their ability to supply cells at the turnover rate of their respective tissues, they can be stimulated to repair injured tissue caused by liver damage, skin abrasions and blood loss. (thefutureofthings.com)
The ability of our body to regenerate some of its tissues is largely owed to the reserves of adult stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
In this Chapter, we dissect the proof-of-principle studies that demonstrated that cellular reprogramming to pluripotency can be induced in vivo, in spite of unfavorable pro-differentiation signals present within the tissues. (springer.com)
MSCs make the different specialized cells found in the skeletal tissues. (tomeipowered.com)
Without the self-renewing capacity of stem cells, these tissues quickly cease to function properly, leading to various conditions including infertility, anemia and immunodeficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
First proposed by Schofield in 1978 [ 3 ], the niche hypothesis posits that specific locations or microenvironments within tissues prevent the maturation of resident stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)

Additionally, we are investigating the roles of myeloid cells in regulating spermatogonial stem cell differentiation in the adult testis. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
SSCs are adult-tissue stem cells in the mammalian testis that balance self renewing and differentiating fate decisions to give rise to and sustain the entire spermatogenic lineage. (utsa.edu)
While the existence of SSCs in the adult testis is undisputed, their origin, identity and maintenance remain unclear. (elifesciences.org)

Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. (wikipedia.org)
With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. (wikipedia.org)
In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. (wikipedia.org)
The cellular products of embryonic stem cells routinely come under global influences and give rise to the cells of germ layers and organ rudiments. (iospress.com)
The processes of gametogenesis, egg maturation, embryo implantation, and gonad development, cellular processes that are prime targets for new contraceptive methods and infertility treatments. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Cellular immunology, T cell immunity, autoimmune diseases: The immune system plays a fundamental role in the defense against microbial pathogens. (utsa.edu)
His pioneering studies into cell-cycle control and cellular differentiation led to the programme of work at Roslin that gave birth to the first mammal to be cloned from adult cells - ie. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Cellular differentiation and lineage programming The generation of therapeutically important cells like cardiomyocytes using readily available cell types remains a considerable challenge for biologists. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
These technologies possess arisen in light of a series of fundamental questions scientists have asked in the last century regarding the processes and the mechanisms of cellular differentiation. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Initial hypotheses in the late 1800s advocated that cellular differentiation happens through permanent deficits of hereditary info.10 However German embryologists Hans Dreisch and Hans Spemann found that separation of the early blastomeres of recently fertilized animal eggs generates two fully-formed animals.11 These "twinning" experiments challenged the hypothesis that cells permanently shed developmental potential as they become more differentiated. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
Stem cells are essential for tissue homeostasis, particularly in organs that exhibit high rates of cellular turnover such as the skin, intestine and hematopoietic system. (biomedcentral.com)
The concept of the cellular niche represents one of the central paradigms in stem cell biology. (biomedcentral.com)
Twenty years following Schofield's seminal publication, Xie and Spradling provided compelling experimental evidence that a cellular niche supports the maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila adult ovary [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. (springer.com)
The De Falco lab is interested in uncovering the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of the fetal gonad, focusing on how myeloid cells (such as macrophages) and vasculature promote tissue remodeling during organogenesis. (cincinnatichildrens.org)

The best way to reach that goal is to understand the relationships between these cells that grow in a culture dish in the laboratory and the equivalent cells in the developing embryo. (ca.gov)
She produced chimeric mice (which she at first termed 'allophenic') by inclusion of two genetically different cells in the early mouse embryo, thereby revealing the clonal organization. (pas.va)
found that mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells developed normally in a normal embryo environment. (pas.va)
The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. (nature.com)
Louvet-Vallee, S., Vinot, S. & Maro, B. Mitotic spindles and cleavage planes are oriented randomly in the two-cell mouse embryo. (nature.com)
The effect of the DAZ family members on the embryonic stem cells varied according to whether the cells were derived from a male or a female embryo. (sciencedaily.com)
Self-assembly of embryonic and two extra-embryonic stem cell types into gastrulating embryo-like structures. (ucsf.edu)
The thing that just wows me about this is that blood stem cells, when they form in the embryo, form in the wall of the main vessel called the aorta. (scitechdaily.com)
This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
Many politicians, religious leaders, and bioethicists believe that any destruction of the pre-implanted embryo or fertilized egg is akin to murder. (jcpa.org)
Rather than studying the adult organism, developmental biologists study the juvenile stages, starting with the embryo. (encyclopedia.com)
Here, we consider the metabolism of the early embryo through development, and look at the nutrient milieu within the developing stem cell niche. (conditionmed.org)
2019). Akin to the dynamic nutrient requirements of the developing embryo, discrete in vitro cell states have distinct metabolic profiles (Zhou et al. (conditionmed.org)
The developing embryo, from which pluripotent stem cells originate, undergoes a series of dynamic metabolic transitions synchronized to its molecular development. (conditionmed.org)
Up to the 2-cell embryo, blastomeres remain totipotent (Garner and McLaren, 1974). (conditionmed.org)
In the mouse, a transporting epithelium is established around the 8-16-cell stage through a process known as compaction where cell definition is lost and the outer cells of the embryo form tight junctions, giving rise to the blastocyst. (conditionmed.org)

During terminal differentiation, a precursor cell formerly capable of cell division permanently leaves the cell cycle, dismantles the cell cycle machinery and often expresses a range of genes characteristic of the cell's final function (e.g. myosin and actin for a muscle cell). (wikipedia.org)
She first showed that development is based on an orderly hierarchical succession of increasingly specialized small groups of precursor or 'stem' cells, expanding clonally. (pas.va)
These systems promoted the development of precursor blood stem cells which can differentiate into various blood components - white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and others. (scitechdaily.com)
(a) By the end of larval development, approximately 100 primordial germ cells (PGCs) (red) populate the gonad and associate with cap cell precursor (dark green) and escort cell precursor cells (orange). (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, TFs generally initiate and guide cell fate such as lineage progression and control the stability of cell differentiation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
2012) Cell lineage analysis of the mammalian female germline. (science20.com)
More specifically, the lineage-tracing experiments showed that FOXC2-producing uSPGs could produce paired uSPGs that would then either divide to form two single uSPGs (including some that retained Foxc2 expression), or form chains of aligned uSPGs containing at most one FOXC2-producing cell ( Figure 1A ). (elifesciences.org)
A surprising recent discovery has been that mammary epithelial cells commit to differentiated lineages using the same signalling pathways that regulate lineage determination in T helper cells. (biologists.com)
The hallmarks of development during pregnancy are the formation of tertiary branches, which terminate in alveolar buds, and the rapid proliferation of the luminal epithelium accompanied by differentiation and commitment to the secretory alveolar lineage. (biologists.com)
the discipline of cell lineage reprogramming is in its infancy and further research will become needed to improve the efficiency of the reprogramming course of action and the fidelity of the reprogrammed cells to their in vivo counterpart. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
As a result researchers became more interested in the mechanisms that result in changes that distinguish cells of one lineage from another even as they share the same genome. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
In Drosophila with depleted RACK1 in all muscle cells or, specifically, in SC lineage resulted in a delayed recovery of skeletal muscle after physical damage as well as the low presence of active SC in the wound area. (sdbonline.org)
Fluorescent proteins enable a wide range of applications where they have functioned as cell lineage tracers, reporters of gene expression, or as a measure of protein-protein interactions. (antibodiesinc.com)
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pericytes as Scalable and Editable Source to Study Direct Lineage Reprogramming Into Induced Neurons. (antibodiesinc.com)

PGCs express several pluripotency-related TFs such as NANOG, POU5F3 , and SOX2 , and their expression controls transcription of germness-related genes in these cells [ 11 , 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The stem cell field witnessed a genuine breakthrough when a combination of solely four transcription factors ( Oct3 / 4 , Sox2 , Klf4 and c-Myc, OSKM ) proved enough to revert, in vitro, the differentiated status of a variety of cell types back to pluripotency, giving rise to so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. (springer.com)
At just 31 years old, Hochedlinger has already worked on therapeutic cloning in a mouse model ( 2 ), reprogramming cancer nuclei ( 3 ), and the molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell pluripotency ( 4 ). (rupress.org)
We discuss what is known about the distinct metabolic states captured in vitro by the 2-cell-like, naïve, blastocyst-like, formative, and primed states of pluripotency. (conditionmed.org)
We explore the recently described metabolic surge event that occurs as pluripotency is lost and stem cells commit to differentiate. (conditionmed.org)
To establish protocols for the safe and efficient differentiation of healthy cells for therapies, we must develop a better understanding of the dynamic continuum of metabolic states that span pluripotency and differentiation, and how to influence them. (conditionmed.org)

The notion of a biological clock in women arises from the fact that immature egg cells- 'oocytes' - progressively decline in number as females get older, along with a decades-old view that oocytes cannot be renewed in mammals after birth. (science20.com)
While traditional thinking has held that female mammals are born with all of the eggs they will ever have, newer research has demonstrated that adult mouse and human ovaries contain a rare population of progenitor germ cells called oogonial stem cells capable of dividing and generating new oocytes. (science20.com)
Researchers traced the number of divisions a cell has undergone with age (its 'depth') and counted the number of times progenitor germ cells divided before becoming oocytes. (science20.com)
In a new assessment of the work by Shapiro and colleagues, reproductive biologists Dori Woods, Evelyn Telfer and Jonathan Tilly conclude that the most plausible explanation for these findings is that progenitor germ cells in ovaries continue to divide throughout reproductive life, resulting in production of new oocytes with greater depth as animals age. (science20.com)
b) If continued proliferation of OSCs (red) and their subsequent differentiation into oocytes (blue) during postnatal life is superimposed on the production-line hypothesis, the emerging picture is consistent with a progressive increase in oocyte depth in females as they age. (science20.com)
Although these investigations were performed in mice, there is emerging evidence that oogonial stem cells are also present in the ovaries of reproductive-age women, and these cells possess the capacity, like their mouse counterparts, to generate new oocytes under certain experimental conditions. (science20.com)
Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)

Postnatal oogenesis through ongoing oogonial stem cell (OSC) mitosis explains increasing oocyte depth with age. (science20.com)
Woods and colleagues say that "the recent work of Shapiro and colleagues is one of the first reports to offer experimental data consistent with a role for postnatal oocyte renewal in contributing to the reserve of ovarian follicles available for use in adult females as they age. (science20.com)
A role of Pumilio 1 in mammalian oocyte maturation and maternal phase of embryogenesis. (ucsf.edu)
Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
The granulosa cells produce a small molecule, cyclic GMP , that diffuses into the oocyte through the gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)
As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)
[5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)

Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids. (springer.com)
Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult derived somatic cell, was born in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Induced pluripotent stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell. (scitechdaily.com)
A somatic cell is any biological cell forming the body of a multicellular organism other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell. (scitechdaily.com)

And because germ cells begin to form very early in embryonic development (by eight to 10 weeks), there's been a dearth of human material to work with. (sciencedaily.com)
Part of the problem is that we still don't fully understand all the processes going on in the microenvironment during embryonic development that leads to the creation of blood stem cells at about day 32 in the embryonic development," Dr. Li said. (scitechdaily.com)

Mintz, B., 'Gene control of mammalian pigmentary differentiation. (pas.va)
A germ cell-specific gene regulatory network is required to maintain the unique properties of primordial germ cells (PGCs) for transmission of genetic information to the next generation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Many studies have investigated germ cell-specific gene promoters to understand their regulatory mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Resolution of cell fate decisions revealed by single-cell gene expression analysis from zygote to blastocyst. (nature.com)
We are testing the hypothesis that specific transcription factors form regulatory networks to execute gene expression programs important for SSC fate decisions (self-renewal and differentiation), and ultimately, spermatogenesis. (utsa.edu)
This pioneering study has helped pave the way for others to develop gene and stem-cell based strategies for therapeutic purposes. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. (wikipedia.org)
A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. (wikipedia.org)
This research is expected to enable to us to more easily manipulate cell fates to produce high quality cells that could be used to study diseases of many types as well as reintroduce healthy tissue into patients with degenerative diseases. (ca.gov)
Drawing upon a history of using tissue interactions to understand differentiation, Kollar and Baird designed their experiments to understand how differentiated structures become specified. (asu.edu)
The levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in PC12 cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
Rubella virus tropism and single-cell responses in human primary tissue and microglia-containing organoids. (antibodiesinc.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an example of tissue or 'adult' stem cells. (tomeipowered.com)
Explaining the difference between embryonic and cord tissue-derived stem cells. (tomeipowered.com)
Study co-author Associate Professor Robert Nordon said he was amazed that not only did the device create blood stem cell precursors that went on to produce differentiated blood cells, but it also created the tissue cells of the embryonic heart environment that is crucial to this process. (scitechdaily.com)
Overproliferation of stem cells is equally undesirable and can disrupt normal tissue homeostasis, possibly contributing to tumor formation and growth. (biomedcentral.com)
and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nationalacademies.org)
An induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response. (lookformedical.com)
International bi-monthly journal of cell signaling, tissue protection, and translational research. (conditionmed.org)
The blastocyst comprises the inner cell mass (ICM), which gives rise to the three primary germ layers and consequently the fetus, and the trophectoderm (TE), which gives rise to the extraembryonic and placental tissue. (conditionmed.org)

osteoblasts, chondrocytes, endothelial-cells and also non-mesoderm-type lineages e.g. (tomeipowered.com)

Their larval and adult cells have narrow potencies, sometimes coupled to virtually unlimited … proliferation, and function in the growth, maintenance and regulation of body size. (iospress.com)
Mammalian embryonic stem cells would seem adapted to rapid proliferation, functioning in part to enclose yolk or to acquire access to maternal resources. (iospress.com)
She proposed that cancer involves a regulatory aberration in this process, especially in the balance between proliferation and differentiation. (pas.va)

Student projects in my lab will revolve around cell-fate decisions in Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSC). (utsa.edu)
This involves spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) dividing to form undifferentiated spermatogonia (uSPGs), which then progress through the meiotic and haploid phases of spermatogenesis to form mature sperm ( de Rooij, 1998 ). (elifesciences.org)

Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. (springer.com)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
Transplantation experiments have revealed that most cells which can perform the hallmark feature of SSCs (that is, re-establishing full spermatogenesis in testes lacking germ cells) are found within the single uSPG population, but may also be present among paired and aligned progenitors ( Kubota and Brinster, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
The first step was for the team to follow the fate of these cells for six weeks following transplantation. (elifesciences.org)
This article will explain what Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves, its benefits/risks, and how it may or may not be helpful for certain neurological conditions. (tomeipowered.com)
The niche model is consistent with many observations made in mammalian cell transplantation experiments, but difficulties in unequivocally identifying individual stem cells within their native environment prevented further testing of this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Understanding these mechanisms should enable us to adopt them in order to manipulate many cells to become other types of cells through a process called reprogramming. (ca.gov)
In other experiments, we have been looking into how microRNAs interact with additional molecular mechanisms in the cells. (ca.gov)
Understanding how these two mechanisms work together will enhance our ability to reprogram cells. (ca.gov)
Cancer stem cells, instrumental in metastasis, would seem to ignore mechanisms normally functioning in the removal of excess cells. (iospress.com)
The Hsieh laboratory is a neural stem cell biology laboratory that focuses on 4 major areas: (1) epilepsy-in-a-dish, (2) 3D cerebral organoids, (3) patient recruitment, and (4) mechanisms of adult neurogenesis. (utsa.edu)
However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)

[7] The cells that comprise the follicle, known as granulosa cells, are connected to each other by proteins known as gap junctions, that allow small molecules to pass between the cells. (wikipedia.org)
Luteinizing hormone acts on receptors in the outer layers of granulosa cells of the follicle, causing a decrease in cyclic GMP in the granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. (bioone.org)
Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
HN - 2008 BX - Granulosa Cells, Cumulus MH - Coronary Sinus UI - D054326 MN - A07.231.908.194.500 MS - A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. (bvsalud.org)

Finally, unipotent cells can differentiate into only one cell type, but are capable of self-renewal. (wikipedia.org)
However, FOXC2-producing uSPGs were also capable of self-renewal, forming cells which feature genetic markers associated with SSCs. (elifesciences.org)
Homeostatic epidermal stem cell self-renewal is driven by local differentiation. (ucsf.edu)

The ICM continues to differentiate into three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, each of which follows a specific developmental destiny that takes them along an ever-specifying path at which end the daughter cells will make up the different organs of the human body. (thefutureofthings.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from differentiating endoderm cells of Xenopus laevis. (springer.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. (springer.com)
The developmental capacity of nuclei transplanted from keratinized skin cells of adult frogs. (springer.com)
Current interest in this process, which is described as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stems from its developmental importance and its involvement in several adult pathologies. (rupress.org)
Developmental Cell 47, 697-710.e3. (ucsf.edu)
Until the mid- 1800s, many naturalists supported a theory of development called epigenesis, which held that the eggs of organisms were undifferentiated, but had a developmental potential which could be directed by certain external forces. (encyclopedia.com)
Other naturalists supported a theory of development called preformationism, which held that the entire complex morphology of a mature organism is present in miniature form in the egg, a developmental form called the homunculus. (encyclopedia.com)

In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants, many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. (wikipedia.org)
At the top of the list comes the zygote-a fertilized egg, which of course has the ability to divide and differentiate into all cell types in the body and create a new organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
The first three divisions of the zygote give birth to eight totipotent cells, each of which also has the ability to become an entire organism. (thefutureofthings.com)

Pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent progenitor cells that then give rise to functional cells. (wikipedia.org)
Adult stem cells can be used to accelerate bone or tendon healing , and they can induce cartilage progenitor cells to produce a better matrix and repair cartilage damage . (thefutureofthings.com)
Recent studies have provided new insights into the origin, specification and fate of mammary stem and progenitor cells and into how the differentiated lineages that comprise the functional mammary gland are determined. (biologists.com)

Until now we've relied on studies in mice to understand human germ cell differentiation, but the reproductive genes are not the same. (sciencedaily.com)
Aging is a physical process that doesn't normally reveal itself until after the completion of a species-specific interval of reproductive competence during which adults rear their progeny from childhood to independence (See Life History ). (agemed.org)
In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)

In the current study, the researchers treated human embryonic stem cells with proteins known to stimulate germ cell formation and isolated those that began to express germ-cell-specific genes -- about 5 percent of the total. (sciencedaily.com)

Cancer A clonal growth (cells all descended from one ancestral cell) that undergo continuing mitotic divisions and are not inhibited in their growth when they come in contact with neighboring cells (contact inhibition). (agemed.org)

Eggs are formed from progenitor germ cells that exit the mitotic cycle, thereby ending their ability to proliferate through cell division, and subsequently enter meiosis, a process unique to the formation of eggs and sperm which removes one half of the genetic material from each type of cell prior to fertilization. (science20.com)
This newly formed cystoblast undergoes four incomplete mitotic divisions to form an interconnected 16-cell cyst. (biomedcentral.com)

In his experiments, Bridges studied Drosophila, the common fruit fly, and by doing so showed that a process called nondisjunction caused chromosomes, under some circumstances, to fail to separate when forming sperm and egg cells. (asu.edu)
A Single-Cell Transcriptome Atlas of the Aging Drosophila Brain. (ucsf.edu)
Babatz, F., Naffin, E., and Klämbt, C. The Drosophila Blood-Brain Barrier Adapts to Cell Growth by Unfolding of Pre-existing Septate Junctions. (ucsf.edu)
This study aims to understand the function and mechanism of Drosophila Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) in cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
Many of the mechanistic insights into how niches regulate stem cell maintenance have been obtained using invertebrate models such as Drosophila . (biomedcentral.com)

This led to many new kinds of experiments in many laboratories, aimed at defining the role of a normal microenvironment on cancer cells. (pas.va)
Her new experiments also showed that stem-like cancer cells could be grown in culture and used as 'messengers' to convey specific-DNA into the organism. (pas.va)

Germ line cells are any line of cells that give rise to gametes-eggs and sperm-and thus are continuous through the generations. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. (wikipedia.org)
Nondisjunction, as described by Bridges, caused sperm or egg cells to contain abnormal amounts of chromosomes. (asu.edu)
New evidence in mice suggests that cells expressing the transcription factor FOXC2 may form a reservoir of quiescent stem cells that contributes to sperm formation. (elifesciences.org)
This revealed that this population could give rise to all subtypes of uSPGs, with some of the resulting progenitors differentiating into sperm that could fertilise eggs and generate offspring. (elifesciences.org)
Researchers at the school have devised a way to efficiently coax the cells to become human germ cells -- the precursors of egg and sperm cells -- in the laboratory. (sciencedaily.com)
Unlike previous research, which yielded primarily immature germ cells, the cells in this most-recent study functioned well enough to generate sperm cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Ten to 15 percent of couples are infertile," said senior author Renee Reijo Pera, PhD. "About half of these cases are due to an inability to make eggs or sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
Overexpressing the three proteins together allowed the researchers to generate haploid cells -- those with only one copy of each chromosome -- expressing proteins found in mature sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
When a sperm and an egg join, the resulting fertilized egg again has two copies of each chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)

However, the opposite was found - eggs showed a progressive increase in depth as the female mice grew older. (science20.com)
In 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. (asu.edu)
transplanted a population of uSPGs enriched in these cells into the testes of mice treated with busulfan, a toxic compound that kills endogenous germ cells. (elifesciences.org)
After two months, these animals had generated a much larger number of colonies of differentiating cells compared to control mice which had received a non-enriched uSPG population. (elifesciences.org)
RACK1 was expressed transiently in the skeletal muscle of post-natal mice, being abundant in the early phase of muscle growth and almost disappearing in adult mature fibers. (sdbonline.org)
The dynamics of RACK1 levels in isolated adult SC of mice, i.e., progressively high during differentiation and low compared to proliferating conditions, and RACK1 silencing indicated that RACK1 promotes both the formation of myotubes and the accretion of nascent myotubes. (sdbonline.org)

dGLYAT was found to regulate Gadd45 -mediated JNK pathway activation and cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)

[1] is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. (wikipedia.org)

Cliff and Dalton, 2017), with nutrients capable of inducing and maintaining alternate cell states (Shyh-Chang et al. (conditionmed.org)

The reason I then was drawn into epigenetics and stem cell biology was a lecture at the IMP by Rudolf Jaenisch. (rupress.org)

Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. (springer.com)
Among the top ten genes preferentially enriched in these cells, Foxc2 was the only one to code for a protein exclusively present in the nucleus of uSPGs that also expressed ZBTB16, a protein important for SSCs to self-renew. (elifesciences.org)
This finding is consistent with the fact that many FOXC2-regulated genes are involved in cell cycle arrest. (elifesciences.org)
In addition to expressing key genes, these cells also began to remove modifications, or methyl groups, to their DNA that confer cell-specific traits that would interfere with their ability to function as germ cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
Thus, we know that the simple cells of an egg are preformed in the sense that they contain a preformed instruction set for development which is encoded in their genes. (encyclopedia.com)

We have found these small RNAs are essential for normal mammalian development and growth and differentiation of stem cells. (ca.gov)
Professor Campbell was a cell biologist/embryologist with a research career spanning more than 30 years, the majority of which was in the field of cell growth and differentiation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration involves the activity of resident adult stem cells, namely satellite cells (SC). (sdbonline.org)
The research report titled Global Mesenchymal Stem Cells Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2020-2025 released by MarketsandResearch.biz covers industry segment by applications, by type, regional outlook, market demand, latest trends, and industry share & revenue by manufacturers, company profiles, and growth forecasts - 2025. (tomeipowered.com)
Some study the cell growth, or how specialized cell types differentiate from stem cells. (encyclopedia.com)

Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
Nuclear transfer is one of the most sophisticated, fickle, and challenging techniques in cell biology. (rupress.org)
Transposable elements pervading mammalian genomes mostly originate from retrotransposons, including long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) ( 2 , 3 ). (rna-mediated.com)

A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. (wikipedia.org)
Although the cells of the inner cell mass can form virtually every type of cell found in the human body, they cannot form an organism. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
Internal signals producing apoptosis depend on interactions of several proteins and may serve to protect the organism from cancer by killing cells that have pre-cancerous changes. (agemed.org)
The stages that an organism undergoes from single cell to adult are many, complicated, and in constant danger of failure. (encyclopedia.com)
Similarly, we know that the egg is relatively formless, but has the potential to develop into a complex organism as it grows. (encyclopedia.com)

Although NANOG plays a key role in germ cells, the molecular mechanism underlying its transcriptional regulation in PGCs has not been studied. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, identification of regulatory elements within the promoter region is considered crucial to understand the mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation in specific cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, regulation of NANOG expression plays a critical role in determining the fate of pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We also summarize the important role of PRC2 in regulating biological behaviors such as epithelial mesenchymal transition, invasive metastasis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, autophagy, and PRC2-mediated resistance to LC chemotherapeutic agents in LC cells. (bvsalud.org)
Here we will focus on reviewing work describing the formation and regulation of the ovarian stem cell niche. (biomedcentral.com)

Stem cells and regenerative medicine - future perspectives. (springer.com)
Stem cells in regenerative medicine: introduction. (springer.com)
These achievements are part of a move in regenerative medicine towards the use of 'induced pluripotent stem cells' to treat disease. (scitechdaily.com)

Mystification may have been introduced historically with the concepts of determinate and regulative development, but, hopefully, the muddle can be resolved by tracing the evolution of stem cells in Metazoa. (iospress.com)
Figure 2: The self-organization theory of early mammalian development. (nature.com)
Graham, C. F. & Lehtonen, E. Formation and consequences of cell patterns in preimplantation mouse development. (nature.com)
The conversion of an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell is critical to metazoan embryogenesis and a defining structural feature of organ development. (rupress.org)
There are three main stages of mammary gland development both in rodents and humans: embryonic, pubertal and adult. (biologists.com)
They then used a technique called RNA silencing to examine how blocking the expression of each of three DAZ family members in the embryonic stem cells affected germ cell development. (sciencedaily.com)
They found that one family member, DAZL, functions very early in germ cell development, while two others, DAZ1 and BOULE, stimulate the then-mature germ cells to divide to form gametes. (sciencedaily.com)
This suggests that BOULE may play a larger role than the other proteins in the development of female germ cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Once we currently understand it you will find exceptions to this central dogma that may be exploited for the development of cell-based medical treatments. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
They demonstrated how a simulation of an embryo's beating heart using a microfluidic device in the lab led to the development of human blood stem cell 'precursors', which are stem cells on the verge of becoming blood stem cells. (scitechdaily.com)
2020). This places metabolism at the forefront of development and cell state decisions. (conditionmed.org)
It is only through understanding embryonic metabolism and development that we can derive and maintain different in vitro stem cell states for disease modeling and therapies. (conditionmed.org)

Virally induced expression of four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 (Yamanaka factors) is sufficient to create pluripotent (iPS) cells from adult fibroblasts. (wikipedia.org)

A multipotent cell is one that can differentiate into multiple different, but closely related cell types. (wikipedia.org)
Oligopotent cells are more restricted than multipotent, but can still differentiate into a few closely related cell types. (wikipedia.org)
These adult stem cells are considered multipotent, having the ability to differentiate into different cell types, albeit with a more limited repertoire than embryonic stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
The term 'mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) is most commonly used to describe multipotent self-renewing cells that can be differentiated in vitro to generate adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. (tomeipowered.com)
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are emerging as the most promising means of allogeneic cell therapy. (tomeipowered.com)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Instruction Manual Product Description Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC), also termed Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, are self-renewing multipotent cells that can differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. (tomeipowered.com)

Food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained viral latency keeps egg cells fresh in the context of autophagy and sexual differentiation. (rna-mediated.com)

Differentiation may continue to occur after terminal differentiation if the capacity and functions of the cell undergo further changes. (wikipedia.org)
Two to three GSCs reside at the anterior tip of the germarium immediately adjacent to the niche, which includes a small cluster of five to seven cap cells attached to eight to 10 terminal filament cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Terminal filament stacks (light green) begin to form and signal to adjacent somatic cells through the Delta-Notch pathway, inducing them to become cap cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Mesenchymal stem cells, which have the ability to proliferate indefinitely, are responsible for the creation of all bone producing cells. (ncesse.org)

In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical cells. (wikipedia.org)
When a single uSPG divides, it can sometimes produce paired daughter cells that remain connected after mitosis. (elifesciences.org)
As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)
Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
However, by the time the fertilized egg divides into 8 or 16 cells something changes and each respective cell, if separated, no longer has the potential to create a fetus. (jcpa.org)

Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. (wikipedia.org)
or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy75

Organisms20

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science4

Embryos12

Epigenetic10

Biol4

Early mammalian embryo2

Tissues14

Testis3

Cellular15

Fetal2

Embryo18

Precursor4

Lineage10

Pluripotency6

Oocytes7

Oocyte8

Somatic cell4

Embryonic development2

Gene6

Tissue15

Endothelial cells1

Proliferation3

Spermatogonial Stem Cells2

Transplantation6

Mechanisms6

Granulosa cells6

Self-renewal3

Developmental8

Zygote3

Progenitor cells3

Reproductive4

Germ cell-specific1

Clonal1

Mitotic2

Drosophila5

Experiments2

Sperm10

Mice6

Regulate1

Ovum1

20171

Epigenetics1

Genes6

Growth5

Nuclear3

Organism6

Regulation5

Regenerative3

Development12

Fibroblasts1

Multipotent6

Autophagy1

Terminal3

Ability to proliferate1

Divides5

Antigen2