NeuronalDefectsEmbryosProgenitor cellsProliferationVertebrate neural tubeMidlineProgenitorsNeurogenesisHuman embryonic stemFoldsEmbryoEctodermBending of the neural plateGrowth and differentiationGenesSignalling during neuraSides of the neural tubePortion of the neural tubeDorsal neuralEmigrating neural crestForm the neural tubeSpinal cordDefectMesodermUndergoAnencephalyDevelopmentAgnete KirkebyNeuronsSpina bifidaNeurulationTissueCaudalTissuesNervous systemCellMarkersPluripotentFolicRegulatesNotochordProteinKnockdownSubsequentPlateFoldLineages
Neuronal17
- The histologic characteristics of high cellularity and mitotic activity-along with a potential to show glial, neuronal, and even ependymal differentiation-are found in this group. (medscape.com)
- Neuronal production in the midbrain-hindbrain domain (MH) of the vertebrate embryonic neural tube depends on a progenitor pool called the `intervening zone' (IZ), located at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. (biologists.com)
- In older embryos, this resulted in premature neuronal differentiation. (caltech.edu)
- Depletion of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27 ( Xic1 ) impairs neuronal differentiation and increases the number of ElrC (+) progenitor cells in Xenopus tropicalis. (xenbase.org)
- To investigate whether p27(Xic1) is necessary for cell cycle exit and/or neuronal differentiation, we used antisense morpholino oligos (MO) to knockdown the protein levels in vivo. (xenbase.org)
- Depletion of p27(Xic1) in X. tropicalis caused an increase in proliferation and a suppression of the neuronal differentiation marker, N-tubulin. (xenbase.org)
- Effect of p27Xic1 MO on neuronal differentiation. (xenbase.org)
- We have previously utilised an NT2.D1 neurosphere based model of neuronal differentiation to study the effects of a variety of compounds on neural development [7] . (plos.org)
- Perturbation of PRTG activity in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells and in chick embryos, by either RNA interference or a dominant-negative PRTG mutant, increases neuronal differentiation. (nycu.edu.tw)
- Forced expression of ERdj3 in the chick neural tube also impairs neuronal differentiation. (nycu.edu.tw)
- Together, these results suggest that expression of PRTG defines a stage between pluripotent epiblasts and committed neural progenitors, and its signaling plays a critical role in suppressing premature neuronal differentiation during early neural development. (nycu.edu.tw)
- This involves selective suppression of both neurogenin1 ( ngn1 ) and coe2 mRNA expression in a process that is independent of Notch signalling, and where inhibition of either ngn1 or coe2 expression is sufficient to prevent neuronal differentiation across the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. (silverchair.com)
- Mounting evidence also suggests a role for p53 in differentiation of cells including neuronal precursors. (biomedcentral.com)
- We conclude that receptor-mediated p53 transcriptional activity is involved in PC12 differentiation and may suggest a contributory role for p53 in neuronal development. (biomedcentral.com)
- p53 transcriptional activity may be further involved in the differentiation of other non-neuronal cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
- Despite data supporting the transcriptional activity of p53 protein in differentiation, few genetic targets have been described and fewer still within a neuronal context. (biomedcentral.com)
- Many existing protocols for neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent cells result in heterogeneous cell populations and unsynchronized differentiation, necessitating the development of methods for labeling specific cell populations. (lu.se)
Defects20
- ATX is essential for development since Enpp2 −/− is lethal at embryonic day 9.5-10.5, with marked vascular and neural tube defects [ 20 , 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Mice homozygous for a null allele die at ~E11.5 with neural tube closure defects and precocious cortical neurogenesis. (jax.org)
- Congenital deformities involving the coverings of the nervous system are called neural tube defects (NTDs). (medscape.com)
- Neural tube defects vary in severity. (medscape.com)
- Anencephaly and rachischisis are extremely severe forms of neural tube defects, in which an extensive opening in the cranial and vertebral bone is present with an absence of variable amounts of the brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, and meninges. (medscape.com)
- Most malformations, especially those such as neural tube defects, occur early in embryogenesis and are likely the result of aberrant expression of a yet undefined developmental gene or family of genes. (medscape.com)
- The primary embryologic defect in all neural tube defects is failure of the neural tube to close, affecting neural and cutaneous ectodermal structures. (medscape.com)
- These neural tube defects can be open (neural structures that communicate with the atmosphere) or closed (skin covered). (medscape.com)
- However, in 2005, the Shanxi province in Northern China was reported to have one of the highest incidence rates of neural tube defects in the world. (medscape.com)
- Mice homozygous for a null allele show embryonic lethality, severe growth retardation, reduced neuron proliferation, increased neuron apoptosis, impaired neuron differentiation, small hearts, abnormal cardiac looping and, in some cases, incomplete embryonic turning and neural tube closure defects. (jax.org)
- One of the more common neural tube defects is spina bifida . (msu.edu)
- Unfortunately, many neural tube defects occur very early in pregnancy, such that many women do not yet know that they are pregnant. (msu.edu)
- As a result, daily folic acid supplements or a diet that includes foods rich in folate is recommended to all women of reproductive age to help prevent neural tube defects in the event of a pregnancy. (msu.edu)
- Neural Tube Defects' by Valerie Hedges is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License. (msu.edu)
- We also leverage on complementary genomic and epigenomic approaches to elucidate how genetic variants and nutritional stressors interact with TET1 and other dioxygenases in the etiologies of congenital malformations including neural tube defects. (bcm.edu)
- and this was the result: EMT was indeed reduced with fewer neural crest cells migrating out of the neural tube, there was a drop in the expression of EMT-related genes and there were structural defects in the face and brain. (weizmann.ac.il)
- In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) required food manufacturers to add folic acid to enriched bread and grain products to boost intake and to help prevent neural tube defects (NTD). (encyclopedia.com)
- Mammalian neural tube defects (NTDs) stem from a failure of one or more of these morphogenetic processes ( Harris and Juriloff, 1999 ), and recent genetic experiments in mice have identified individual genes that control specifically the many individual behaviors that comprise neurulation. (silverchair.com)
- We knocked down LARP6 in Xenopus embryos and found neural tube closure defects. (fsu.edu)
- Neural tube closure defects are coincident with lack of cilia, antenna-like cellular organelles with motility- or sensory-related functions, in the neural tube. (fsu.edu)
Embryos4
- The transcriptomic hallmarks of rostro-caudal organization recapitulated gene expression patterns of the early rostro-caudal neural plate in mouse embryos. (nature.com)
- My results in avian embryos suggest that de novo DNA methylation, exerted by both DNMT3A and DNMT3B, plays a dual role in neural crest development, with each individual paralogue apparently functioning during a distinct temporal window. (caltech.edu)
- Expression of PRTG protein is strong in the neural tube of mouse embryos between embryonic days 7.75 and 9.5 but disappears after embryonic day 10.5 when the neural progenitor marker nestin expresses prominently. (nycu.edu.tw)
- Puelles andIntroduction Rubenstein, 1993), and neither the identity nor the source of inductive signals that trigger the differentiation of ventralIn vertebrate embryos, the patterning of the nervous sys- forebrain neurons has been established. (fliphtml5.com)
Progenitor cells3
- The progenitor cells that make up the precursors to neural tissues in the neural plate are called neuroepithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Our research focuses on characterising the stem and progenitor cells that build the hypothalamus and characterising the molecular networks that direct hypothalamic morphogenesis, growth and differentiation. (sheffield.ac.uk)
- The results suggest that de novo DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mark used for cell fate restriction of progenitor cells during neural crest cell fate specification. (caltech.edu)
Proliferation3
- LPA acts as an autocrine/paracrine messenger through at least six G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), known as LPA 1-6 , to induce various cellular processes including wound healing, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and survival. (hindawi.com)
- Conversely, when the researchers delayed p53 activity, they found an excess of neural crest cells along with increased proliferation. (weizmann.ac.il)
- At the same time, we found an increase in the expression of ElrC, a marker of cells as they undergo a transition from proliferation to differentiation. (xenbase.org)
Vertebrate neural tube2
- Ribes, V. & Briscoe, J. Establishing and interpreting graded Sonic Hedgehog signaling during vertebrate neural tube patterning: the role of negative feedback. (nature.com)
- Placzek M & Briscoe J (2018) Sonic hedgehog in vertebrate neural tube development . (sheffield.ac.uk)
Midline6
- the closing areas of the neural tube are seen to have very increased elongation activity in the midline compared to already closed areas when the plate was beginning to shape itself into a tube. (wikipedia.org)
- The midline of the neural plate is referred to the median hinge point (MHP). (wikipedia.org)
- As described, the primary defect is a failure of the neural folds to fuse in the midline and form the neural tube, which is neuroectoderm. (medscape.com)
- Targeted injection revealed that Xdsh function was required specifically in the midline for normal neural tube closure. (silverchair.com)
- We suggest that the inherent movement of the neural folds can accomplish only a finite amount of medial progress and that convergent extension of the midline is necessary to reduce the distance between the nascent neural folds, allowing them to meet and fuse. (silverchair.com)
- In vertebrates, NCCs are specified all along the lateral borders of the neural plate, which meet at the dorsal midline upon neural tube closure. (biologists.com)
Progenitors2
- Fu T, Towers M & Placzek M (2017) Fgf10(+) progenitors give rise to the chick hypothalamus by rostral and caudal growth and differentiation. . (sheffield.ac.uk)
- First, I show that DNMT3A limits the spatial boundary between neural crest versus neural tube progenitors within the neuroepithelium. (caltech.edu)
Neurogenesis3
- The outcome of LPA signaling is dependent on cellular context and impacts on biological processes such as wound healing, differentiation, neurogenesis, and survival, to name a few [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Addition of purified ERdj3 protein into the P19 differentiation assay reduced neurogenesis. (nycu.edu.tw)
- We report here that the bHLH factor Her5 acts as a prepattern gene to prevent neurogenesis in the anlage of the midbrain/hindbrain boundary in the zebrafish neural plate. (silverchair.com)
Human embryonic stem2
- Here, we model early human neural tube development using human embryonic stem cells cultured in a microfluidic device. (nature.com)
- We provide detailed protocols for lentiviral transduction, neural differentiation, and subsequent analysis of human embryonic stem cells. (lu.se)
Folds7
- The ends of the neural plate, known as the neural folds, push the ends of the plate up and together, folding into the neural tube, a structure critical to brain and spinal cord development. (wikipedia.org)
- With the neural plate having folded into a tube, the neural folds come together to complete the fusion of the neural tube. (wikipedia.org)
- The lime green marks the edges of the neural plate, which become the neural folds, involved in the folding of the plate to create the neural tube. (wikipedia.org)
- If the region containing presumptive epidermis and neural plate tissue is isolated, small neural folds will form. (wikipedia.org)
- Closure of the neural tube is completed when the neural folds are brought together, adhering to each other. (wikipedia.org)
- During neurulation, the middle of the neural plate folds first, followed by the anterior and posterior ends. (msu.edu)
- The neural tube folds and closes at the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy. (christopherreeve.org)
Embryo5
- During the stage of neural plate formation the embryo consists of three cell layers: the ectoderm that eventually forms the skin and neural tissues, the mesoderm that forms muscle and bone, and the endoderm that will form the cells lining the digestive and respiratory tracts. (wikipedia.org)
- Stretched over the notochord, the ectodermal cells on the dorsal portion of the embryo are ultimately the ones that form the neural plate. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies on how each individual neural cell forms in the embryo during brain development are essential for the researchers to be able to understand how to produce these specific cells in the laboratory. (neurosciencenews.com)
- The neural tube of the embryo develops into the brain, spinal cord , spinal column , and the skull. (encyclopedia.com)
- Transverse section through the neural tube of an early stage chick embryo. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Ectoderm3
- In primary neurulation, the layer of ectoderm divides into three sets of cells: the neural tube (future brain and spinal cord), epidermis (skin), and neural crest cells (connects epidermis and neural tube and will migrate to make neurons, glia, and skin cell pigmentation). (wikipedia.org)
- Approximately half of those cells will be induced to remain ectoderm, while the other half will form the neural plate. (wikipedia.org)
- B, E, F) At stage 16 expression in dorsal mesoderm persists but is also evident in the deep layer of the neural ectoderm (arrow, F). (C) By stage 27, p27Xic1 is expressed in the mesoderm of the tailbud , the neural tube and the eye . (xenbase.org)
Bending of the neural plate1
- The bending of the neural plate involves the formation of hinges, where the neural plate is connected to surrounding tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Growth and differentiation2
- From the moment of conception, when a single fertilized egg transforms into a complex multicellular organism, numerous processes occur simultaneously to ensure proper growth and differentiation. (fnps-society.org)
- Each stage is critical for proper growth and differentiation of organs and tissues in preparation for life outside the womb. (fnps-society.org)
Genes7
- These cells are guided into the proper location by Hox genes and growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). (nih.gov)
- The precise etiology and the specific genes that may be involved during this abnormal neural ontogenesis have not yet been elucidated. (medscape.com)
- DNMT3A promotes neural crest specification by directly mediating repression of neural genes, like Sox2 and Sox3. (caltech.edu)
- Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell's genome. (ivy-way.com)
- In the process of multi-ciliated cell (MCC) differentiation, mcidas, which activates the transcription of genes required for centriole formation during ciliogenesis, could partially restore MCCs in LARP6 morphants. (fsu.edu)
- La-related protein 6 is involved in ciliated cell differentiation during development by controlling the expression of cilia-related genes including mcidas. (fsu.edu)
- The most salient differentiation-relevant target genes included wnt7b involved in dendritic extension and the tfcp2l4/grhl3 grainyhead homolog implicated in ectodermal development. (biomedcentral.com)
Signalling during neura1
- Recently, we showed that Wnt8a is transported on short, actin-based filopodia known as cytonemes to contact responding cells and activate signalling during neural plate formation in zebrafish (1).Wnt/ Ror2 signalling regulates the formation of these Wnt cytonemes (5). (exeter.ac.uk)
Sides of the neural tube2
- The paraxial mesodermic cells give rise to somites on both sides of the neural tube and further subdivide into a ventral, sclerotome, and a dorsal, dermatome. (nih.gov)
- The brown stain shows the neurofilament in the axons of the commisural neurons (running down the sides of the neural tube) an. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Portion of the neural tube4
- portion of the neural tube to close. (msu.edu)
- Early in development, the anterior portion of the neural tube has three distinct vesicles, which will each develop into different structures. (msu.edu)
- Although little attention has been devoted to the floor-plate, the writer believes that the structure, extent, and significance of this portion of the developing brain and spinal cord are matters of marked importance in understanding the fundamental morphological plan of the brain, and it is the purpose of the present paper to emphasize particularly the theoretical significance of this structurally insignificant portion of the neural tube. (edu.au)
- The portion of the neural tube that it represents is apparently devoid of neuroblasts, consisting of neuroglial elements alone, which as an ependymal plate are often conspicuously evident. (edu.au)
Dorsal neural3
- This uniquely vertebrate cell population forms within the dorsal neural tube but then emigrates out and migrates long distances to different regions of the body. (caltech.edu)
- Second, I find that DNMT3B restricts the temporal window during which the neural crest cells emigrate from the dorsal neural tube. (caltech.edu)
- In all chordates, the central nervous system derives from a dorsal neural plate, which rolls into a dorsal hollow neural tube. (biologists.com)
Emigrating neural crest1
- Knockdown of DNMT3B causes an excess of neural crest emigration, by extending the time that the neural tube is competent to generate emigrating neural crest cells. (caltech.edu)
Form the neural tube1
- These regions furrow and change shape in the same way as MHP cells do before connecting together to form the neural tube. (wikipedia.org)
Spinal cord5
- The structures of the central nervous system will form from the walls of the neural tube and the lumen of tube will become the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. (msu.edu)
- In spina bifida, the neural tube fails to close completely, and as a result the backbone that typically protects the spinal cord also does not form appropriately. (msu.edu)
- Shortly after conception, when cells are just beginning to develop, the brain and the spinal cord are formed from a structure called the embryonic neural tube. (christopherreeve.org)
- An opening in the spine occurs if the spinal cord section of the neural tube does not fold and close completely. (christopherreeve.org)
- The dorsal and ventral laminae composing the lateral walls of the neural tube are the zones which by their growth furnish the nervous tissue (neurones) of the brain and spinal cord, while the roof-plate and fioor-plate are generally interpreted as pri~ marily 'non-nervous,' composed of indifferent (ependymal) cells alone, although this has been frequently tacitly assumed rather than positively gtated. (edu.au)
Defect5
- The neural tube defect discussed in this article is classified as an embryologic induction disorder. (medscape.com)
- However, the subsequent defect is the maldevelopment of the mesoderm, which, in turn, forms the skeletal and muscular structures that cover the underlying neural structures. (medscape.com)
- Rarely, a part of the neural tube does not fully fold and close which is called a neural tube defect. (christopherreeve.org)
- If this tube forms incompletely during the first few months of pregnancy a serious, and often fatal, defect results in spina bifida or anencephaly. (encyclopedia.com)
- Iran [ 5 ] and the prevalence of neural tube for congenital malformations including neu- defect was 3.12 per 1000 in this area [ 6 ]. (who.int)
Mesoderm2
- The formation of the neural plate starts when dorsal mesoderm signals ectodermal cells above it to lengthen into columnar neural plate cells. (wikipedia.org)
- As the skin swells up to cover the newly formed " neural tube ", like a wave rising to break over a pier, it carries the deeper middle layer (mesoderm) which is tiled in somites. (pediatric-orthopedics.com)
Undergo2
- Why some neural tube cells undergo a change from neural to neural crest cell fate is unknown as is the timing of both onset and cessation of their emigration from the neural tube. (caltech.edu)
- Before their rapid differentiation, these cells undergo another process, called epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enables them to begin migrating from their original site in the neural tube - the embryonic template of the central nervous system - to the facial area. (weizmann.ac.il)
Anencephaly2
- Anencephaly (right) occurs when the anterior neural tube fails to close, causing decreased development of the brain and skull. (msu.edu)
- When the neural tube does not fully develop in the brain, anencephaly (part of the brain and skull are not formed) or encephalocele (out pouching at the skull) occurs. (christopherreeve.org)
Development11
- Development-on-chip: in vitro neural tube patterning with a microfluidic device. (nature.com)
- Signaling proteins are also important in neural plate development, and aid in differentiating the tissue destined to become the neural plate. (wikipedia.org)
- The figure demonstrates the development of the neural plate into the neural tube, which is where the neural crest cells are derived from as well. (wikipedia.org)
- Differentiation is the process by which structures become more complex and functionally specialized during development. (msu.edu)
- The neural crest is a group of migratory, multipotent stem cells that play a crucial role in many aspects of embryonic development. (caltech.edu)
- In recent years, growing evidence supports an important role for epigenetic regulation as a new mechanism for controlling aspects of neural crest development. (caltech.edu)
- The researchers focused on a group of cells called neural crest cells, which are tied to the development of the face, brain and peripheral nervous system. (weizmann.ac.il)
- We have previously shown that p27(Xic1) is expressed in the cells of the neural plate as they become post-mitotic (Development 127 (2000) 1303). (xenbase.org)
- It is necessary for the proper differentiation and growth of cells and for the development of the fetus. (encyclopedia.com)
- Evidence suggests a functional role for p53 in differentiation and development, particularly within the nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
- The ventricular system is embryologically derived from the neural canal, forming early in the development of the neural tube. (medscape.com)
Agnete Kirkeby1
- The challenge is that there are thousands of different sub-types of neural cells in the human brain, and for each disease we need to be able to produce exactly the right type of neural cell", says Agnete Kirkeby, researcher at the Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine and the Department of Experimental Medical Science at Lund University. (neurosciencenews.com)
Neurons1
- Furthermore, exposure of neural plate explants tomatch those of the ventral neurons generated in these SHH leads to the differentiation of motor neurons in addi-two subdivisions of the forebrain in vivo. (fliphtml5.com)
Spina bifida2
- The mildest form is spina bifida aperta, in which osseous fusion of one or more vertebral arches is lacking, without involvement of the underlying meninges or neural tissue. (medscape.com)
- Spina bifida (left) occurs when the posterior neural tube fails to close. (msu.edu)
Neurulation6
- Generally divided into four, the process of primary neurulation involves the neural plate in the first three steps. (wikipedia.org)
- The formation and folding of the neural plate is the first step in primary neurulation. (wikipedia.org)
- The third step of primary neurulation does not involve the neural plate per se, but rather the edges of the neural plate, which come together, turning the plate into the start of the neural tube. (wikipedia.org)
- During the process of neurulation, the neural plate pinches together at the neural fold in the middle, and then closes at the anterior and posterior ends to form a neural tube. (msu.edu)
- Early in pregnancy, there can be problems with the process of neurulation and the formation and closure of the neural tube. (msu.edu)
- Vertebrate neurulation ( Fig. 1 ) involves a precisely orchestrated set of morphogenetic movements within the neural plate itself (intrinsic processes) and also within neighboring tissues (extrinsic processes)( Smith and Schoenwolf, 1997 ). (silverchair.com)
Tissue5
- Using a WNT-activating gradient, we generated a neural tissue exhibiting progressive caudalization from forebrain to midbrain to hindbrain, including formation of isthmic organizer characteristics. (nature.com)
- Fig. 2: Neural patterning along the rostro-caudal axis in day 14 MiSTR tissue. (nature.com)
- Cranial to the primitive node of the embryonic primitive streak, ectodermal tissue thickens and flattens to become the neural plate. (wikipedia.org)
- ATX is also important in adipogenesis since it is upregulated during preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes and secreted into circulation by the adipose tissue [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The isolated cells may be considered stem cells, based on the current criteria for their characterization, such as plastic adherence, expression of certain markers, and the absence of others, as well as multi-differentiation potential, which showed to be promising for the application in tissue regeneration. (bvsalud.org)
Caudal3
- Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that rostro-caudal organization was already established at 24 h of differentiation, and that the first markers of a neural-specific transcription program emerged in the rostral cells at 48 h. (nature.com)
- Thus, MiSTR will facilitate research on the factors and processes underlying rostro-caudal neural tube patterning. (nature.com)
- 1994), raising the possibilityaction of signals that impose regional character on cells that this gene participates in the specification of neuronalat different rostrocaudal positions within the neural plate identity within the forebrain as well as at more caudal levels(Doniach et al. (fliphtml5.com)
Tissues1
- Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. (ivy-way.com)
Nervous system1
- The neural plate is a key developmental structure that serves as the basis for the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Cell7
- With knowledge of how neural cells are formed at different developmental stages, researchers have the opportunity to develop new stem cell therapies more quickly in the laboratory. (neurosciencenews.com)
- The single fertilized cell human has a trip down the fallopian tubes to the womb. (pediatric-orthopedics.com)
- Thus, DNMT3A functions as a molecular switch, repressing neural to favor neural crest cell fate. (caltech.edu)
- Sohni A, Bartoccetti M, Khoueiry R, Spans L, Vande Velde J, De Troyer L, Pulakanti K, Claessens F, Rao S, Koh KP " Dynamic switching of active promoter and enhancer domains regulates Tet1 and Tet2 expression during cell state transitions between pluripotency and differentiation. . (bcm.edu)
- Nonetheless, recent findings hinted at p53 involvement in the process of embryonic cell differentiation, suggesting that the previous conclusion needed reexamining. (weizmann.ac.il)
- Similar results with Xenopus strabismus implicate the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling cascade in neural convergent extension and tube closure. (silverchair.com)
- La-related protein 6 controls ciliated cell differentiation. (fsu.edu)
Markers1
- Objective: To establish cultures of cells from the pulp of permanent teeth by the explant method assessing parameters usually presented by stem cells, such as the expression of certain markers and the differentiation ability into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. (bvsalud.org)
Pluripotent1
- This strategy provides a useful tool for visualization and identification of neural progeny derived from human pluripotent stem cells. (lu.se)
Folic1
- In the month prior to conception and in the first three months of pregnancy, additional folic acid should be taken to assist with the closure of the neural tube. (christopherreeve.org)
Regulates1
- Thus, DNMT3B regulates the duration of neural crest production by the neural tube and the timing of their differentiation. (caltech.edu)
Notochord2
- It was seen in an experiment that without the notochord, the MHP characteristics did not develop correctly, so the neural plate and neural tube formation did not happen properly. (wikipedia.org)
- The communication between the neural plate and the notochord is important for the future induction and formation of the neural tube. (wikipedia.org)
Protein2
- Although the protein was present in the neural crest cells, they discovered that it was silenced for the duration of the EMT process. (weizmann.ac.il)
- The data show p53 protein was transcriptionally activated and contributed to NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth during differentiation of PC12 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Knockdown1
- Its knockdown causes ectopic Sox2 and Sox3 expression at the expense of neural crest territory. (caltech.edu)
Subsequent1
- Expression of these proteins is essential to neural plate folding and subsequent neural tube formation. (wikipedia.org)
Plate12
- The region anterior to the primitive node can be generally referred to as the neural plate. (wikipedia.org)
- This is followed by the refinement and growth of neural plate cells. (wikipedia.org)
- This process is illustrated in the figure to the right, where the neural plate is shown in purple. (wikipedia.org)
- There are four stages of neural plate and neural tube formation: formation, bending, convergence, and closure. (wikipedia.org)
- This different shape distinguishes the cells of the presumptive neural plate from other pre-epidermal cells. (wikipedia.org)
- If the neural plate is separated by itself, it will still develop to make a thinner plate but will not form a neural tube. (wikipedia.org)
- They are derived from the area of the neural plate anterior to primitive knot. (wikipedia.org)
- Comparison of N-tubulin and ElrC expression in the neural plate and neural tube. (xenbase.org)
- In cephalochordates, the other major chordate subphylum, cells along the lateral borders of the neural plate give rise to melanocytes associated with a series of light-sensing organs in the neural tube, known as Dorsal Ocelli 2 . (biologists.com)
- In tunicates, similar dorsal melanocytes arise from the lateral borders of the neural plate and become associated with a light-sensing ocellus and a gravity-sensing otolith 4 . (biologists.com)
- Therefore, the latest models of NCC evolution propose that the neural plate borders of the pre-vertebrate ancestor already gave rise to one NCC derivative: melanocytes. (biologists.com)
- Although the peripheral nervous systems of tunicate larvae have several sensory neuron subtypes 9 , none of them have been decisively linked to NCCs, either because they do not arise from the neural plate borders or because they more closely resemble non-NCC-derived sensory cells in vertebrates. (biologists.com)
Fold1
- We show that Xdsh signaling is not required for neural fold elevation, medial movement or fusion. (silverchair.com)
Lineages1
- Similarly, the cells showed differentiation ability into all three lineages of cells tested. (bvsalud.org)