Differentiation embryonic frog cells donor egg cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
The researchers were able to identify the minimal conditions and factors that would be sufficient for starting the cascade of molecular and cellular processes to instruct pluripotent cells to organize the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
They showed that opposing gradients of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal, two transforming growth factor family members that act as morphogens, are sufficient to induce molecular and cellular mechanisms required to organize, in vivo or in vitro, uncommitted cells of the zebrafish blastula animal pole into a well-developed embryo. (wikipedia.org)
This question had been asked by embryologists since 1886 ( Rauber, 1886 ), and Spemann ( Spemann, 1938 ) had demonstrated by an egg ligation experiment that the nuclei of an eight-cell frog embryo are developmentally totipotent. (biologists.com)
However, Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) had also found that the nucleus of an endoderm cell from a neurula embryo could no longer support normal development ( Fig. 2 ). (biologists.com)
Fourth, each cell of the developing frog embryo contains yolk platelets that provide nutrition during prefeeding stages of embryonic life. (biomedcentral.com)
An organizer population has been identified in the anterior end of the primitive streak of the mid-streak stage embryo, by the expression of Hnf3β , Gsc lacZ and Chrd , and the ability of these cells to induce a second neural axis in the host embryo. (silverchair.com)
This cell population can therefore be regarded as the mid-gastrula organizer and, together with the early-gastrula organizer and the node, constitute the organizer of the mouse embryo at successive stages of development. (silverchair.com)
Fine mapping of the epiblast in the posterior region of the early-streak stage embryo reveals that although the early-gastrula organizer contains cells that give rise to the axial mesoderm, the bulk of the progenitors of the head process and the notochord are localized outside the early gastrula organizer. (silverchair.com)
Cells that are fated for the head process move anteriorly from the mid-gastrula organizer in a tight column along the midline of the embryo. (silverchair.com)
Used jointly these total outcomes claim that can be an important regulator from the cell routine in the preimplantation embryo. (bioerc-iend.org)

Induced totipotent cells can be obtained by reprogramming somatic cells with somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (wikipedia.org)

Frogs are easy to rear and maintain, and large sample sizes of embryos and later stages are readily obtained. (cshlpress.com)
Studies using Xenopus cell-free extracts, oocytes, eggs, embryos, larval stages, and adult frogs have yielded important insights into a multitude of key biological processes-from mechanisms underlying the cell cycle to embryonic development to human disease. (cshlpress.com)
His techniques of transplanting embryonic regions from younger to older embryos (or vice-versa ) led to the concept of embryonic induction, the process by which previously-differentiated tissues trigger the next stage of differentiation, in a kind of cascade, in the developmental sequence. (mbl.edu)

Transposable elements will provide invaluable tools for manipulating the frog genome. (biomedcentral.com)
The high fecundity of the frog combined with the ability to remobilize transposon transgenes integrated into frog genome will allow large-scale insertional mutagenesis screens to be performed in laboratories with modest husbandry capacities. (biomedcentral.com)
The closely related frog Xenopus tropicalis shares all the features of X. laevis that make this system useful for embryonic manipulation but it develops more rapidly (sexual maturity is reached in 5 to 9 months) and has a diploid genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we review the application of transposable elements to modification of the frog genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Once integrated into the frog genome, the 'cut-and-paste' DNA transposons are targets for remobilization by re-expression of the appropriate transposase enzyme. (biomedcentral.com)
On the two-cell stage transcription from the zygotic genome takes place and is necessary for the next cleavages to occur (11). (bioerc-iend.org)
Let's transplant the genome of species A in a cell of species B and see whether the resulting individuals will resemble species A, species B, or something else. (blogspot.com)
If you are correct, then the result should not look like the genome donor species A, right? (blogspot.com)

This allows explanted cells to survive in simple salt solutions for several days and enables study of isolated embryonic tissues and cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We propose that quantitative experimental embryology offers essential ways to explore the reaction of cells and tissues to targeted cell addition, removal, and confinement. (mdpi.com)
During this time, Spemann continued his experiments with transplantation of tissues in amphibians (frogs and salamanders). (mbl.edu)
Part of the innate immune system that is the body s first line defense against infection, dendritic cells sense the presence of pathogens in the blood or other tissues, ingest infecting organisms, and then display fragments of the invaders on their surface, which alerts and activates both killer and helper T cells (CD4 and CD8 cells), essentially teaching them to target the specific pathogen. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The process involves sucking out the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell and injecting it into an oocyte that has had its nucleus removed Using an approach based on the protocol outlined by Tachibana et al. (wikipedia.org)
The nucleus (which contains the genetic material) was removed from the egg cell using a very fine needle. (cshl.edu)
They then used electric shock to fuse one starved udder cell with one nucleus-free egg cell. (cshl.edu)
Although the egg cell came from a black-faced sheep, notice that the nucleus with the genetic material came from the white-faced sheep. (cshl.edu)
Second the nucleus was removed from the cumulus cell and then directly injected into the egg cell. (cshl.edu)
This egg cell's nucleus had already been removed. (cshl.edu)
The egg cell now had the same genetic information as the nucleus donor mouse. (cshl.edu)
DNA fingerprinting confirmed that Cumulina had the same DNA as the nucleus donor. (cshl.edu)
It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)
Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1952 ) had already succeeded in transplanting a blastula cell nucleus into an enucleated egg and obtaining normal tadpoles in the frog Rana pipiens . (biologists.com)
After HIV DNA enters the nucleus of an infected cell, it becomes integrated into the cellular DNA, turning it into an HIV factory that generates more virus particles. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Even advanced donor cells from the endoderm of Xenopus tadpoles have nuclei that can sometimes yield normal individuals after nuclear transfer [data taken from Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) for Rana and from Gurdon ( Gurdon, 1962 ) for Xenopus ]. (biologists.com)
A fertilized egg of Ciona intestinalis develops within 18 hours to a larva, which consists of approximately 2600 cells with distinct cell types, including epidermis, nervous system, muscle, notochord, mesenchyme, and endoderm. (oist.jp)

Prior to 1996, it was thought that cloning an entire animal could only be done with embryonic cells - cells present in the early stages of an organism's development. (cshl.edu)
The frog Xenopus laevis has been used to study early stages of vertebrate development for more than 50 years and continues to be an important model system. (biomedcentral.com)
through all stages from the cell routine may be thoroughly modified during advancement to be able to meet the demands of a given Dalcetrapib cell at specific stages. (bioerc-iend.org)

Members of the frog Xenopus genus are versatile model organisms used in developmental biology, cell biology, neuroscience, and toxicology research, among others. (cshlpress.com)
It is a critical reference for laboratories that currently work with these organisms and will serve as an essential start-up guide for those seeking to start using Xenopus frogs in their research for the first time. (cshlpress.com)
As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)
The frog Xenopus laevis has been an important model of vertebrate cell biology and development for many decades. (biomedcentral.com)

hESCs can be generated by SCNT using dermal fibroblasts nuclei from both a middle-aged 35-year-old male and an elderly, 75-year-old male, suggesting that age-associated changes are not necessarily an impediment to SCNT-based nuclear reprogramming of human cells. (wikipedia.org)

In 1924 Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold demonstrated the key importance of cell-cell inductions during animal development. (wikipedia.org)

After injury, mature terminally differentiated kidney cells dedifferentiate into more primordial versions of themselves and then differentiate into the cell types needing replacement in the damaged tissue Macrophages can self-renew by local proliferation of mature differentiated cells. (wikipedia.org)
Many important developmental procedures including proliferation development patterning and differentiation need the cell routine to be carefully coordinated with several signaling pathways. (bioerc-iend.org)

Although each of these cells has the same genetic material, each cell can only access the genes needed for its particular function. (cshl.edu)
Genetic manipulation of this tractable model system would further enhance the use of the frog in developmental studies. (biomedcentral.com)
The profile of genetic activity and the tissue contribution by cells in the organizer change during gastrulation, suggesting that the organizer may be populated by a succession of cell populations with different fates. (silverchair.com)
Before there were multicellular forms, single-celled organisms evolved for as much as two billion years driven, in part, by genetic change, as well as by establishment of persistent symbiotic relationships among simpler cells. (blogspot.com)
Since, as described above, the composition of the cell's interior and the activity of many of its proteins depend on more than just the genes, the portion of the genes' information content that is actually used by the cell is determined, in part, by non-genetic factors. (blogspot.com)
When HIV infects a cell it first injects its genetic material RNA in this case into the cell along with the reverse transcriptase enzyme that transcribes the single-strand RNA molecule into a double-stranded DNA molecule. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Transposon vectors can be used in the frog for transgenesis and for insertional mutagenesis where enhancer trap and gene trap constructs are used to identify genomic loci involved in developmental processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Taking advantage of this simple mode of embryogenesis, as well as well-characterized genes involved in developmental, Ciona is now a model experimental system for exploring gene regulatory networks for differentiation of embryonic cells [Imai et al. (oist.jp)
Mesectoderm differentiation is controlled by the bHLH-PAS gene, sim . (sdbonline.org)

Alternatively in endocycles DNA replication (the S stage) and cell development take place lacking any intervening mitosis (M stage) phase resulting in polyploidy. (bioerc-iend.org)
The endocycle is certainly popular among multicellular microorganisms and it is associated with development and differentiation (e.g. nurse cells and follicular cells from the oocyte cyst). (bioerc-iend.org)
He was asking fundamental questions about what directs development and differentiation of parts. (mbl.edu)

In newts, muscle tissue is regenerated from specialized muscle cells that dedifferentiate and forget the type of cell they had been. (wikipedia.org)
The blastocyst includes two cell Dalcetrapib types: the trophectoderm (TE) that provides rise towards the placenta and an internal cell mass Dalcetrapib (ICM) that the complete fetus and area of the extraembryonic tissue will establish. (bioerc-iend.org)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) -- nanometer sized messengers that travel between cells to deliver cues and cargo -- are promising tools for the next generation of therapies for everything from autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases to cancer and tissue injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The researchers induced injury by three hours of oxygen restrictions followed by 90 minutes of reoxygenation and then measured the fraction of dead cells and the contractile force of the tissue. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The heart tissue treated with EEVs had half as many dead cells and had a contractile force four times higher than the untreated tissue after injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Our findings indicate that EEVs could protect cardiac tissue from reoxygenation injury in part by supplementing the injured cells with proteins and signaling molecules that support different metabolic processes, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches," said Andr G. Kl ber, a Visiting Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School and co-author of the study. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Transgenic frogs that express the enzyme in the germline can be bred with animals harboring a transposon substrate to generate double transgenic lines where remobilization will occur in the germline in subsequent generations. (biomedcentral.com)

They are classified as either totipotent (iTC), pluripotent (iPSC) or progenitor (multipotent - iMSC, also called an induced multipotent progenitor cell - iMPC) or unipotent - (iUSC) according to their developmental potential and degree of dedifferentiation. (wikipedia.org)

5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
Induced stem cells (iSC) are stem cells derived from somatic, reproductive, pluripotent or other cell types by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming. (wikipedia.org)
Progenitors are obtained by so-called direct reprogramming or directed differentiation and are also called induced somatic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Some types of mature, specialized adult cells can naturally revert to stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
While they normally produce digestive fluids for the stomach, they can revert into stem cells to make temporary repairs to stomach injuries, such as a cut or damage from infection. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, they can make this transition even in the absence of noticeable injuries and are capable of replenishing entire gastric units, in essence serving as quiescent "reserve" stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Differentiated airway epithelial cells can revert into stable and functional stem cells in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
This capacity to regenerate does not decline with age and may be linked to their ability to make new stem cells from muscle cells on demand. (wikipedia.org)
A variety of nontumorigenic stem cells display the ability to generate multiple cell types. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are stress-tolerant adult human stem cells that can self-renew. (wikipedia.org)
EVs derived from stem cells have already been shown to help heart cells recover after a heart attack, but exactly how they help and whether the beneficial effect is specific to EVs derived from stem cells has remained a mystery. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The team also demonstrated that these intercellular travelers could be derived from endothelial cells, which line the surface of blood vessels and are more abundant and easier to maintain than stem cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

In Drosophila imaginal discs, cells have to choose from a limited number of standard discrete differentiation states. (wikipedia.org)

2012)]. In collaboration with other labs, we are now carrying out several experiments to understand the developmental mechanisms of notochord formation at the single-cell level. (oist.jp)
Now, researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have unraveled potential mechanisms behind the healing power of EVs and demonstrated their capacity to not only revive cells after a heart attack but keep cells functioning while deprived of oxygen during a heart attack. (regenerativemedicine.net)

We first demonstrate that the splitting of the lateral plate into the two cell sheets progresses in an anteroposterior order and this progression is not coordinated with that of the somitic segmentation. (biologists.com)

The frog lays abundant eggs that are large, develop synchronously, and are easy to manipulate. (biomedcentral.com)

One example is the transformation of iris cells to lens cells in the process of maturation and transformation of retinal pigment epithelium cells into the neural retina during regeneration in adult newt eyes. (wikipedia.org)

Third, many amphibian species lay vast numbers of eggs, providing adequate numbers for study. (biomedcentral.com)

The equatorial segment of the acrosome underlies the domain of the sperm that fuses with the egg membrane during fertilization. (bioone.org)
During the life cycle of flowering plants, nuclear fusion occurs three times: once during female gametogenesis and twice during double fertilization, when two sperm cells fertilize the egg and the central cell. (preprints.org)

They form characteristic cell clusters in suspension culture that express a set of genes associated with pluripotency and can differentiate into endodermal, ectodermal and mesodermal cells both in vitro and in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
Other mid-gastrula organizer cells join the expanding mesodermal layer and colonize the cranial and heart mesoderm. (silverchair.com)

A laboratory in Hawaii run by Dr. Ryuzo Yanagimachi was the second group to successfully clone an animal from an adult cell. (cshl.edu)

In their paper published, the research team reports finding that dendritic cells of elite controllers are better able to detect the presence of HIV paradoxically through a greater susceptibility to HIV infection which enables them to stimulate the generation of T cells specifically targeting the virus. (regenerativemedicine.net)

This process allows the body to replace cells not suitable to new conditions with more suitable new cells. (wikipedia.org)
This process is called differentiation. (cshl.edu)
In the mid-gastrula organizer, early gastrula organizer derived cells that are fated for the prechordal mesoderm are joined by the progenitors of the head process that are recruited from the epiblast previously anterior to the early gastrula organizer. (silverchair.com)
Of course, the best way to treat a heart attack is to restore blood flow but that process actually may cause more damage to the cells in the heart. (regenerativemedicine.net)

We are now focusing on fully understanding all the components required to trigger appropriate activation of dendritic cells in HIV infection, which may help to induce an elite-controller-like, drug-free remission of HIV in a broader patient population, explains Yu, an associate professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The scientists have taken cells from Cumulina to make more clones. (cshl.edu)
Several features of amphibian embryonic life make these animals useful as models for studying early developmental events. (biomedcentral.com)
The Honeycomb Game is a word-building game: make words by clicking on cells in the honeycomb below. (claylane.uk)

The protein and RNA molecules produced by cells associate with each other in a context-dependent fashion or, in many cases, catalyze chemical reactions (generating lipids, polysaccharides and other molecules), whose rates depend on the temperature and composition of the external environment. (blogspot.com)
So the population of molecules inside the cell can vary extensively even if the genes do not. (blogspot.com)
So, rather than one molecule that is therapeutic, we think that the exosomes contain a cocktail of molecules and proteins that can, all together, help the cell maintain homeostasis, deal with the stress, modify metabolic action and reduce the amount of injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Since HIV-1 spreads via both free virions and cell-cell fusion, we examined the effect of the antibodies on HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusion. (preprints.org)

This meant that the cells can change their differentiation pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The fact that transdetermination (change of the path of differentiation) often occurs for a group of cells rather than single cells shows that it is induced rather than part of maturation. (wikipedia.org)
After a small number of cell divisions, embryonic cells start to change into the different types of cells that an organism needs, including cells that form muscle, blood, liver, etc. (cshl.edu)

In experiments using dendritic cells from elite controllers, from patients with progressing HIV infection, and cells from uninfected individuals, the investigators found a surprising difference. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
The dendritic cells of elite controllers, however, were found to contain higher levels of HIV DNA, probably because of limited expression of a protein called SAMDH1 that usually blocks reverse transcription in several types of immune cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

With this study, we have mimicked a human disease on a chip with human cells and developed a novel therapeutic approach to treat it. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Second, the eggs are large and easy to manipulate under low power microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
After implantation differentiation of trophoblast large cells which get excited about the remodeling from the maternal uterus during implantation is certainly achieved through many endocycles resulting in boosts of DNA articles up to 1000N (48). (bioerc-iend.org)

Many transitions in the business from the cell routine are found during early mammalian advancement. (bioerc-iend.org)
Another four cell cycles typical 12 h each resulting in the 32-cell early blastocyst (16). (bioerc-iend.org)
In most people, HIV infection of dendritic cells appears to be blocked at an early stage, resulting in a lack of HIV DNA and limited viral replication within those cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The canonical watch about the control of the cell routine is in fact getting challenged by in vivo research. (bioerc-iend.org)

We have shown that dendritic cells, which play a critical role in generating virus-specific T cells, have an improved ability to recognize HIV and build effective immune responses in elite controllers. (regenerativemedicine.net)

How plastic the normal cell cycle is usually becomes clear when comparing the so-called "embryonic cleavage cycles" and the endoreplication cycle also referred to as the endocycle. (bioerc-iend.org)

These stripes are regulated by a 300-bp enhancer (NEE) that contains high-affinity Dl-binding sites, Twist-binding sites, and "generic" E-box sequences that appear to bind ubiquitously distributed bHLH activators (Daughterless and Scute), which are present in the unfertilized egg. (sdbonline.org)

PG9, PG16, PGT121, and PGT145 antibodies were identified from culture media of activated memory B-cells of an infected donor and shown to neutralize many HIV-1 strains. (preprints.org)

For example, "chief" cells express the stem cell marker Troy. (wikipedia.org)
Clone69TRevEnv cells that express Env in the absence of tetracycline were labeled with Calcein-AM Green, and incubated with CD4+ SupT1 cells labeled with CellTrace™ Calcein Red-Orange, with or without antibodies. (preprints.org)

This put the cells in a state similar to embryonic cells. (cshl.edu)
The team also found that injured cardiomyocytes that had been treated with EEVs exhibited a set of proteins that was more similar to the uninjured ones compared with untreated cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The embryonic cleavage cycles are maternally powered as nutrition and cell routine factors are kept in the egg cytoplasm during oogenesis. (bioerc-iend.org)

While this may seem beneficial, it actually works more to the benefit of the virus than the infected individual by allowing HIV to escape recognition by dendritic cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Scientists found that Dolly had the same DNA as the udder cells she came from. (cshl.edu)
They cloned mice using cumulus cells, a cell type found in the ovaries. (cshl.edu)

Anatomy65

Organisms23

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science5

Named Groups4

Health Care3

Embryo11

Somatic-cell nuc1

Embryos3

Genome8

Tissues4

Nucleus11

Endoderm2

Stages3

Xenopus4

Nuclei1

Spemann1

Proliferation2

Genetic6

Gene3

Development3

Tissue6

Enzyme1

Totipotent1

Stem cells12

Drosophila1

Mechanisms2

Progresses1

Abundant1

Neural1

Species1

Sperm2

Mesodermal2

Adult1

Enables1

Process4

Induce1

Make3

Molecules3

Fusion1

Change3

Experiments1

Types2

Human disease1

Large2

Early3

Research1

Ability1

Cycle1

Present1

Shown1

Express2

Similar2

Nutrition1

Beneficial1

Found2