• The quinolinic acid produced in microglia is then released and stimulates NMDA receptors, resulting in excitatory neurotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aminoadipic acid is an organic acid and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. (np-mrd.org)
  • These missing or malfunctioning enzymes prevent important biochemical reactions from occurring and cause metabolites (including organic acids) to accumulate. (healthmatters.io)
  • When PAH isn't working properly, the body tries to metabolize phenylalanine through an alternative pathway, and organic acids like phenyllactate and phenylacetate are produced as a result. (healthmatters.io)
  • from GI bacteria converting tyrosine or phenylalanine to salicylic acid. (healthmatters.io)
  • In PKU, there is a defect in the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is responsible for converting the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. (healthmatters.io)
  • However, it was not until 1981 that Stone and Perkins showed that quinolinic acid activates the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Quinolinic acid produces its toxic effect through several mechanisms, primarily as its function as an NMDA receptor agonist, which triggers a chain of deleterious effects, but also through lipid peroxidation, and cytoskeletal destabilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aminoadipic acid (2-aminoadipate) is a metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. (np-mrd.org)
  • Phenyllactic acid is a metabolite of phenylalanine. (healthmatters.io)
  • Quinolinic acid may undergo further decarboxylation to nicotinic acid (niacin): Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate, containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronically high levels of aminoadipic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism including, 2-aminoadipic aciduria and 2-oxoadipic aciduria. (np-mrd.org)
  • After this, Schwarcz demonstrated that elevated quinolinic acid levels could lead to axonal neurodegeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • 18448817 ). Proteolytic breakdown of these tissues can lead to the release of free 2-aminoadipic acid. (np-mrd.org)
  • When inflammation occurs, quinolinic acid is produced in excessive levels through the kynurenine pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • 24091325 ). In particular, aminoadipic acid lowers fasting plasma glucose levels and enhances insulin secretion from human islets. (np-mrd.org)
  • Quinolinic acid (abbreviated QUIN or QA), also known as pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with a pyridine backbone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abnormal tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in isovaleric acidaemia. (healthmatters.io)
  • Quinolinic acid may undergo further decarboxylation to nicotinic acid (niacin): Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate, containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate , containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. (cloudfront.net)
  • Quinolinic acid has a potent neurotoxic effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies have demonstrated that quinolinic acid may be involved in many psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative processes in the brain, as well as other disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the brain, quinolinic acid is only produced by activated microglia and macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1949 L. Henderson was one of the earliest to describe quinolinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lapin followed up this research by demonstrating that quinolinic acid could induce convulsions when injected into mice brain ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it was not until 1981 that Stone and Perkins showed that quinolinic acid activates the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). (wikipedia.org)
  • After this, Schwarcz demonstrated that elevated quinolinic acid levels could lead to axonal neurodegeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the earliest reported syntheses of this quinolinic acid was by Zdenko Hans Skraup, who found that methyl-substituted quinolines could be oxidized to quinolinic acid by potassium permanganate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Condensation of iminosuccinate with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, mediated by quinolinate synthase, affords quinolinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The quinolinic acid produced in microglia is then released and stimulates NMDA receptors, resulting in excitatory neurotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • While astrocytes do not produce quinolinic acid directly, they do produce KYNA, which when released from the astrocytes can be taken in by migroglia that can in turn increase quinolinic acid production. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microglia and macrophages produce the vast majority of quinolinic acid present in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under inflammatory conditions and conditions of T cell activation, leukocytes are retained in the brain by cytokine and chemokine production, which can lead to the breakdown of the BBB, thus increasing the quinolinic acid that enters the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, quinolinic acid has been shown to play a role in destabilization of the cytoskeleton within astrocytes and brain endothelial cells, contributing to the degradation of the BBB, which results in higher concentrations of quinolinic acid in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quinolinic acid is an excitotoxin in the CNS. (wikipedia.org)
  • High levels of quinolinic acid can lead to hindered neuronal function or even apoptotic death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quinolinic acid produces its toxic effect through several mechanisms, primarily as its function as an NMDA receptor agonist, which triggers a chain of deleterious effects, but also through lipid peroxidation, and cytoskeletal destabilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gliotoxic effects of quinolinic acid further amplify the inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quinolinic acid affects neurons located mainly in the hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex, due to the selectivity toward quinolinic acid by the specific NMDA receptors residing in those regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • [10] [11] Quinolinic acid's neuroactive and excitatory properties are a result of NMDA receptor agonism in the brain. (cloudfront.net)
  • Alanine is tightly coupled to metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle. (ymdb.ca)
  • Generally pyruvate produced by this pathway will result in the formation of oxaloacetate, although when the energy charge of a cell is low the pyruvate will be oxidized to CO2 and H2O via the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the citric acid cycle. (ymdb.ca)
  • citric acid 33. (tendersinkarnataka.com)
  • ScreenDMT can be applied to test directional replication, directional mediation, and qualitative interactions, and our results identify 9,10-diHOME and the pathway stimulated by linoleic acid diols as candidate therapeutic targets to improve systemic metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite found in human fluids and is an intermediate metabolite in the breakdown of fatty acids. (healthmatters.io)
  • Matsumoto M, Matsumoto I, Shinka T, Kuhara T, Imamura H, Shimao S, Okada T. Organic acid and acylcarnitine profiles of glutaric aciduria type I. Acta Paediatr Jpn. (healthmatters.io)