• In addition to behavioral and theoretical analyses of episodic memory, we also explore the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or through the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. (upenn.edu)
  • Finally, I explored potential neurobiological, behavioral, and physiological markers of the intensity of valenced experience in humans and nonhuman animals. (effectivealtruism.org)
  • Our combined expertise as a cognitive behavioral psychologist (Jeff) and a cognitive neuroscientist (Mark) places us in a unique position to explain how the cognitive mechanisms of the human brain are associated with success. (hachettebookgroup.com)
  • We examined how pubertal androgens shape behavioral and neural responses to social stress in California mice (Peromyscus californicus), a model species for studying sex differences in stress responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Novel interventions are needed that include an understanding of how the stroke-damaged brain responds to behavioral manipulations. (medicaljournals.se)
  • From 15 to 18 months (which I label Phase 2) there are few reports of newly appearing gender/sex behavioral differences, and I hypothesize that this absence reflects a period of developmental instability during which there is a transition from gender/sex as primarily inter-subjective to gender/sex as primarily subjective. (frontiersin.org)
  • Episode 5: When Is IBS Brain-Gut Behavioral Therapy Effective? (medscape.com)
  • I'm always happy to talk about brain-gut behavioral therapies. (medscape.com)
  • Many of the genes will not be specific to intelligence per se but influence broad physiological processes that affect brain structure and function. (blogspot.com)
  • For more animations about physiological processes and common conditions, check out our Physiology & Pathology and Physiology Animations apps. (visiblebody.com)
  • The brain processes syntactic information implicitly, in the absence of awareness, the authors concluded. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Can we find a convincing account of how brain processes cause-or even could cause-our conscious experiences? (nybooks.com)
  • that is, the brain does not develop by alterations in a fixed set of neurons, but by selection processes that eliminate some neuronal groups and strengthen others. (nybooks.com)
  • Such protocols allow effective modulation of factors such as cognitive performance and can be used experimentally to gain an even deeper understanding of the underlying physiological processes. (ifado.de)
  • Dr. Rosch also incorporates physiological and neuroimaging methods to study the interaction of cognitive and motivational processes at a neurobiological level. (kennedykrieger.org)
  • Since completing this study, her research has focused on ADHD-related sex differences in cognition and motivation as well as differences in these processes across development and in relation to functional outcomes in adolescence. (kennedykrieger.org)
  • This concept refers to one's ability to improvise in order to maintain healthy cognition, which requires co-opting other brain regions to accomplish new tasks. (bigthink.com)
  • Biomedical psychologists believe that many psychological disorders are associated with genetic abnormalities that may lead to the physiological abnormalities described above. (schoolbag.info)
  • Abnormalities in brain structure or neurochemistry may play a role in causing body dysmorphic disorder. (talasharbor.com)
  • Brain-activity research has shown physiological differences between introverts and extroverts to add to the psychological ones. (shespeaks.com)
  • There are differences in the brains of introverts and extroverts. (explorepsychology.com)
  • Example of a brain constrained network and its corresponding cortical areas. (fu-berlin.de)
  • One of the brain-constrained models used in the MatCo project consists of twelve cortical areas. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The developmental mismatch hypothesis proposes that, in humans, subcortical structures involved in processing affect and reward develop earlier than cortical structures involved in cognitive control, and that this mismatch in maturational timing is most exaggerated during adolescence [ 1,2,3 ]. (karger.com)
  • However, m2 was also present in noncholinergic cortical and subcortical structures, providing evidence that this subtype may presynaptically modulate release of other neurotransmitters and/or function postsynaptically. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our results suggest that the cortical OFF pathway is faster than the ON pathway at increasing and suppressing visual responses, and these differences have parallels in the human visual perception of lights and darks. (zotero.org)
  • Understanding the mechanism by which the brain’s hundred billion neurons and hundred trillion synapses manage to produce such a range of cortical configurations in a flexible manner remains a fundamental problem in neuroscience. (zotero.org)
  • These physiological changes are associated with cognitive impairments. (digitaljournal.com)
  • There are other instances of teachers returning to work after having a stroke even though brain tissue associated with cognitive tasks has been destroyed. (bigthink.com)
  • Therefore, brain constrained networks realize neurobiological features revealed by anatomical and physiological neuroscience research. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Consistent with the neuronal differences, human observers were 6–14 ms faster at detecting darks than lights and better at discriminating dark than light flickers. (zotero.org)
  • Neuronal and perceptual differences both vanished if backgrounds were biased toward darks. (zotero.org)
  • Rather, the brain is genetically equipped from birth with an overabundance of neuronal groups and the brain develops by a mechanism which is like Darwinian natural selection: some neuronal groups die out, others survive and are strengthened. (nybooks.com)
  • In The Winner's Brain , Drs. Jeffrey Brown and Mark J. Fenske use cutting-edge neuroscience to identify the secrets of those who succeed no matter what - and demonstrate how little it has to do with IQ or upbringing. (hachettebookgroup.com)
  • It may be time to reconsider some teaching strategies, especially how adults are taught a second language, said Neville, a member of the UO's Institute of Neuroscience and director of the UO's Brain Development Lab. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Our selective overview highlights a number of strands of progress and how they have helped lead to the present, in which the cognitive neuroscience of time and timing in the brain is one of the most fervent and fertile modern areas of brain research. (researchgate.net)
  • The model serves as a framework to link physiological with perceptual data gathered in psychophysical experiments. (zotero.org)
  • According to Edelman we should not think of brain development, especially in matters such as perceptual categorization and memory, as a matter of the brain learning from the impact of the environment. (nybooks.com)
  • Both CBD and THC work with receptors that release neurotransmitters in the brain. (usdtl.com)
  • There is some evidence that patients with this disorder have problems with certain neurotransmitters in the brain, the same neurotransmitters which can lead to depression, anxiety and other mental health issues. (talasharbor.com)
  • Furthermore, heavier drinking was associated with an even greater stress with significant alterations in brain structure and size occurring. (digitaljournal.com)
  • This blog reports new ideas and work on mind, brain, behavior, psychology, and politics - as well as random curious stuff. (dericbownds.net)
  • Today we'll be discussing brain-gut behavior, research, and treatment in IBS with Dr Laurie Keefer. (medscape.com)
  • PTSD and mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) appear to be risk factors for suicidal behavior (6). (cdc.gov)
  • One theory suggests that it is differences in dopamine levels in the brain that contributes to a person's level of introversion or extroversion. (explorepsychology.com)
  • The use of stem cell-derived dopamine neurons or deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents two alternative approaches to treat Parkinson's Disease. (lu.se)
  • Some stressors involve an immediate threat to physiological homeostasis and require the rapid relay of peripheral signals to PVN neurons via direct serotonergic or catecholaminergic projections from brainstem nuclei [ 9 , 11 ]. (nature.com)
  • Brain function relies on communication between large populations of neurons across multiple brain areas, a full understanding of which would require knowledge of the time-varying activity of all neurons in the central nervous system. (zotero.org)
  • Here we use light-sheet microscopy to record activity, reported through the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5G, from the entire volume of the brain of the larval zebrafish in vivo at 0.8 Hz, capturing more than 80% of all neurons at single-cell resolution. (zotero.org)
  • Demonstrating how this technique can be used to reveal functionally defined circuits across the brain, we identify two populations of neurons with correlated activity patterns. (zotero.org)
  • A map is a sheet of neurons in the brain where the points on the sheet are systematically related to the corresponding points on a sheet of receptor cells, such as the surface of the skin or the retina of the eye. (nybooks.com)
  • In some parts of the brain, as many as 70 percent of the neurons die before the brain reaches maturity. (nybooks.com)
  • The cerebellum is also the brain region that contains the highest number of neurons. (bigthink.com)
  • Dr. Kagan went on to describe results from a number of studies investigating whether differences between the groups exist in brain function, heart rate, and on other physiological measures. (stutteringhelp.org)
  • Among the features implemented are local ones addressing neuron function and plasticity, mesoscopic ones addressing connectivity and interaction of local circuits and also macroscopic ones such as area structure, between-area connectivity and large-scale network interaction. (fu-berlin.de)
  • In adult female rodents, acute HPA function following a stressor is markedly greater than it is in males, and this difference has largely been attributed to modulation by the gonadal hormones testosterone and estradiol. (nature.com)
  • These gonadal hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and have been shown to determine sex differences in adult HPA function after acute stress via their activational and organizational effects. (nature.com)
  • Strikingly, women are at twice the risk of men for developing many of these diseases, likely due to sex differences in the function and regulation of the HPA axis [ 5 ]. (nature.com)
  • Brains that perform successfully really do "light up" differently and work more efficiently, and Mark has investigated just how the structure and function of brains are altered as a result of how their owners use them. (hachettebookgroup.com)
  • Researchers have found some success in using near infrared (NIR) light to help patients with chronic, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) improve their cognitive function. (visiblebody.com)
  • During puberty, gonadal hormones shape brain structure and function, but the extent to which these changes affect stress sensitivity is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • Where the conventional model uses a circular symmetric Gaussian function to describe the pRF, the new model uses a circular symmetric difference-of-Gaussians (DoG) function. (zotero.org)
  • Interindividual differences in work-related factors can be attributed to variations in brain structure, function and metabolism as well as genetic factors. (ifado.de)
  • the difference in physiological function, the two isoforms have homologous secondary structures and spectroscopic properties, suggesting a similar catalytic mechanism. (datapdf.com)
  • Finally, we discuss the possible future role of these white matter maps in the assessment of white matter diseases, congenital brain malformations, central nervous system neoplasms (presurgical evaluation), and brain function. (ajronline.org)
  • Although there are many physiological and psychological gender differences in humans, memory, in general, is fairly stable across the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, the biomedical model sees psychological disorders as caused by biological factors such as hormonal or neurotransmitter imbalances or differences in brain structure. (schoolbag.info)
  • Research seems to focus especially on gender differences in explicit memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results from research on sex differences in memory are mixed and inconsistent, as some studies show no difference, and others show a female or male advantage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research suggests that there may be gendered differences in rates of memory decline. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is based on research that finds the more alcohol that is consumed then the bigger the impact is upon the brain. (digitaljournal.com)
  • Research Roundup: Could Light Help Treat Brain Disorders and Chronic Pain? (visiblebody.com)
  • In a 1999 study published in Psychology Today , Debra Johnson, PhD, a research scientist at the University of Iowa, and John S. Wiebe, PhD, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Texas, used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure cerebral blood flow, an indicator of brain activity, in subjects a personality test had identified as being either shy or outgoing. (shespeaks.com)
  • of brain research. (researchgate.net)
  • Starting in 2008, our research team conducted structured clinical interviews on Marine bases and collected data 4 times: at predeployment and at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months postdeployment. (cdc.gov)
  • He emphasized the role of the amygdala, a brain structure that is responsible for the intake of sensory information and then acts like a "fire department" to send communication to about 80% of the brain. (stutteringhelp.org)
  • Our results provide evidence that the pupillary light response indexes the sensory strength of visual imagery and this work also provides the first physiological validation of aphantasia. (elifesciences.org)
  • The introverts experienced increased blood flow in the frontal lobes, the anterior thalamus, and other structures associated with memory, planning, and problem solving, whereas the extroverts had more activity in the posterior thalamus and posterior insula, which we use to interpret sensory data. (shespeaks.com)
  • Moreover, questions remain regarding sex differences in the activity of the HPA axis following chronic stress and the underlying contributions of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • These brain-constrained networks implement a range of structural and functional features of real brains, so that, for example, specific differences in anatomy of the human and the monkey brains can be directly implemented in the model and the consequence of these differences on network functionality explored. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The majority of individuals in our sample showed relatively earlier maturation in the amygdala and/or NAcc compared to the PFC, providing evidence for a mismatch in the timing of structural maturation between these structures. (karger.com)
  • Particularly, while the CORT + DFP rats had more restricted spatial patterns in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus, the highest and most wide-spread differences were shown in DFP-treated rats compared to the controls in the thalamus, the amygdala, the piriform cortex and the ventral tegmental area. (cdc.gov)
  • Perceptions of gender differences in cognitive abilities date back to ancient Greece, when the early physician Hippocrates dubbed the term 'hysteria' or 'wandering womb' to account for emotional instability and mental illness in women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hormonal and pharmacological mechanisms that may underlie sex differences in the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids are highlighted. (nature.com)
  • Given the widespread use of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes, and the emerging trend of more women using cannabis and cannabis-derived products, identifying potential sex differences in the therapeutic effects and risks associated with cannabis use is a public health imperative. (nature.com)
  • As with all opioid drugs, fentanyl induces physiological effects on the users when the chemical compound binds to opioid receptors in the brain. (cirquelodge.com)
  • According to a 2016 review paper in the journal BBA Clinical, " most authors suggest that the beneficial effects of tPBM on the brain can be explained by increases in cerebral blood flow, greater oxygen availability and oxygen consumption, improved ATP production and mitochondrial activity . (visiblebody.com)
  • It binds with cannabinoid receptors in the brain, which produces effects like elation, relaxation, and laughter. (outlookindia.com)
  • Once in the brain, Delta 9 binds with CB-1 receptors and can create strong psychoactive effects, like feeling elated or relaxed, being talkative, and laughing uncontrollably. (outlookindia.com)
  • When delta 8 is consumed, it binds to the CB1 receptors in the brain and nervous system, producing psychoactive effects. (discovermagazine.com)
  • However, the slight yet significant difference in the atom arrangement between these two compounds produce differing physiological effects. (usdtl.com)
  • Taken together, it appears that the developmental mismatch in structural brain maturation is present in neurotypically developing individuals. (karger.com)
  • Delta 8 is a structural analog of delta 9 THC, which means that it has a similar chemical structure but with a few differences. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The project group addresses the question of the extent to which interindividual differences in work-relevant factors (e.g. cognitive performance or personality structure) are associated with interindividual differences in the structural, functional and metabolic constitution of the brain. (ifado.de)
  • Brain reserve specifically references individual differences in the brain's structural properties that affords one resilience against neurodegenerative diseases. (bigthink.com)
  • Specifically , "The term 'cognitive reserve' is thus meant to represent physiological robustness within functional brain networks, while the term 'brain reserve' refers to differences in available structural neural substrates. (bigthink.com)
  • Then, light-sensitive cells (or photoreceptors) pass signals to the vision areas of our brain. (visiblebody.com)
  • Border ownership signals that model physiological observations arise through finite range, intraareal interactions. (zotero.org)
  • These receptor subtypes had marked differences in regional and cellular localization as shown by immunocytochemistry. (jneurosci.org)
  • It turns out that researchers are looking at ways in which different wavelengths of light could help medical professionals treat brain injuries and disorders (like traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's Disease) as well as migraines and chronic pain. (visiblebody.com)
  • At the start, computed tomography and MRI techniques were mostly used to depict the brain's normal appearance and structure, as well as the deviations that arise over the course of a disease", relates neuroradiologist Isabella Björkman-Burtscher, who heads the medical side of the 7T project. (lu.se)
  • The ability to spatially map the diffusion of free water protons in vivo using 1 H MR imaging and the observation that the diffusion of free water protons is reduced in acutely infarcted brain tissue are responsible for the widespread use of these techniques in clinical imaging [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. (ajronline.org)
  • Nonparametric 5D D-R2 distribution imaging with single-shot EPI at 21.1 T: Initial results for in vivo rat brain. (lu.se)
  • This review synthesizes findings from preclinical (animal) and clinical (human) sex difference studies guided by epidemiological findings that underscore two significant public health issues arising from changing legislation regarding cannabis for medical and recreational use: therapeutic potential and abuse liability. (nature.com)
  • These designations were determined by the type of inciting event, rather than by any differences in clinical presentation or pathophysiology. (medscape.com)
  • As you shall see once you dive into the upcoming chapters, Resilience and Motivation are two of the critical abilities for which Winner's Brains are wired. (hachettebookgroup.com)
  • This study aimed to determine normal measurements of brain stem structures in healthy Indian adults and to establish age and gender differences in brain stem measurements if any. (journaldmims.com)
  • There were no statistically significant gender differences in sagittal diameter of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. (journaldmims.com)
  • Ranganath A, Saklecha AK, Singh A, Vineela E. Age and gender differences in morphometric measurements of brain stem using magnetic resonance imaging in healthy Indian adults. (journaldmims.com)
  • The results seem to show integration -- a connectivity of brain and body. (eurekalert.org)
  • To this end, the functional connectivity of the brain is being investigated for learning-related dynamics using 7T MRI imaging. (ifado.de)
  • CB1 receptors are located in the cerebellum of the brain that influences functions including memory processing, pain regulation, and motor control. (usdtl.com)
  • People with large brain reserves can circumvent Alzheimer's. (bigthink.com)
  • Voxel Extraction and Multiclass Classification of Identified Brain Regions across Various Stages of Alzheimer's Disease Using Machine Learning Approaches. (cdc.gov)
  • Anxiety is more common in women than men and this difference arises during puberty. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are currently no good cross-species measures of the intensity of valenced experience, though there is intriguing recent evidence that neural oscillations in the gamma band may track differences in pain intensity in both humans and nonhuman mammals. (effectivealtruism.org)
  • We investigated the effect of task differences on the ability of three models of saliency to predict the performance of humans viewing a novel database of 800 natural images. (zotero.org)
  • If this Bruce-type effect existed in humans, we might expect it to show up as a difference in the detection or recognition of mate odor that could persist after pregnancy loss. (weizmann-usa.org)
  • Located at the rear of the brain, the cerebellum plays an essential role in motor control in humans. (bigthink.com)
  • Existing anatomical pathways in the brain provide one of the constraints determining network structure. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We know more and more now that that's probably related to a lot of shared genetic and microbiome and brain-gut vagus nerve pathways too. (medscape.com)
  • Sex differences in physiological stress responses may contribute to this variability. (bvsalud.org)
  • What they observed was that extroverts had much stronger responses in these areas of the brain than did introverts. (explorepsychology.com)
  • Then, we evaluated the neuroinflammatory responses using qPCR of cytokine mRNA and also examined brain structure with a novel high-order diffusion MRI. (cdc.gov)
  • Principles of Pediatric Environmental Health: Why Do a Child's Age and Developmental Stage Affect Physiological Susceptibility to Toxic Substances? (cdc.gov)
  • This small difference in the chemical structure affects the way the cannabinoid interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Inside the brainstem is a structure known as the reticular activating system (RAS), which is responsible for controlling the body's arousal levels. (explorepsychology.com)
  • It is differently addressed in all the books under review, and indeed some of the writers do not think the relation of brain to consciousness is a causal relation in the first place. (nybooks.com)
  • By studying the specific instances in which males and females demonstrate differences in memory, we are able to further understand the brain structures and functions associated with memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show this sex difference is absent in juveniles, and that prepubertal castration sensitizes adult males to social defeat. (bvsalud.org)
  • There was no significant difference in brain stem measurements between males and females. (journaldmims.com)
  • Dr. Kagan began his presentation by first defining the difference between temperament, personality, and mood. (stutteringhelp.org)
  • While Johnson and Wiebe administered the PET scans, they asked the subjects to think freely, and the results showed clear differences in the brain activities of the two personality types. (shespeaks.com)
  • In addition, the project group uses various brain stimulation techniques to gain insights into the basic mechanisms of said factors and to modulate them. (ifado.de)
  • A recent meta-analysis of imaging studies in nondisabled adults (16) identified several motor planning and movement execution regions on both sides of the brain that were consistently active during imagery including premotor, prefrontal, and parietal cortices, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. (medicaljournals.se)
  • Much of what is known about sex differences in the stress-induced activity of the HPA axis and their underlying mechanisms comes from studies done in rodents. (nature.com)
  • within-group ('individual") differences in intelligence will involve 1000s of genes of small effect, so we can expect that for between-group differences too. (blogspot.com)
  • It is within specific experimental trials that differences appear, such as methods of recalling past events, explicit facial emotion recognition tasks, and neuroimaging studies regarding size and activation of different brain regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regions of the human brain develop at different rates across the first two decades of life, with some maturing before others. (karger.com)
  • For performance of the same movements during the motor + imagery condition, additional brain regions were significantly engaged including the left inferior parietal lobule and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. (medicaljournals.se)
  • A variety of brain regions that support movement are activated during motor imagery in nondisabled individuals. (medicaljournals.se)
  • While the literature on individuals recovering from stroke is less robust, similar brain regions have been reported as playing a role in motor imagery after stroke, specifically bilateral premotor, prefrontal, and parietal cortices (17-20). (medicaljournals.se)
  • Their brains routed those tasks through other regions. (bigthink.com)
  • This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 on patients referred to the department of radiodiagnosis for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. (journaldmims.com)
  • Molecular mobility in keratin-rich materials monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance: A tool for the evaluation of structure-giving properties. (lu.se)
  • Using machines such as magnetic resonance image scanners, we can see into our brains. (lu.se)
  • The difference in fentanyl potency derives from a difference in its chemical structure. (cirquelodge.com)
  • CBD's chemical structure is very similar to THC (21 carbon atoms, 30 hydrogen atoms, and two oxygen atoms). (usdtl.com)
  • Scientists analyzed data from more than 36,000 adults that found a link between drinking and reduced brain volume that begins at an average consumption level of less than one alcohol unit a day (which represents just half a beer). (digitaljournal.com)
  • This is not to say, of course, that we can't pin down heritabilities for various mean group differences (we could right now if researchers were willing) or that we won't be able to identify numbers or classes of genes on which groups differ most. (blogspot.com)
  • The researchers also studied the way gay and straight people talk, and they found differences on average there too. (ipce.info)
  • Participants in the study -- native-English speaking people, ages 18-30 -- had their brain activity recorded using electroencephalography, from which researchers focused on a signal known as the Event-Related Potential (ERP). (sciencedaily.com)
  • As researchers observed areas of the brain while participants gambled. (explorepsychology.com)
  • Analysis of this smaller sample failed to find a relationship between the presence of a mismatch in brain maturation and risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviors during adolescence. (karger.com)
  • In this report, I explain why it would matter if different sorts of animals possessed characteristically different intensity ranges of valenced experience, what factors might affect the intensity range of valenced experience, and how we might begin to measure differences in the intensity of valenced experience. (effectivealtruism.org)
  • It's unclear how stark the differences in cognitive sophistication are across mammalian species and how these differences might affect the intensity of valenced experience. (effectivealtruism.org)
  • As with physical exercise, brain exercises keep your neural connections growing. (bigthink.com)
  • But, even when the participants did not notice these errors, their brains responded to them, generating an early negative ERP response. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Like many other nuances of the human psyche, these differences are studied with the goal of lending insight to a greater understanding of the human brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The network is used for simulating word processing and semantic learning in the human brain. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Nonparametric D-R1-R2 distribution MRI of the living human brain. (lu.se)
  • Towards non-parametric diffusion-T1 characterization of crossing fibers in the human brain. (lu.se)
  • Computing and visualising intra-voxel orientation-specific relaxation-diffusion features in the human brain. (lu.se)
  • The image shows bundles of nerve fibers in a human brain and is taken with a MRI scanner with so called diffusion technology (a technique where you register the water molecules movement in the fibers). (lu.se)
  • Brain reserve refers to the brain structures that provide resilience against neurodegenerative diseases. (bigthink.com)
  • These results clarify the roles of these genetically defined receptor proteins in cholinergic transmission in brain. (jneurosci.org)