Seed development in flowering plants is initiated by a double fertilization event, where one of the sperm cells fertilizes the haploid egg, giving rise to the diploid embryo and the other sperm cell fertilizes the diploid central cell, initiating development of the triploid endosperm ( Zhou and Dresselhaus, 2019 ). (elifesciences.org)
Here we summarize and update the genetic networks involved in the regulation of endosperm initiation, cell cycle regulation, aleurone layer specification, starch synthesis, storage protein accumulation and endosperm size, and the interactions between embryo and endosperm. (nih.gov)
In dicot albuminous seeds, endosperm may be involved in metabolite production, solute transport, and accumulation in the embryo (Melkus et al. (springeropen.com)
From this two celled stage till the differentiation of organs, embryo is called proembryo. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
These data, combined with the analysis of transcript and protein distribution in the isolated seed coat, endosperm, and embryo, demonstrated the major contribution made to the embryo by the surrounding tissues. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Second, decreasing levels during seed filling of seed coat and endosperm metabolic enzymes, including essential steps in Met metabolism, are indicative of a metabolic shift from a highly active to a quiescent state as the embryo assimilates nutrients. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Third, a concomitant persistence of several proteases in seed coat and endosperm highlighted the importance of proteolysis in these tissues as a supplementary source of amino acids for protein synthesis in the embryo. (uni-bielefeld.de)
In Angiosperms this is actually represented only by the short developmental stages which extend from the pollen mother-cells to the sperm-nucleus of the pollen-tube, and from the embryo-sac mother-cell to the egg and the endosperm tissue. (qinghulive.com)
Primary endosperm nucleus1
Usually the zygote divides immediately after the first division of primary endosperm nucleus or it divides earlier than the first division of primary endosperm nucleus. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
In Arabidopsis , the EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF) and VERNALIZATION (VRN) PRC2 regulate sporophyte development, while the FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS) PRC2 is active in the central cell of the female gametophyte and the descendent endosperm ( Mozgova and Hennig, 2015 ). (elifesciences.org)
The transport speed of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid in endosperm was 1.5 to 3 times faster than in cotyledon cells or Arabidopsis embryos. (springeropen.com)
2001 Arabidopsis thaliana Epidermal differentiation Cuticle Subtilisin-like serine protease Endosperm ABNORMAL LEAF SHAPE ( ALE1 ) Leaf morphology The outer surfaces of land plants and animals are characterized by an epidermis, which may. (silverchair.com)
Our collaborative project with the esteemed labs of Drs. Mark Settles and Brad Barbazuk of the Departments of Horticultural Sciences and Biology, respectively, at the University of Florida have shown that this novel evolutionarily conserved protein is required for U12-dependent splicing and normal growth and development of maize endosperm. (plantae.org)
However, genome-wide transcriptome patterns throughout maize endosperm development have not been comprehensively investigated to date. (omicstudio.cloud)
Accordingly, we performed a high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the maize endosperm transcriptome at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after pollination (DAP). (omicstudio.cloud)
Embryos2
Soybean seeds, the most important legume crop in the worlds, have endosperm surrounding embryos during all stages of seed development. (springeropen.com)
Extensive washing of the wheat embryos to eliminate endosperm contaminants has resulted in extracts with a high degree of stability and activity. (abnova.com)
Promotes differentiation2
Interaction between the hair peg and the dermal papilla cells promotes differentiation into a mature hair follicle. (digezyme.com)
5-azacytidine reduces methylation, promotes differentiation and induces tumor regression in a patient-derived IDH1 mutant glioma xenograft. (geneticsmr.com)
Diploid2
However, several plant families, such as Oenograceae, Cabombaceae, and Illiciaceae, form diploid endosperm originating from a central cell with only one polar nucleus (Williams and Friedman 2002 ). (springeropen.com)
Every sexual differentiation in organisms, which occurred in the course of phylogenetic development, was followed by fertilisation and therefore by the creation of a diploid or double- chromosome product. (qinghulive.com)
Triploid2
Endosperm is a triploid tissue in seed resulting from a sperm nucleus fused with the binucleate central cell after double fertilization. (springeropen.com)
Soybean endosperm is a membrane-like, semi-transparent, and fully active tissue located between the seed coat and cotyledon. (springeropen.com)
Endosperm is the tissue that is formed from double fertilization in flowering plant seeds, the process whereby a sperm nucleus fuses with the binucleate central cell. (springeropen.com)
KEY MESSAGE: Differences in the composition and the structural organisation of the extracellular matrix correlate with the morphogenic competence of the callus tissue that originated from the isolated endosperm of kiwifruit. (bvsalud.org)
In the presented study, this relationship was found in the callus tissue that had been differentiated from the isolated endosperm of the kiwiberry, Actinidia arguta. (bvsalud.org)
Biochemical1
Similar range-wide studies have been carried out on Sitka spruce, showing clinal biochemical differentiation over its long and very narrow natural distribution. (forestresearch.gov.uk)
Epigenetic1
Recent genetic studies, together with other approaches, including transcriptome and proteomics analysis, high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq, ChIP-seq), revealed the crucial roles of genetic and epigenetic controls in rice endosperm development. (nih.gov)
Development4
and endosperm development of rice (model species of monocots) is closely related to grain yield and quality. (nih.gov)
This RNA-seq analysis provides novel, comprehensive insights into the transcriptome dynamics during early endosperm development in maize. (omicstudio.cloud)
Molecules1
What combination of molecules confers differentiation to specific cell types? (nih.gov)
Developmental1
Soybean endosperm may be involved in fast and horizontal transport during the mid-developmental stage of seeds. (springeropen.com)
Callus1
Then screened calli for differentiation were transferred to medium containing NaC1 with the same concentrations as that for callus induction. (jipb.net)
This recent patent grant, MX355546, is for a composition comprising 10% w/w of 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (β-glucogallin), specifically isolated from Emblica officinalis (Saberry ® ) and a concentrate from the liquid endosperm of Cocos nucifera (Cococin ™ ) along with selenopeptides for protecting the dermal papilla cells. (digezyme.com)
This process of specialization of cells to perform different functions is differentiation. (scientips.com)
Division1
About five days elapse between the end of the meiotic divisions and the first division in the microspore in which growth and differentiation of the spores take place. (nih.gov)
Mature3
In the legume family (Fabaceae), with the greatest number of domesticated crops, approximately 60% of genera contain well-differentiated endosperm in mature seeds. (springeropen.com)
1994 ). In contrast to species with absent endosperm, more than 450 genera in the legume family maintain well-developed endosperm in mature seeds (Kirkbridge et al. (springeropen.com)
Major2
A major study of the genetic variation existing within the relict native Scots pine woodlands in Scotland was started in 1978, using two distinct marker systems, monoterpene analysis of shoot cortical resin and isozyme analysis of seed endosperm. (forestresearch.gov.uk)
The endosperm is a major organ of the seed that plays vital roles in determining seed weight and quality. (omicstudio.cloud)