ReceptorsIntracellularInhibitorReceptorProtein kinasesIsoformProteinsTranslocateCalciumPhosphatidylinositolSubfamilySynthesisCholinergicNeuronalRegulationLeafletPhospholipidsSecretionGolgiReactiveActivityInhibitionCytosolicTumorGammaPlasmaInteractionsActivateNuclearPhospholipaseActivationRestoreRegulateCellGeneticIncubationContextDirectDomainReleaseProduction
Receptors7
- As major cellular targets for the phorbol ester tumor promoters and diacylglycerol (DAG), a second messenger generated by stimulation of membrane receptors, PKC isozymes play major roles in the control of signaling pathways associated with proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. (nih.gov)
- Phosphorylation of hormone receptors by protein kinase C (PKC) may be involved in the regulation of receptor recycling. (elsevierpure.com)
- Upon an environmental signal, Membrane receptors transfer information from the environment to the cell's interior. (axonmedchem.com)
- G-protein-coupled receptors are a group of proteins consisting of seven transmembrane strands that connect receptors on the inside and outside of the cell membrane. (silverchair.com)
- Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
- Members of the Rho family of small G proteins transduce signals from plasma-membrane receptors and control cell adhesion, motility and shape by actin cytoskeleton formation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Both cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are, in fact, part of the heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and can inhibit adenyl cyclase activity or even stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), being, therefore, classified as Gi/0 receptors [ 3 - 5 ]. (irjournal.org)
Intracellular4
- The recruitment of specific cytosolic proteins to intracellular membranes through binding phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) controls such processes as endocytosis, regulated exocytosis, cytoskeletal organization, and cell signaling. (embl.de)
- Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
- We employed the HEK expression system and a biosensor allowing us to simultaneously detect the changes in intracellular diacylglycerol (DAG) and Ca 2+ concentrations. (mdpi.com)
- ROS may induce intracellular calcium increase and subsequent contraction of PASMCs via direct or indirect interactions with protein kinases, phospholipases, sarcoplasmic calcium channels, transient receptor potential channels, voltage-dependent potassium channels and L-type calcium channels, whose relevance may vary under different experimental conditions. (ersjournals.com)
Inhibitor4
- Inhibition of the Ras-MAPK pathway by expression of the dominant-negative Ras mutant HRasN17 or by addition of the MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 reduced several of these parameters but failed to block transformation. (embl.de)
- The biological download of SMAD2 and SMAD3 is known by SMURF type membranes, which consist acids for I. In turbine, Apaf-1 R-SMAD: ligand Hepatocyte is leader of extracellular humans( projections), including a applicable kinase-inhibitor turnover. (erik-mill.de)
- Fasudil is rho kinase inhibitor. (medicosplexus.com)
- 2012). Our previous study demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure led to hyperglycemia and IR, which were accompanied by hypothalamic inflammation evidenced by increased mRNA levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), Inhibitor kappa B kinase 2 (IKK2), and enhanced microglial/astrocyte reactivity (Song et al. (deepdyve.com)
Receptor6
- In the presence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC and analog of diacylglycerol, IGF-II receptor number increased in the plasma membrane by 60% without changes in the binding affinity. (elsevierpure.com)
- The effect of PMA on IGF-II receptor recycling correlated with its stimulation of PKC activity. (elsevierpure.com)
- In contrast, IGF-II decreased receptor phosphorylation and plasma membrane binding in a parallel and dose-dependent manner. (elsevierpure.com)
- Parafollicular (PF) cells secrete 5-HT in response to stimulation of a G-protein-coupled Ca 2+ receptor (CaR) by increased extracellular Ca 2+ (↑[Ca 2+ ] e ). (jneurosci.org)
- In this study, we examined whether H1R desensitization contributes to regulating the decay rate of TRPC6 activity upon receptor stimulation. (mdpi.com)
- Receptor on neuronal membrane that induces development of Glioma is CD133. (medicosplexus.com)
Protein kinases1
- On the interior of the cell, the external signal can be coupled to different G proteins, or other proteins, termed arrestins , which can result in signaling via cyclic AMP (cAMP), inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, release of calcium ions, or the phosphorylation of protein kinases. (silverchair.com)
Isoform3
- Synthesis of new cyclitol compounds that influence the activity of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isoform, PI4K230. (embl.de)
- PKC involvement can be accounted for by PKCγ and an isoform sensitive to inhibition by pseudoZ, probably PKCζ, which is activated via PI3′-kinase. (jneurosci.org)
- interaction( Hh) is a bound transfer that is very proteins in modifications resulting past plasma mRNA, fibril-associated information DNA, isoform kinase and activity( characterised in Hui and Angers, 2011). (evakoch.com)
Proteins1
- The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein found associated with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Translocate2
- Glucose has been reported to increase the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) and translocate and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
- Hyperphosphorylated lipins are relatively unable to translocate onto endoplasmic reticulum membranes. (aocs.org)
Calcium4
- The ↑[Ca 2+ ] i activates a signaling cascade that involves, sequentially, calcium-calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and protein kinase G. This signal transduction pathway enables Cl − to pass through vesicular channels and act as a counterion for the transport of H + , so that the vesicles of secretogogue-stimulated cells become acidic. (jneurosci.org)
- Ontogenetic aspects of phospholipid-sensitive calcium-dependent protein kinase in guinea pig tissues. (wikidata.org)
- Stimulation of calcium uptake by brain synaptosomes and activation of protein kinase C are yet other speculative mechanisms of phosphatidylserine's putative cognition-enhancing action. (drugbank.com)
- These neurotrophins are not download Ballyturk vectors or Calcium concept printed cells that emit to share the kinetics from the known stimulation to the stem endocytosis. (erik-mill.de)
Phosphatidylinositol5
- We report here that Sac1p has a specific role in secretion and acts as an antagonist of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase Pik1p in Golgi trafficking. (embl.de)
- The synthesis, chemical derivatization, and investigation of the inhibitory properties of novel cyclitol derivatives on the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase enzymes PI4K55 and PI4K230 involved in the phosphatidylinositol cycle are reported. (embl.de)
- To address the possibility that activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR/FRAP), represents one of these pathways, we have examined the effect of simultaneous inhibition of the Ras-MAPK and PI3K-mTOR pathways on transformation of CEF by v-Src. (embl.de)
- PF cells were found to express regulatory (p85) and catalytic (p110α and p110β) subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3′-kinase). (jneurosci.org)
- Phosphatidate can be converted to CDP-diacylglycerol which is the precursor for the acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol, or it can be converted to diacylglycerol (DG) by dephosphorylation. (aocs.org)
Subfamily1
- This gene subfamily is constitutively active at physiological resting membrane potentials in excitable cells, including smooth muscle cells, and has been particularly linked to the human pulmonary circulation. (ersjournals.com)
Synthesis4
- Preferential activation of microsomal diacylglycerol/protein kinase C signaling during glucose treatment (De Novo phospholipid synthesis) of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
- Inhibition of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis via diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) antisense oligonucleotides improves liver steatosis (Yamaguchi et al. (webmedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
- PAP controls the balance between phosphatidate, which is needed for the synthesis of acidic phospholipids, and diacylglycerol, which is used to synthesize triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively [1]. (aocs.org)
Cholinergic1
- Factors which increases blood supply to muscle includes Local metabolites, Sympathetic stimulation and Cholinergic stimulation. (medicosplexus.com)
Neuronal2
- Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is a phospholipid nutrient found in fish, green leafy vegetables, soybeans and rice, and is essential for the normal functioning of neuronal cell membranes and activates Protein kinase C (PKC) which has been shown to be involved in memory function. (drugbank.com)
- Namely, the rate of oxidative metabolism in astrocytes is about half of that in neurons, and it can increase as much as the rate of neuronal metabolism in response to sensory stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
Regulation1
- Using the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2, we have studied a possible role of protein kinase C (PKC) activity for regulation of erythropoietin (EPO) production. (ox.ac.uk)
Leaflet3
- MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
- In apoptosis, phosphatidyl serine is transferred to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. (drugbank.com)
- In addition, when platelets are activated, negatively charged phospholipids move from the inner to the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer. (medscape.com)
Phospholipids2
- They are fatty acid-derived molecules, synthesized by membrane phospholipids [ 9 , 10 ]. (irjournal.org)
- Diacylglycerol is the direct precursor for the production of the zwitterionic phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (Fig. 1 ). (aocs.org)
Secretion4
- We tested the hypothesis that protein kinase C (PKC) participates in stimulus-secretion coupling. (jneurosci.org)
- Only PKCγ was found to have been translocated to the membrane fraction when secretion of 5-HT was evoked by ↑[Ca 2+ ] e or phorbol esters. (jneurosci.org)
- moreover, PI3′-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002) antagonized secretion. (jneurosci.org)
- We suggest that PKC isoforms mediate secretion of 5-HT by PF cells in response to stimulation of the CaR. (jneurosci.org)
Golgi1
- Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that the generation of PtdIns(4)P is sufficient to trigger forward transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and that Sac1p is critically required for the termination of this signal. (embl.de)
Reactive2
- Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to cellular antioxidant responses. (nature.com)
- One allows TRAIL-stimulated download Hanging Sam: A of reactive diphosphate-diacylglycerol through the epithelium of crossover avoided results. (evakoch.com)
Activity7
- Stimulation of PF cells with ↑[Ca 2+ ] e increased the activity of immunoprecipitated PKCζ (but not PKCι/λ), and the activity of this PKCζ was inhibited by pseudoZ. (jneurosci.org)
- Phosphatidylserine is involved in signal transduction activity as well as being a basic structural component of biologic membranes. (drugbank.com)
- Phosphatidylserine was found to restore protein kinase C activity in aging rats. (drugbank.com)
- Fig. 2: Fructose metabolism enhances hypoxic cell survival and decreases pyruvate kinase activity. (nature.com)
- This effect was found to depend on the Ca 2+ increase mediated by the phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, as well as by the reverse activity of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger. (molvis.org)
- Glucose rapidly increased DAG content and PKC enzyme activity in microsomes, but not in plasma membranes or other membranes, during a 30-min treatment of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
- The phosphatidate formed is dephosphorylated by the PAP activity of the lipins and lastly diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) act on diacylglycerol (DG) to form triacylglycerol (TG). (aocs.org)
Inhibition1
- It was paralleled by an inhibition of the increase of EPO mRNA levels in response to stimulation. (ox.ac.uk)
Cytosolic1
- Immunoblots from membrane and cytosolic fractions of isolated PF cells revealed conventional (α, βI, and γ), novel (δ and ε), and atypical (ι/λ and ζ) PKCs. (jneurosci.org)
Tumor1
- Primary among these unresolved issues are the role of PKC isozymes as either tumor promoter or tumor suppressor kinases and the incomplete understanding on isozyme-specific substrates and effectors. (nih.gov)
Gamma1
- Interaction of gamma 1-syntrophin with diacylglycerol kinase-zeta. (wikipedia.org)
Plasma1
- Glucose-induced activation of DAG/PKC signaling in microsomes was not associated with a change in the translocation of Glut-4 transporters from microsomes to the plasma membrane, a biological response that is known to be stimulated by agonists, e.g., phorbol esters, which increase DAG/PKC signaling in plasma membranes, as well as in microsomes. (jci.org)
Interactions1
- interactions associated with BLNK stimulates velocity to terminate polymerase( IP3) and diacylglycerol( Carter et al. (erik-mill.de)
Activate1
- They also activate other kinase cascades. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Nuclear1
- The polybasic nuclear localization sequence (NLS) on the lipins as well as the oligomerization of lipins mediates membrane association. (aocs.org)
Phospholipase1
- Both effects of endothelin-1 were blocked by an antagonist of phospholipase C, suggesting that Ins(1,4,5) P 3 and/or diacylglycerol production was necessary. (biologists.com)
Activation1
- CaR stimulation leads to the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. (jneurosci.org)
Restore1
- 6-phosphate including also is to restore epithelium stimulation in key responses. (evakoch.com)
Regulate1
- They regulate the excitability of cells and contribute to their resting membrane potential [ 1 , 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Cell2
- Interestingly, signal transduction may be amplified significantly in the generation of second messengers, since initial stimulation may lead to the generation of many second messengers within the cell. (axonmedchem.com)
- They span the membrane of cells, allowing the selective permeation of K + ions from one side of the membrane to the other, usually from the inside of the cell to the outside. (ersjournals.com)
Genetic1
- Genetic ablation of ketohexokinase or stimulation of pyruvate kinase prevents villus elongation and abolishes the nutrient absorption and tumour growth that are induced by feeding mice with high-fructose corn syrup. (nature.com)
Incubation2
- Incubation of electrically-paced ventricular myocytes with a membrane-permeant Ins(1,4,5) P 3 ester provoked the occurrence of spontaneous diastolic Ca 2+ transients with the same characteristics and sensitivity to 2-APB as the events stimulated by endothelin-1. (biologists.com)
- Treatment with PMA caused a translocation of the alpha-isoenzyme of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane after 1 h and a disappearance of the membrane-bound form after 24 h of incubation. (ox.ac.uk)
Context1
- Few kinases have been studied as extensively as protein kinase C (PKC), particularly in the context of cancer. (nih.gov)
Direct1
- Protein modules such as FVYE domains and PH domains that bind specifically to PtdIns 3-phosphate (PtdIns-3-P) and polyphosphoinositides, respectively, can direct such membrane targeting. (embl.de)
Domain2
- The PX domain of Vam7p selectively binds PtdIns-3-P, while the PX domain of the CPK PI-3 kinase selectively binds PtdIns-4,5-P(2). (embl.de)
- In addition, the double mutant (Y42A/L48Q) of the PX domain of Vam7p, reported to cause vacuolar trafficking defects in yeast, has a dramatically decreased level of binding to PtdIns-3-P. These data reveal that the membrane targeting function of the Vam7p PX domain is based on its ability to associate with PtdIns-3-P, analogous to the function of FYVE domains. (embl.de)
Release2
- Protein kinase C facilitation of acetylcholine release has been reported in rats. (drugbank.com)
- The release of mouse from the conversion in kinase shows STIM1 to confer with ORAI and TRPC1 levels in the hydrolase binding, depending in an Expression of due complex antagonists( Muik et al. (erik-mill.de)
Production1
- The synthetic diacylglycerol analogues oleolyl-acetylglycerol and dioctanoylglycerol (2-200 microM) also had no effect on either basal or stimulated EPO production. (ox.ac.uk)